Narva maantee 7a/ Tallinn 15172/ 626 2802/ [email protected]/ www.envir.ee/

Registrikood 70001231

Vastavalt jaotuskavale

Meie 04.09.2020 nr 7-12/20/3762-2

Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tegevusaja pikendamise

projekti piiriülene keskkonnamõju hindamine

Vastavalt piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise konventsioonile (Espoo konventsioonile) on Soome

teavitanud Eestit Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tegevusaja pikendamise projektist.

Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama koosneb kahest tootmisplokist Loviisa-1 ja Loviisa-2, samuti nendega seotud

hoonetest ja hoidlatest, mida vajatakse tuumkütuse ja tuumajäätmete käitlemiseks. Praegused tegevusload

kehtivad Loviisa-1-le 2027. aasta lõpuni ja Loviisa-2-le 2030. aasta lõpuni. Arendaja Fortum Power and

Heat Oy tegeleb Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama äritegevuse hindamisega, et taotleda praeguste tegevuslubade

pikendamist veel umbes 20 aasta võrra pärast nende kehtivusaja lõppu. Arendaja langetab

tuumaelektrijaama tegevuse võimaliku jätkamise ja uute tegevuslubade taotlemise otsuse tulevikus.

Alternatiivselt tuleb praeguste tegevuslubade kehtivusaja lõppemise tõttu valmistuda tuumaelektrijaama

tegevuse lõpetamiseks.

Soome on küsinud Eesti soovi kohta osaleda piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise (KMH) menetluses ning

saatnud ettepanekute ja märkuste esitamiseks projekti ingliskeelse KMH programmi koos eestikeelse

kokkuvõttega. Kavandatava tegevuse KMH hõlmab Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tegevusaja pikendamist või

elektrijaama sulgemist. KMH programmi alusel koostatakse KMH aruanne.

Keskkonnaministeerium peab vajalikuks Eesti osalemist kõnealuses menetluses. Võimalikud ettepanekud

ja märkused Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tegevusaja pikendamise projekti KMH programmi kohta palume

esitada kirjalikult 9. oktoobriks 2020 e-posti aadressil [email protected] .

Lugupidamisega

(allkirjastatud digitaalselt)

Kaupo Heinma

asekantsler

Lisad:

1) KMH programm inglise keeles

2) KMH programm eesti keeles

Rainer Persidski, 626 2973, [email protected]

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Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant

Environmental Impact Assessment Programme

August 2020

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Forewords Climate change and transitioning to a low-carbon energy system make reliable and emission-free electricity production even more important than before. A steady supply of electricity is also important. In line with our vision, we want to promote development towards a cleaner world in the future as well.

At Fortum, we believe that this new world will also need nuclear power for a long time. As a carbon dioxide emission-free, reliable source of energy that is not dependent on the weather, nuclear power contributes to meeting today’s need for energy and mitigating climate change – together with renewable energy.

Loviisa nuclear power plant has been producing clean electricity for over 40 years, and we have a long track record as a responsible producer of nuclear power. The impacts of and the added value provided by our operations can be seen locally, regionally and globally. Loviisa power plant’s environmental work is managed through an ISO 14001 certifed environmental management system. We continuously work to reduce the impacts of our operations on the environment by applying the best practices and technologies.

Fortum has initiated an Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (EIA procedure) at Loviisa nuclear power plant. The procedure will assess the environmental impacts of the potential lifetime extension of the power plant or, alternatively, the decommissioning of the power plant, as well as the environmental impacts of the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste.

The EIA Programme you are reading includes Fortum’s plan on the assessment of environmental impacts as well as on the organisation of communication and participation. An environmental impact assessment will be performed based on the EIA Programme and the opinions and statements submitted about the programme. The results of the assessment will be presented in the environmental impact assessment report.

The coordinating authority in the project’s EIA procedure is the Finnish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, and the coordinating authority in the international hearing is the Ministry of the Environment.

Tiina Tuomela Executive Vice President, Generation

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Contact Details Project owner: Fortum Power and Heat Oy Postal address P.O. Box 100, FI 00048 FORTUM,

Finland Telephone +358 10 4511 Contact persons Ari Pekka Kirkinen, Liisa Kopisto Email [email protected]

Coordinating authority: The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment

Postal address P.O. Box 32, FI 00023 Government,

Finland Telephone +358 295 048274, +358 295 060125 Contact persons Jaakko Louvanto, Linda Kumpula Email [email protected]

International hearing: Ministry of the Environment Postal address P.O. Box 35, FI 00023 Government,

Finland Telephone +358 295 250 246 Contact person Seija Rantakallio Email [email protected]

EIA consultant: Ramboll Finland Oy Postal address PL 25 FI 02601 Espoo, Finland Telephone +358 20 755 611 Contact person Antti Lepola Email [email protected]

Base maps: National Land Survey of Finland 2019 Translations: AAC Global Oy Layout and design: Creative Peak

The original language of the environmental impact assessment is Finnish. Versions in other languages are translations of the original document which is the document Fortum is committed to.

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Contents

SUMMARY............ .............................................................. 8

1. PROJECT OWNER AND THE PROJECT

BACKGROUND ............................................................ 16

1.1 Project owner ................................................. 16

1.2 Project background ......................................... 17

2. OPTIONS TO BE REVIEWED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT ASSESSMENT................................................... 20

2.1 Option 1, VE1 ................................................... 20

2.2 Option 0, VE0.................................................. 20

2.3 Option 0+, VE0+ .............................................. 21

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................24

3.1 Location and space requirement ...................24

3.2 Current operation ...........................................24

3.2.1 Power plant .........................................24

3.2.2 L/ILW repository ................................29

3.2.3 Emissions from the current

operations ..........................................29

3.2.4 Nuclear and radiation safety ............ 30

3.3 Extending the operation ................................33

3.3.1 Nuclear and radiation safety .............33

3.3.2 Ageing management and maintenance

of the power plant .............................33

3.3.3 Additional construction

in the area .........................................33

3.3.4 Water and wastewater

connections .......................................35

3.3.5 Waste management .........................35

3.3.6 Summary of the environmental aspects

of extending the operation................35

3.4 Decommissioning ...........................................35

3.4.1 General description of

decommissioning ...............................35

3.4.2 Safety and radiation protection........38

3.4.3 Conventional dismantling

measures ............................................. 41

3.4.4 Summary of the environmental aspects

of decommissioning ........................... 41

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3.5 Radioactive waste generated

elsewhere in Finland and received

at the Loviisa power plant .............................. 41

3.6 Project phases and schedule ........................ 42

3.7 Links to other projects, plans and

programmes..................................................... 42

4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

PROCEDURE ............................................................. 46

4.1 Starting points ............................................... 46

4.2 Parties ........................................................... 46

4.3 Stages and contents ...................................... 46

4.4 International hearing ......................................47

4.5 Schedule of the EIA procedure ..................... 48

4.6 Participation and interaction ........................ 48

4.6.1 Pre negotiation ................................. 49

4.6.2 Public events in the EIA procedure .. 49

4.6.3 Audit group ........................................ 49

4.6.4 Resident survey ................................. 49

4.6.5 Small group events............................ 49

4.6.6 Information and communication...... 49

5. PRESENT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ......................52

5.1 Overview of the present state of the

environment .................................................... 52

5.2 Land use, land use planning and the built

environment .................................................... 52

5.2.1 Community structure

and population....................................52

5.2.2 Regional land use plans......................53

5.2.3 Master plan ........................................ 54

5.2.4 Local detailed plan .............................55

5.3 Landscape and cultural environment ............55

5.3.1 Overview of the landscape................55

5.3.2 Valuable landscape and cultural

environments and sites..................... 56

5.4 Traffc ............................................................ 58

5.5 Noise .... ........................................................... 58

5.6 Vibration ......................................................... 59

5.7 Air quality ......................................................... 59

5.8 Ground and bedrock .......................................59

5.9 Groundwater .................................................. 60

5.10 Surface waters ................................................. 61

5.10.1 Overview of the sea area ................... 61

5.10.2 Topography and depth conditions.... 61

5.10.3 Currents and stratifcation

conditions ........................................... 61

5.10.4 Quality of seawater ............................ 61

5.10.5 Thermal load into the sea...................63

5.10.6 Ice conditions......................................63

5.10.7 Sediments ...........................................63

5.10.8 Biology and ecological status of

the sea area ........................................63

5.10.9 Other water systems......................... 64

5.11 Fish and fshing .............................................. 64

5.12 Flora, fauna and conservation areas..............65

5.12.1 Overview of the biotopes and

vegetation...........................................65

5.12.2 Fauna in land areas .............................65

5.12.3 Marine mammals ................................65

5.12.4 Avifauna ..............................................65

5.12.5 Nature conservation ......................... 66

5.13 People and communities.................................67

5.13.1 Population ...........................................67

5.13.2 Sensitive sites and

recreational use ................................. 68

5.13.3 Business, industry and services ....... 68

5.14 Radiation ......................................................... 68

6. ASSESSED IMPACTS AND

ASSESSMENT METHODS .............................................. 72

6.1 Premise of the assessment.............................72

6.1.1 Reports and other materials

used in the assessment......................72

6.1.2 Assessed impacts and signifcance

of impacts ...........................................72

6.1.3 Most signifcant environmental

impacts identifed ..............................73

6.2 Land use, land use planning and the built

environment .................................................... 74

6.3 Landscape and cultural environment ...........74

6.4 Traffc ............................................................. 74

6.5 Noise .... ............................................................ 74

6.6 Vibration .......................................................... 75

6.7 Air quality ......................................................... 75

6.8 Ground and bedrock....................................... 75

6.9 Groundwater................................................... 75

6.10 Surface waters .................................................75

6.11 Fish and fshing ................................................76

6.12 Flora, fauna and conservation areas .............76

6.13 People and communities .........................................76

6.13. 1 People s living conditions, comfort

and health .............................................................. 76

6.13.2 Methods of interaction.................................77

6.13.3 Regional economy.........................................78

6.14 Radiation .............................................................. 78

6.15 Use of natural resources ........................................78

6.16 Waste and by products ..........................................78

6.17 Long term safety of the L/ILW repository ............78

6.18 Energy markets and security of supply................. 79

6.19 Climate change ........................................................ 79

6.20 Emergencies and accidents....................................79

6.21 Combined impacts ..................................................79

6.22 Transboundary impacts......................................... 79

6.23 Summary of the assessment methods and a

proposal of the scoping of the impact area .......... 80

7. UNCERTAINTIES ............................................................. 84

8. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION

OF ADVERSE IMPACTS ................................................... 84

9. IMPACT MONITORING .................................................. 84

10. REQUIRED PLANS, LICENCES AND DECISIONS ......... 88

10.1 Licences and permissions pursuant to the

Nuclear Energy Act ................................................. 88

10.1.1 Operating licence......................................... 88

10.1.2 Decommissioning licence........................... 89

10.1.3 Other licences in accordance

with the Nuclear Energy Act ...................... 89

10.2 Land use planning................................................... 90

10.3 Permits in accordance with the Land Use and

Building Act............................................................. 90

10.4 Environmental and water permit .......................... 90

10.5 Permits and documents

in accordance with the Chemicals Act................... 91

10.6 Other permits and plans ......................................... 91

11. REFERENCES.................. ................................................ 94

APPENDIX 1. Glossary and abbreviations.............. 98

APPENDIX 2. EIA programme experts .................102

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Summary Project owner and the project background The project owner in the environmental impact assessment procedure (the EIA procedure) is Fortum Power and Heat Oy, a wholly owned subsidiary of Fortum Corporation. The Fortum Group is the second largest producer of electricity and the larg- est electricity supplier in the Nordic countries.

Loviisa nuclear power plant, owned and operated by Fortum Power and Heat Oy, consists of two power plant units, Loviisa 1 and Loviisa 2, as well as other associated buildings and stor- age facilities required for the management of nuclear fuel and nuclear waste. Loviisa 1 began its commercial operation in 1977 and Loviisa 2 in 1980. The power plant has been generating electricity reliably for over 40 years. The electricity generated by Loviisa power plant is used as an uninterrupted, year-round source of energy. Annually, Loviisa power plant produces a total of approximately 8 terawatt hours (TWh) for the national grid. It accounts for approximately 10% of the electricity consump- tion in Finland. Nuclear energy plays a signifcant role in For- tum’s low-emission electricity production. For its part, Loviisa nuclear power plant supports the climate targets of Finland and the EU, as well as a secure electricity supply.

The current operating licence issued by the Finnish govern- ment to Loviisa 1 is valid until the end of 2027, and the operating licence issued to Loviisa 2 is valid until the end of 2030. Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the commercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum of ap- proximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence pe- riod. At a later date, Fortum will decide concerning the exten- sion of the operation or decommissioning of the nuclear power plant.

Loviisa power plant is one of the best nuclear power plants in the world in terms of safety and usability. Fortum has invested in the ageing management of Loviisa power plant and has car- ried out improvement measures throughout the operation of the power plant. Systematic maintenance and modernisations of the power plant ensure that the equipment stays abreast of the changing requirements. In 2014–2018, Loviisa power plant implemented the most extensive modernisation programme in the plant’s history, in which Fortum invested approximate- ly EUR 500 million. Thanks to the investments made and the skilled personnel, Loviisa power plant has excellent prerequi- sites with regard to the technical and safety-related require- ments to continue operation after the current licence period.

EIA Programme | Summary

Project description and the options to review in the EIA procedure

Loviisa nuclear power plant is located approximately 12 km from the centre of the town of Loviisa, on the island of Häst- holmen. Loviisa nuclear power plant is an electricity-gener- ating condensing power plant, and both its plant units are pressurised water reactor plants. Electricity generation in a nuclear power plant is based on the utilisation of thermal energy generated by a controlled fission chain reaction. Loviisa power plant is used for the generation of base load electricity. The nominal thermal power of each plant unit of Loviisa power plant is 1,500 MW and the net electric power is 507 MW. The total efficiency of the plant units is approx- imately 34%. The annual production of Loviisa power plant is approximately 8 TWh. The availability and load factors of Loviisa power plant have been excellent throughout the power plant’s operating history.

The low- and intermediate-level waste generated during the operation of Loviisa power plant is processed on the power plant premises and deposited in the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste (the L/ILW repository), lo- cated 110 metres underground on the island of Hästholmen. In due course, the spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant is taken to the spent nuclear fuel encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility operated by Posiva Oy at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki, Finland.

Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the commercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a max- imum of approximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence period. Fortum will, at a later date, make the decision concerning potential extension of the operation of the nuclear power plant and the application for new operating licences. The other option is to proceed to the decommissioning phase when the power plant’s current operating licences expires. In both cases, the project requires a licensing procedure in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act and an environmental impact as- sessment procedure.

The options reviewed in this EIA procedure are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Options to be reviewed in the EIA procedure.

Option Description

Option 1, VE1

Extending the operation of Loviisa power plant by a maximum of approximately 20 years after the current operating licence period, followed by decommissioning.

• The option also includes the measures to extend the service life of the power plant, decommissioning of the power plant after the licensing period ends, the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the waste management measures related to these phases.

• In addition, the option includes the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing for fnal disposal small amounts of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland.

Option 0, VE0

Decommissioning of Loviisa nuclear power plant after the current licensing period (in 2027/2030).

• The option also includes the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the waste management measures related to these phases.

Option 0+, VE0+

Decommissioning of Loviisa nuclear power plant after the current licensing period (in 2027/2030).

• The option also includes the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the waste management measures related to these phases.

• In addition, the option includes the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing for fnal disposal small amounts of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland.

Extending the operation (Option VE1)

Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the com- mercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum of approximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence period. During the extension, the operation of the power plant would be similar to what it is currently. Extending the operation of the power plant involves certain changes that may be imple- mented. These may include: • replacing some of the old buildings related to the support

functions of the power plant; • water engineering related to the intake of cooling water,

and the depositing of the resulting dredging and excavation masses in a new embankment structure;

• changes to the power plant’s service water and waste water connections;

• expansion of the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel or alternatively increasing the capacity of the current interim storage.

The assessment also takes into consideration the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing for fnal disposal at Loviisa power plant small quantities of radio- active waste generated elsewhere in Finland.

The Option VE1 also takes into consideration the preparation for decommissioning during the extended operation of the pow- er plant. This includes the expansion of the L/ILW repository and the operation thereof until circa 2090, as well as the preparatory work for and the operation of plant parts to be made independ- ent. In addition, the decommissioning of the power plant after the commercial operation is being explored.

Decommissioning (Options VE0 and VE0+)

If the operation of Loviisa power plant is discontinued after the current licensing period in 2027 and 2030, the preparation for the decommissioning of the power plant (Options VE0 and VE0+) should be initiated in the coming years.

The stages included in the decommissioning of Loviisa power plant include: • the expansion of the L/ILW repository for decommis

sioning waste; • making the spent fuel interim storage, liquid waste storage as

well as the solidifcation plant, and the L/ILW re pository independent;

• terminating the operation of the power plant units and licensing of the dismantling work;

• detailed planning of and preparations for the disman tling;

• dismantling of the radioactive components of the pow er plant units and any other dismantling work;

• handling and fnal disposal in the L/ILW repository of radio- active waste as well as reuse of conventional disman tling waste;

• transporting the spent fuel to the encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility;

• dismantling of the plant parts to be made independent; • closure of the fnal disposal halls / L/ILW repository; • release from liability and post-closure control by the authorities. Furthermore, the assessment of Option VE0+ also takes into consideration the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing for fnal disposal small quantities of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland at Loviisa power plant.

EIA Programme | Summary 8 9

Figure 1. Tentative schedules of the project options, to be specifed as the plans progress.

Option VE1

Operation of the power plant units

Water engineering project

Other potential additional construction in the power plant area

Expansion of the L/ILW repository

Decommissioning of the power plant units

Use of the L/ILW repository

Closure of the L/ILW repository

Operation of the plant parts to be made independent

Decommissioning of the plant parts to be made independent

Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at Loviisa power

plant

Option VE0 and VE0+

Operation of the power plant units

Expansion of the L/ILW repository

Decommissioning of the power plant units

Use of the L/ILW repository

Closure of the L/ILW repository

Operation of the plant parts to be made independent

Decommissioning of the plant parts to be made independent

VE0+: Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at

Loviisa power plant

2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090

Project schedule

Tentative schedules of the project options to be covered in the EIA procedure are provided in Figure 1.

Assessment of the environmental impact of the project

The purpose of the EIA procedure is to assess the project’s envi- ronmental impacts and foster attention to them in the project’s planning phase. In addition, the procedure aims to improve ac- cess to information and the opportunities to participate in the planning of the project.

The EIA procedure is based on the Act on the Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (252/2017) and the Government Decree on the Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (277/2017). The procedure has two phases. In the frst phase, an Environmental Impact Assessment Programme (the EIA Pro- gramme) is drawn up. It describes a plan concerning how the environmental impacts caused by the project are assessed. The second phase includes the assessment of the environmental im- pacts, and the results are presented in the environmental impact

10 EIA Programme | Summary

assessment report (the EIA Report). The EIA procedure is carried out before licence or permit procedures, and its purpose is to in- fuence the planning of the project and decision-making. In this EIA procedure, the coordinating authority is the Ministry of Eco- nomic Affairs and Employment.

Parallel to the EIA procedure conducted in Finland, an interna- tional hearing in accordance with the Espoo Convention should be organised in projects that may have impacts extending be- yond the borders of Finland. The Ministry of the Environment is responsible for the international hearing involving Finland.

Environmental impact assessment methods

Table 2 shows a summary of the assessment methods by impact and the proposed observed areas. The observed areas concern- ing environmental impacts have been defned to cover the maxi- mum reach of the impacts. In reality, the environmental impacts are likely to occur in an area smaller than the observed area. The EIA report presents the results of the environmental impact as- sessment and their affected areas.

Table 2. Summary of the environmental impacts to be reviewed, assessment methods and the preliminary observed area of the impacts.

Component Methods of assessment Observed area

Land use, land use planning and the built environment

An expert assessment of how the project relates to the current and planned land use and land use planning. In addition, built environment sites and the distance thereto are assessed.

Approximately up to 5 km from the project area.

Landscape and cultural environment

An expert assessment of the project’s relation to the landscape of the vicinity (holiday housing, in particular) and the landscape overall. Cultural environment sites are identifed.

Approximately 5 km from the project area.

Traffc

A calculated assessment of the changes generated by the project in traffc volumes and an expert assessment of the impact of transport on traffc safety. The assessment also applies a separate survey conducted concerning the risks and implementation methods related to the transports of spent nuclear fuel.

The traffc routes leading to the project area in Loviisa up to main road 7. In addition, the immediate vicinity of the transport routes for spent nuclear fuel.

Noise and vibration An expert assessment of the noise emissions and vibration caused by the different phases of the project and transport, as well as their dispersion in the environment.

The project area and its vicinity within an approximately 3-km radius and the nearby areas along the transport routes.

An expert assessment of the typical emissions into The typical emissions into the air caused Air quality the air generated by the project. by construction, dismantling and transport

activities, and the extension of the operation within an approximate radius of 1–2 kilometres.

Soil, bedrock and groundwater

An expert assessment based on the planned construction and fnal disposal measures.

The project area.

Surface waters

A modelling of the cooling water and an expert assessment based on it concerning the impact on the sea area. An expert assessment of the impacts of water structures, service water intake, and the

Approximately 5 km from the project area.

management and discharge of wastewater. In addition, a survey is conducted on the pollutants and sub-bottom profling of sediments.

Fish and fshing An expert assessment to be conducted based on ichthyofauna studies and the impact assessment of surface waters.

Approximately 10 km from the project area.

Flora, fauna and conservation areas

An expert assessment of the impact on the natural environment and conservation areas. In addition, an avifauna survey is conducted in connection with

Approximately 10 km from the project area, with a special focus on the sea area.

the EIA procedure.

People’s living conditions, comfort and health

An expert assessment (including the regional econ- omy, noise, emissions, traffc and landscape) to be conducted based on the calculated and qualitative assessments carried out in the sections concerning other impacts. In addition, a resident survey and small group interviews are conducted.

The power plant’s vicinity and transport routes. The resident survey is conducted within a 20-kilometre radius.

A survey of the regional economy, based on an Finland. Regional economy analysis of the current situation and resource fow

modelling.

EIA Programme | Summary 11

Component Methods of assessment Observed area

An expert assessment of the release of radioactive Radiation monitoring of the environment within emissions generated by the project into the air and an approximate radius of 10 km, radiation dose

Emissions of and radiation from radioactive substances

sea. Radiation in the vicinity of Loviisa power plant is monitored in accordance with the monitoring programme in effect, and the assessment is based

calculation within 100 km.

on data obtained from the monitoring. The radiation doses caused by emissions are assessed by means of calculations.

An expert assessment of, for example, the use of The production chain of nuclear fuel at a general Use of natural resources blasted rock, and a description of the impact of the level. Other use (e.g. mineral aggregate) locally or

nuclear fuel production chain. regionally.

Waste and by-products

An expert assessment of the waste streams in different phases and the processing, utilisation options and fnal disposal thereof. Reports prepared earlier (including Posiva 2008) are used to describe the impact of the transport and fnal disposal of spent nuclear fuel .

Spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant to Eurajoki, including the transport routes. Others locally or regionally.

Includes the key results of the safety case and an The vicinity of the power plant.

Long-term safety of the L/ ILW repository

expert assessment of the impact on long-term safety of the extension of the power plant’s service life and the radioactive waste originating from elsewhere in Finland than Loviisa power plant.

Energy markets and security An expert assessment of the development of and Finland. of supply changes in the energy market in the project options.

Climate change Calculated assessment of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) and their impact on Finland’s total emissions.

At the national level in Finland.

A modelling of a fctional severe reactor accident 1,000 km. which releases 100 TBq of nuclide Cs-137 into the

Emergencies and accidents atmosphere. As a result, the modelling provides the fallout and radiation doses caused by the emission. An expert assessment of the impacts.

An expert assessment of the combined impacts The vicinity of the project area and the Combined impacts with regard to the other actors in the region and the municipalities involved in the associated projects.

associated projects.

Transboundary impacts An assessment to be prepared based on separate 1,000 km. surveys and modelling of the impact of the project potentially extending beyond the borders of Finland.

Participation and interaction

The EIA procedure is interactive and enables different parties to discuss and express their opinion on the project and its impacts. One of the key objectives of the EIA procedure is to promote communication about the project and improve the opportunities to participate in its planning. Participation allows for the differ- ent stakeholders to express their views.

The environmental impact assessment procedure can be par- ticipated in by everyone whose conditions and interests, such as accommodation, work, transport, leisure activities or other living conditions, may be affected by the project to be implemented. In accordance with the EIA legislation, citizens can submit their opinions of the EIA programme and report to the coordinating authority during the period these are available for viewing.

Two public events are organised during the EIA procedure: the frst in the programme phase; the second in the report phase. The purpose of the events, open for all, is to provide information produced during the project and the EIA procedure. The events enable citizens to have an opportunity to express their views on the project and the impacts to be assessed and to receive more information. The dates and locations of the public events are

EIA Programme | Summary

communicated through the coordinating authority’s announce- ment concerning the EIA programme and report.

A resident survey is conducted in the EIA report phase to study the attitudes of the area’s residents. The resident survey mate- rial also serves as data for the impact assessment. In addition, small group events are held in the EIA report phase to dissemi- nate information on the project and hear various stakeholders. The stakeholders may include the area’s residents, landowners, fshermen and entrepreneurs. The composition of the groups and the interview themes are tailored in accordance with the need for information and the stakeholder group.

The EIA programme and report will be published on the Min- istry of Economic Affairs and Employment website. The docu- ments are available for viewing in accordance with the announce- ment made by the coordinating authority. The EIA programme and report are also available on Fortum’s website. The website also contains up-to-date information on the project, the environ- mental impact assessment procedure and licensing. In addition, Fortum provides information on the progress of the project, and news conferences and public events, for example.

EIA Programme | Summary 12 13

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1.Fortum Corporation and its subsidiaries employ a total of watt hours (TWh) of electricity to the national grid. It accounts for

1.Project owner and the project background 1.1 PROJECT OWNER

make it the third largest producer of emission-free electricity in The project owner in the EIA procedure is Fortum Power and Europe, and 66% of its production in Europe was free of carbon Heat Oy, a wholly owned subsidiary of Fortum Corporation. The dioxide emissions in 2019. Including its electricity production in Government of Finland holds 50.8% of the share capital of For- Russia, based primarily on natural gas, 38% of Fortum Group’s en- tum Corporation. In the spring of 2020, Fortum acquired a ma- tire electricity production was carbon dioxide emission-free. jority interest in Uniper SE, based in Germany. The acquisition Loviisa nuclear power plant, owned and operated by Fortum made Fortum one of the largest energy companies in Europe and Power and Heat Oy, consists of two power plant units, Loviisa 1 an increasingly important operator in Russia as well. Uniper was and Loviisa 2. The electricity generated by the Loviisa power plant consolidated with the Fortum Group as of April 2020, but for the is used as an uninterrupted, year-round source of energy. Annual- time being, it continues to operate as a separate listed company. ly, Loviisa power plant produces a total of approximately 8 tera-

nearly 20,000 people, about 2,000 of whom work in Finland. In the Nordic countries, Fortum is the second-largest producer of electricity and the largest electricity seller. Fortum is among the largest producers of thermal energy in the world. Fortum also offers district cooling, energy effciency services, recycling and waste solutions, as well as the Nordic countries’ largest network of charging stations for electric cars. Fortum’s subsidiary Uniper also engages in large-scale global energy trading and owns natu- ral gas storage terminals and other gas infrastructure.

Nuclear energy plays a signifcant role in Fortum’s electrici- ty production that is free of carbon dioxide emissions. Together with Uniper, Fortum is the second largest nuclear power company in Europe. In 2019, the combined electricity production of Fortum and Uniper was approximately 180 TWh, of which 19% was based on nuclear power in Finland and Sweden. Fortum Group’s large- scale nuclear power, hydro power and wind power operations

16 EIA Programme | Project owner and the project background

approximately 10% of the electricity consumption in Finland. For its part, Loviisa nuclear power plant supports the climate targets of Finland and the EU, as well as a secure electricity supply.

Fortum also holds a 26% share in the current nuclear power plant (Olkiluoto 1 and 2) of Teollisuuden Voima Oyj, and a 25% share in the nuclear power plant unit (Olkiluoto 3) under con- struction. In addition, the company is a shareholder in Swedish nuclear power plants (Fortum’s share in Oskarshamn is 43%, and in Forsmark 22%). Fortum also participates in the nuclear power plant project of Fennovoima Oy, with a share of 6.6%. With Teol- lisuuden Voima Oyj, Fortum owns Posiva Oy, which is tasked with conducting studies on the fnal disposal of spent nuclear fuel of its owners, the construction and operation of a fnal disposal facility, as well as the closure of the facility. Fortum owns a 40% share in Posiva Oy.

1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND

Fortum’s Loviisa nuclear power plant was built in 1971–1980. Lovi- isa nuclear power plant consists of two power plant units, Loviisa 1 and Loviisa 2, as well as the associated buildings and storage facilities required for the management of nuclear fuel and nuclear waste. Loviisa 1 began its commercial operation in 1977 and Lovi- isa 2 in 1980. Loviisa power plant has been generating electricity reliably for more than 40 years. The current operating licence is- sued by the Finnish government to Loviisa 1 is valid until the end of 2027, and the operating licence issued to Loviisa 2 is valid until the end of 2030.

Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the com- mercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum of approximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence period. Fortum will, at a later date, make the decision concerning potential extension of the operation of the nuclear power plant and the application for new operating licences. The other option is to proceed to the decommissioning phase when the power plant’s current operating licences expires.

Fortum has invested in the ageing management of Loviisa power plant and carried out improvement measures throughout the operation of the power plant. The power plant units were customised to meet western safety requirements as early as during the planning phase. Over the years, Loviisa power plant has implemented several projects that improve nuclear safety. In recent years, extensive reforms have been carried out on the automation of the power plant, and ageing systems and equipment have been modernised. In 2014–2018, Loviisa power plant implemented the most extensive modernisation

programme in the plant’s history, in which Fortum invested approximately EUR 500 million. Thanks to the investments made and the skilled personnel, Loviisa power plant has excellent prerequisites with regard to the technical and safety-related requirements to continue operation after the current licence period.

In addition, the quantity of such radioactive waste generated in the operation of Loviisa power plant that requires fnal disposal has been considerably reduced, and the effciency of the use of nuclear fuel has been improved. The radioactive waste from the power plant is processed and deposited in the fnal disposal facil- ity for low- and intermediate-level waste (the L/ILW repository), located in the power plant area. The project for the fnal disposal of the spent nuclear fuel generated by the power plant has also progressed to the construction phase of Posiva Oy’s encapsula- tion plant and fnal disposal facility. Solutions therefore exist for the processing and fnal disposal of all nuclear fuel generated by Loviisa power plant.

This environmental impact assessment procedure (the EIA procedure) covers the extension of Loviisa nuclear power plant’s operations or its decommissioning. In both cases, the project requires a licensing procedure in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act and an environmental impact assessment procedure (Nuclear Energy Act, section 3, article 1; points 7 b and d of the list of projects). The EIA report to be prepared after this EIA pro- gramme and the coordinating authority’s reasoned conclusion to be issued on it are appended to any permit applications. In this EIA procedure, the coordinating authority is the Ministry of Eco- nomic Affairs and Employment.

EIA Programme | Project owner and the project background 17

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-

-

- 2.connections, which are specifed in the EIA report; radioactive decommissioning waste generated in the decom-

2.Options to be reviewed in the environmental impact assessment The implementation options reviewed for the project include storage and depositing for fnal disposal in Loviisa power plant extending the power plant’s operation by a maximum of approx- area small quantities of radioactive waste generated elsewhere imately 20 years (VE1) and two different zero options (VE0 and in Finland. Such waste could, for example, be generated in re- VE0+). In the zero options, the operation of the power plant would search institutions, industry, hospitals or universities. Since the not be extended, but the power plant units are decommissioned Loviisa power plant already has the functions and facilities suit- after the current operation licence period. A brief description of able for the handling and fnal disposal of radioactive waste in the options being reviewed is provided in Table 2-1 and Figure 2-1. place, it would be natural and aligned with the view of the Na-

tional Nuclear Waste Management Cooperation Group that they would be available as part of the overall solution in society. 2.1 OPTION 1, VE1

The project Option 1 covers the extension of the commercial 2.2 OPTION 0, VE0 operation of the Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum of approximately 20 years. During the extension, the operation of Option VE0 reviews the operations of the power plant until the the power plant would be similar to what it is currently, and in- expiration of the current operating licences in 2027 and 2030 creasing the thermal power of the plant is not being planned, and the decommissioning to take place thereafter. Option VE0 for example. is realised if Fortum does not apply for new operating licences If the operation of the power plant is extended, new buildings for the power plant. In that scenario, a decommissioning licence and structures are potentially constructed and modernisations should be applied for the power plant units and an operating carried out in the power plant area. The project also includes licence should be applied for the plant parts to be made inde- functions related to the handling of radioactive waste in the pendent. power plant area and the expansion of the L/ILW repository. Po- Decommissioning includes the dismantling of the radioac- tential changes to be carried out in the power plant area and its tive systems and equipment of Loviisa power plant and the fnal vicinity include: disposal of decommissioning waste in the L/ILW repository’s • replacing some old buildings with new ones by building a current halls and new halls to be built as required. In addition,

new reception warehouse, wastewater treatment plant, decommissioning includes making certain functions and waste welding hall and a waste storage hall, for example; management related plant parts independent so that the said

• water engineering tasks on the cooling water intake struc- independent units can function without the power plant units ture and the nearby sea area, with the aim of decreasing the for as long as spent nuclear fuel is kept in interim storage in the temperature of the cooling water taken to the power plant, power plant area. In Option VE0, the operation of the L/ILW re- and the potential depositing of the dredging and excava- pository would continue until the 2060s. tion masses in an embankment structure on the southwest During the operation of the power plant, preparations are side of Hästholmen; made for decommissioning, including the following:

• changes to the power plant’s service water and wastewater • operation and expansion of the L/ILW repository to ensure the

• the expansion of the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel missioning of the power plant can be deposited in the L/ILW or increasing the capacity of the current interim storage repository for fnal disposal; (for example, placing more nuclear fuel in the pools of the • preparations required by and the use of buildings and struc- existing interim storage). tures to be made independent (including the interim storage

Option 1 also takes into consideration the preparation for de- for spent nuclear fuel, liquid waste storage and solidifcation commissioning during the extension of the operation of the plant, the L/ILW repository). power plant and the actual decommissioning of the power plant The decommissioning phase includes the following: after commercial use, in which case the operation of the L/ILW • power plant dismantling with the main focus on the disman- repository would continue, at a maximum, until approximately tling of radioactive plant parts and systems; 2090. Chapter 2.2 describes the functions included in the de- • handling of radioactive decommissioning waste and its fnal commissioning. disposal in the L/ILW repository;

One aspect of the extension of the operation and decommis- • handling and reuse of conventional dismantling waste; sioning being considered, in accordance with the recommenda- • operation and dismantling of plant parts to be made inde- tion of the National Nuclear Waste Management Cooperation pendent; Group set up by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employ- • closure of the L/ILW repository. ment (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, 2019), During the decommissioning phase, the transport of spent is the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim nuclear fuel and its fnal disposal at Posiva Oy’s encapsulation

20 EIA Programme | Options to be reviewed in the environmental impact

2.3 OPTION 0+, VE0+ plant and fnal disposal facility are also carried out. The impacts of these operations are described in greater detail in accordance with Option VE0+ is the same as Option VE0, except that it also takes the previous environmental impact assessment reports conducted into account the handling, interim storage and fnal disposal of po- by Posiva, including Posiva’s EIA report of 2008. tential radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and re-

ceived by Loviisa power plant (see Chapter 2.1).

Table 2 1. Options to be reviewed in the EIA procedure.

Option Description

Option 1, VE1

Extending the operation of Loviisa power plant by a maximum of approximately 20 years after the current operating licence period, followed by decommissioning. • The option also includes the measures to extend the service life of the power plant, decommissioning of the

power plant after the licensing period ends, the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the waste management measures related to these phases.

• In addition, the option includes the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing for fnal disposal small amounts of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland.

Option 0, VE0

Decommissioning of the Loviisa nuclear power plant after the current licensing period (in 2027/2030).

• The option also includes the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the waste management measures related to these phases.

Option 0+, VE0+

Decommissioning of the Loviisa nuclear power plant after the current licensing period (in 2027/2030). • The option also includes the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the

waste management measures related to these phases. • In addition, the option includes the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing

for fnal disposal small amounts of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland.

2027/2030 ~ 2050 2090

Decommis sioning and

closure*

VE1: Extending the operation by a maximum

of approximately 20 years and

decommissioning

VE0: Operation until the end of the current licences in 2027/2030 and decommissioning

VE0+: Operation until the end of the current

licences in 2027/2030, decommissioning and receiving radioactive

waste generated elsewhere in Finland

Operation of the power plant units

Operation of the power plant units

Operation of the power plant units

Decommis sioning and

closure*

Decommis sioning and

closure*

Potential changes implemented in the power plant area

Operation of the plant parts made independent

Operation of the plant parts made independent

Operation of the plant parts to be made independent

Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at the Loviisa power plant

Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at the Loviisa power plant

Expansion of the L/ ILW repository and

decommissioning of the power plant units

Expansion of the L/ ILW repository and

decommissioning of the power plant units

Expansion of the L/ ILW repository and

decommissioning of the power plant units

~ 2080

~ 2060

* Decommissioning of the Figure 2-1. Options to be reviewed in the Environmental Impact Assessment procedure and plant parts to be made their tentative schedule. independent and closure of

the L/ILW repository

EIA Programme | Options to be reviewed in the environmental impact 21

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3.3. Project description 3.1 LOCATION AND SPACE REQUIREMENT power plant’s cooling water intake and discharge locations re- Fortum's Loviisa power plant is located approximately 12 kilo- main unchanged. The location of any new buildings and struc- metres from the centre of the town of Loviisa, on the island of tures is specifed in the EIA report phase. Hästholmen in the village of Lappom. The location and current functions of Loviisa power plant are shown in Figures 3-1 and 3-2. 3.2 CURRENT OPERATION The buildings and structures required for the power plant’s sup- port functions, such as security and temporary accommodation This chapter provides a general description of Loviisa nuclear pow- for workers employed for the annual outage, are located on the er plant and its current operation. Extension of the operation of mainland. the power plant is covered in Chapter 3.3, and decommissioning

The functions related to the extension of the operation and in Chapter 3.4. decommissioning of the power plant covered in the EIA proce- dure are located in the existing power plant area and its vicini- 3.2.1 Power plant ty. As possible, the dredging and excavation mass generated by

3.2.1.1 Operating principle potential water engineering is deposited in a new embankment structure on the southwest side of Hästholmen (Figure 3-2). The Loviisa nuclear power plant is an electricity-generating condens-

Power plant

Figure 3-1. Location of Loviisa nuclear power plant.

ing power plant. Instead of conventional fuel (for example, coal, natural gas or peat), Loviisa nuclear power plant uses uranium di- oxide (UO2) made from enriched uranium. Using uranium as fuel is primarily based on the splitting of the nucleus of the atom of the uranium isotope 235U, or fssion. In the fssion reaction, a heavy atomic nucleus splits into two or more lighter atomic nuclei when hit by a free neutron. The reaction also releases some neutrons and energy. Electricity production in a nuclear power plant is based on the utilisation of the thermal energy generated by a controlled chain reaction.

The reactors of Loviisa power plant are light water reactors in which regular water is used for cooling and as a moderator in the reactor core. The power plant units are pressurised-water plants; in other words, the pressure of the water used as the coolant and moderator of the reactor is kept suffciently high to prevent it from boiling. The power plant units of Loviisa nuclear power plant are based on the VVER-440 pressurised water plant design.

Figure 3-2. The current functions in Loviisa power plant area and the tentative location areas of the planned water engineering measures. The green spots depict the discharge area of the raw water treatment plant (1), the discharge area of the power plant’s wastewater treatment plant (2) and the leak water discharge pipe of the L/ILW repository (3).

A pressurised water plant contains separate primary, second- ary and seawater systems. The controlled fssion reaction that takes place in the reactor core of the primary system generates heat. This heat is cooled by the water circulating in the reactor under high pressure. The heated water is conducted to the steam generators, where it evaporates the lower-pressure water of the secondary system. The generated steam is conducted to the tur- bines. A generator that shares the same shaft with the turbines generates electricity for the national grid and for the power plant itself. From the turbine, the steam is conducted to a condenser, where it condenses to water. The condensed water is pumped back to the steam generators. The condenser is cooled by a sep- arate seawater system. The seawater used for cooling warms up and is led back to the sea. Radioactive water from the primary system does not mix with the cooling water at any point. Figure 3-3 shows the operating principle of a pressurised water plant.

24 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 25

CO N

D EN

SE R

Turbine

Condenser

Generator

REACTOR PLANT TURBINE PLANT

Reactor Steam generator

Powerlines

Primary system

Secondary system

Seawater system

Figure 3-3. Operating principle of a pressurised water plant.

3.2.1.2 Production

Loviisa power plant is used for the production of base load electricity; in other words, the power plant units are usually operated steadily at full power to meet the continuous minimum requirement for electrical power. The original nominal electrical power of the power plant units was 440 MW. In 1997, the modernisation project carried out at Loviisa power plant included power uprating, which increased the nominal thermal power of the reactors from 1,375 MW to 1,500 MW. This increased the nominal electrical power of the plant units to 488 MW. The effciency of the power plant units has been improved several times, and the net electric power of each unit is currently 507 MW. The total effciency of the power plant units is approximately 34%. Since the power uprating of 1997, the production of Loviisa power plant has been approximately 8 TWh per year. This accounts for approximately one-tenth of the annual electricity consumption in Finland. The planned annual operating time of the power plant is approximately 8,000 hours. The availability and load factors of Loviisa power plant have been excellent. The operation of Loviisa power plant has been certifed to the ISO 14001 Environmental Management and OHSAS-18001 Occupational Health and Safe-ty Assessment Series standards.

The power plant units are kept running continuously at as high and steady a power as possible. The operating period is usually interrupted by the annual outage carried out once per year be- tween July and October. The annual outage includes modifca- tions and maintenance, inspections and refuelling. The outage is carried out on one plant unit at a time and it lasts for 2–8 weeks. During the outage of one unit, the other plant unit is kept in op- eration. However, there have been occasions when both units were shut down simultaneously for their annual outage. Both power plant units undergo more extensive maintenance every four years. The most extensive annual outages, which are also the longest, take place every eight years.

3.2.1.3 Procurement and use of nuclear fuel

The fuel Loviisa power plant uses is fssionable nuclear fuel made from uranium ore through various chemical and mechanical phas-

26 EIA Programme | Project description

es. In the reactor, the nuclear fuel is in the form of small pellets with a diameter of approximately one centimetre. The pellets are encased in hermetically sealed fuel rods approximately 2.5 me- tres in length. The fuel rods are arranged in fuel bundles, with 126 fuel rods in each. Currently, the number of fuel bundles in the reactor is 313. The amount of nuclear fuel in Loviisa power plant’s reactors is a total of approximately 89 tonnes of uranium dioxide (UO2).

Currently, Fortum procures the nuclear fuel for Loviisa power plant from the Russian TVEL Fuel Company (TVEL). The fuel is transported to Loviisa power plant by road. The power plant’s annual fuel requirement is a total of approximately 24 tonnes of uranium dioxide. The fresh fuel stored in dry storage at Loviisa power plant meets the need for between one and two years.

3.2.1.4 Use of chemicals

Most of the chemicals used at Loviisa power plant are various kinds of acid and alkali needed in the manufacture of process water and used to control the acidity and chemical reactions of the power plant’s water systems. In addition, chemicals are used for cleaning and to prevent corrosion in the equipment and pipe- lines, processing the exhaust gases of the primary system and producing ice for the ice condensers in the reactor building. The acids and alkalis most used are sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Ammonia water is used for increasing the pH of the power plant’s secondary system and for adjusting the pH of the primary coolant. In the primary system, ammonia water is also used to create reducing conditions. Among other things, hydrazine is used as an oxygen removal chemical for process water to prevent corrosion. Boric acid is used for reactor power (reactivity) control. Power plant processes also use fammable liquids and gases. For example, hydrogen gas is used for cool- ing the electric generators’ rotors, and light fuel oil is used in the emergency power diesel machines.

The industrial handling and storage of chemicals at Lovii- sa power plant is extensive. Loviisa power plant is an institu- tion subject to a safety assessment as defned in the decree

on the industrial handling and storage of hazardous chemicals (855/2012). An institution subject to a safety assessment is obli- gated to prepare a safety assessment and submit it to the Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes). The obligation is based on the quantities and properties of the chemicals. The obligation to prepare the assessment at Loviisa power plant is due to the use of hydrazine, which is classifed as a toxic chemical hazardous to the environment.

3.2.1.5 Water requirement and supply

Seawater is used for various cooling requirements at Loviisa power plant. The primary use is the condensation of steam in the turbines. The cooling water for the power plant is taken from Hudöfjärden on the west side of the island of Hästholmen, using an onshore intake system, and the warmed cooling water is discharged back into the sea at Hästholmsfjärden, on the east side of the island. The cooling water intake is located at an approximate depth of 8.5–11 metres. The cooling water is conducted to the power plant units in a shared rock tunnel that ultimately bifurcates into two plant unitspecifc tunnels. The cooling water temperature is increased by approximately 10°C in the turbine condensers. The warmed cooling water is conducted to the cooling water discharge, where the fow spreads over an approximately 90-metre submerged weir, located near the surface of the water (at a level of -0.5 m). The submerged weir spreads the water to the surface layer of the sea, accelerating the release of the excess thermal energy into the atmosphere.

The volume of cooling water used by Loviisa power plant is an average of 44 m3/s. The maximum fow of cooling water takes place at the end of the summer, when the temperature of the surface water is naturally at its highest. At that time, the cooling water fow may be approximately 55 m3/s. Fish, algae and other screenings carried with the cooling water to the power plant are removed from the water by means of coarse and fne screens and travelling basket flters. The screenings consist mostly of organic waste, which is taken to an external waste management compa- ny for appropriate processing.

In addition to cooling water, the power plant also needs raw water. The raw water for Loviisa power plant is taken from the Lappomträsket lake, located approximately fve kilometres north of the power plant. The raw water pumped from the Lap- pomträsket lake is used in the raw water treatment plant to pro- duce the service water needed in the power plant. Raw water is used as the process, fre, cleaning and rinsing water, as well as the power plant’s domestic water. The fully desalinated process water is manufactured using an ion exchange technique in the water desalination plant. The plant area also has a wastewater treatment plant to treat the sanitary wastewater generated in the power plant area.

3.2.1.6 Waste management

The operation of a nuclear power plant generates both radio- active nuclear waste and conventional (non-radioactive) waste. The basis of nuclear waste management is to permanently iso- late waste from the environment. According to the Nuclear En- ergy Act (990/1987), nuclear waste must be handled, stored and permanently disposed of in Finland. The Nuclear Energy Decree (161/1988) further defnes the nuclear waste to be permanent- ly disposed of in the Finnish ground or bedrock. More specifc

requirements are set for the fnal disposal of nuclear waste in the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority’s (STUK) Regulation on the Safety of Disposal of Nuclear Waste (Y/4/2018) and in STUK’s YVL Guides (nuclear safety guides).

The fnal disposal of nuclear waste in bedrock is based on using multiple release barriers to ensure that no nuclear waste enters the living environment or is within the reach of people. Bedrock itself is one of the release barriers. Other technical release barriers include the waste matrix that binds the radio- active substances, the waste container, the buffer surrounding the waste container, the backflling of the fnal disposal halls and the closing structures of the disposal facility.

The fnal disposal of nuclear waste is planned and implement- ed in a way that does not require continuous supervision of the fnal disposal location to ensure long-term safety. According to international and Finnish surveys, the necessary nuclear waste management measures can be implemented in a controlled and safe manner.

Waste generated during the operation of a nuclear power plant include: • spent nuclear fuel; • low- and intermediate-level operational waste (for example,

maintenance waste and waste originating from the water treatment processes);

• conventional and hazardous waste.

In addition, the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant generates decommissioning waste and other dismantling waste (see Chapter 3.4).

Conventional waste is treated in the same manner as equiv- alent waste elsewhere in the industry, in accordance with valid acts, decrees and regulations.

The most central buildings and functions related to nuclear waste management at Loviisa power plant are the L/ILW repos- itory (for the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate- level waste, see Chapter 3.2.2), the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel, the liquid waste storage and solidifcation plant, as well as the facilities for handling dry waste.

Spent nuclear fuel

Nuclear fuel becomes highly radioactive in the reactor during operation. In Finland, spent fuel is not processed further, but it is highly radioactive nuclear waste that requires fnal disposal.

At Loviisa power plant, spent nuclear fuel removed from the reactor is typically stored underwater in the spent fuel pool of the reactor building for 1–3 years, which allows its reactiv- ity and heat production to decrease considerably. The spent fuel is then transferred to the power plant’s interim storage for spent nuclear fuel, where it is stored in pools of water. Wa- ter acts as a radiation shield and cools the spent fuel. During the storage, the activity and heat production of the spent fuel continue to drop.

In due course, the spent fuel is transported in special contain- ers from the interim storage to the Posiva encapsulation plant to be built in Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. Transport from Loviisa to Olk- iluoto takes place either by road or sea. The transport of spent nuclear fuel is strictly regulated by national and international regulations and agreements. In Finland, the transports of spent nuclear fuel require a permit from STUK.

At the Posiva encapsulation plant, the spent fuel is packed

EIA Programme | Project description 27

Figure 3-4. The fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste in Loviisa. Layout: Timo Kirkkomäki, Fortum.

and sealed in fnal disposal capsules. It is then moved by a lift or via a vehicle access tunnel to the fnal disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel, located at a depth of approximately 420 metres un- derground. The transport of spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa to Olkiluoto and its fnal disposal is covered in greater detail in Posi- va’s 2008 EIA procedure (Posiva Oy 2008).

According to the current plans, the fnal disposal of spent nu- clear fuel from Loviisa power plant would begin in Posiva’s en- capsulation plant and fnal disposal facility in the 2040s.

Operational waste: Liquid waste

Liquid radioactive waste is generated from the process and sewage systems during the operation of the power plant. Liquid waste includes the ionexchange resins used to clean the process systems, the evaporator concentrate of sewage waters, and various types of sludge and precipitate generated by the cleaning of containers, among other things. As a rule, liquid waste is intermediate-level waste. Liquid waste is stored in the liquid waste storage before further processing.

At the solidifcation plant, liquid radioactive waste is mixed with cement, blast furnace slag and additives into a frm so- lidifcation product in the fnal disposal container made from reinforcement steel. The end product of this process is a sol- id waste container, in which the radioactive substances are bound in a concrete waste matrix, which also serves as a tech-

28 EIA Programme | Project description

nical release barrier for the radioactive substances in the fnal disposal conditions. It is easier and more safe to handle, store, transport and deposit solid waste containers for fnal disposal than liquid non-solidifed waste.

The solidifed liquid waste is deposited for fnal disposal in the solidifed waste hall in the L/ILW repository. The fnal dis- posal of solidifed waste began in December 2019.

Operational waste: Maintenance waste

Most of the waste generated in the radiation controlled area of the power plant is low-level waste. This waste consists primarily of maintenance waste (e.g. insulation material, old work clothing, machine parts and plastic). For final disposal, maintenance waste is sorted and packed in steel barrels, and its activity is analysed using a gamma spectrometer. Based on the activity content, the maintenance waste is either de- posited for final disposal in the final disposal halls built for it in the L/ILW repository or cleared from regulatory control when its activity is below the activity limits set by STUK. Waste that is to be cleared from regulatory control is han- dled as conventional waste and sent for processing outside the power plant. Only about a quarter of the maintenance waste generated in the radiation-controlled area ends up in final disposal, and the remainder can be cleared from regu- latory control.

Operational waste: Other waste

In addition to the liquid waste and maintenance waste de- scribed above, small quantities of other radioactive waste are generated in the radiation controlled area, including various flters and intermediate-level dry waste. This waste is handled and put into fnal disposal using various methods according to the type of waste.

Small quantities of waste containing uranium have also been generated during the operation of the power plant (such as certain measuring instruments used in reactor control), which have not been deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal dis- posal thus far. When a licence is applied for the fnal disposal facility, a permit for the fnal disposal of this waste in the L/ ILW repository can also be applied for.

Conventional waste

A nuclear power plant, like other industrial plants, generates conventional waste (for example, paper, plastic and food waste, as well as scrap metal) and hazardous waste (such as fuorescent tubes and waste oils), which is not radioactive. Most of the conventional waste is reused as materials or en- ergy, and only a small portion of the waste generated annu- ally ends up in landfll. The annual waste quantities vary, de- pending on the scope of work carried out in the annual outage. Waste is managed as required by the power plant’s environ- mental permit.

3.2.2 L/ILW repository

The low- and intermediate-level waste generated during the op- eration of the power plant is deposited for fnal disposal in the f- nal disposal facility excavated for the purpose in the depth of 110 metres on the island of Hästholmen (the L/ILW repository, Figure 3-4). The L/ILW repository was built on Hästholmen in the 1990s and expanded between 2010 and 2012.

The L/ILW repository currently has halls for maintenance waste and solidifed liquid waste. The facility is located on the island so that no part of it is under the sea, the existing power plant units or sites reserved for units. The fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste is a separate nuclear facility referred to in the Nuclear Energy Act and Decree, but it is used in connection with Loviisa power plant and is integrated with the power plant’s functions. After the operation of the power plant discontinues, the fnal disposal facility is separated as an independent unit in the same manner as certain other waste management functions, so that it can be used during the power plant’s decommissioning.

The fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate level waste was granted an operating licence in 1998, and the fnal disposal of dry maintenance waste packed in steel barrels began in the same year. At the end of 2019, the facility contained approximately 10,000 barrels, or about 2,000 m3 of maintenance waste. The fnal disposal of solidifed waste began at the end of 2019. The operating licence of the fnal disposal facility is valid until the end of 2055.

Long-term safety cases in accordance with STUK’s require- ments have been prepared for the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste at all stages of the facility’s lifecycle, most recently in 2018. The cases are used to demonstrate that the long-term safety impacts are at an acceptable level after the fnal disposal facility is closed. Plans are in place to expand the current halls of the fnal disposal facility by excavating a fnal disposal hall for the decommissioning waste of Loviisa power plant. This expan-

sion allows for the depositing for fnal disposal of all radioactive waste generated by the decommissioning of the power plant in due course, with the exception of spent fuel. The long-term safety case also covers the fnal disposal of decommissioning waste.

3.2.3 Emissions from the current operations The operation of a nuclear power plant, regardless of the power plant type, generates emissions into the environment on which legislation imposes various emissions limits. The emissions of a nuclear power plant are divided into conventional and radio- active emissions. The emissions and other environmental con- siderations of the current operations are provided in Table 3-1 of Chapter 3.3.6.

3.2.3.1 Radioactive emissions Radioactive substances are generated in a nuclear power plant during operation. Small quantities of radioactive substances are released into the air and sea in a controlled manner in compliance with the criteria set in legislation, and the licences and regula- tions concerning the operations. The quantity of the radioactive substances to be released into the environment are limited effec- tively by delaying and fltering.

Radioactive emissions into the sea and air have been a frac- tion of the limits set for Loviisa power plant. The impact of the emissions on the people in the vicinity and the surrounding envi- ronment is minimal (see Chapter 3.2.4.1). The power plant’s emis- sions of radioactive substances into the air and sea are constant- ly monitored.

Emissions into the air The power plant’s radioactive emissions into the air during operation largely consist of noble gases, aerosols, halogens and gaseous activation products. Most of the radionuclides released into the environment are short-lived and are only detected in the immediate vicinity of the power plant during environmental radiation monitoring.

In the processing of radioactive gases generated in the power plant, the gases are collected, filtered and delayed to reduce radioactivity. Gases containing small amounts of radi- oactive substances are released into the air through the vent stack in a controlled manner.

The radioactive emissions into the air from Loviisa power plant in 2008–2018 and the emission limits are presented in Chapter 3.3.6 (Table 3-1). Emission limits have been set for emissions of noble gases and iodine. At their highest, the emissions of radioactive noble gases into the air from the power plant in 2008–2018 were approximately 0.06% of the emission limit (in 2009), and iodine emissions were approxi- mately 0.02% of the emission limit (in 2010). The power plant’s radioactive emissions into the air have therefore been signifi- cantly below the emission limits set for them.

Discharges into water systems The power plant’s radioactive discharges into the sea consist pri- marily of process water discharges, sewage water from the ra- diation controlled area, wastewater from washing the protective clothing used in the radiation controlled area, and the discharges of the purifed evaporation concentrate. Before being discharged into the sea, the waters are treated and delayed to reduce radio- activity. The activity is measured, and discharging is only allowed

EIA Programme | Project description 29

when the activity is below the limits set by the authorities. In ad- dition, the effuents from the foor drains of the waste areas of the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste are also included in emissions monitoring. The water that con- tains small quantities of radioactivity to be released into the sea in a controlled manner from the power plant is mixed with the cooling water fow in the cooling water discharge channel and diluted considerably.

The radioactive discharge into the sea from Loviisa power plant in 2008–2018 and the emission limits are presented in Chapter 3.3.6 (Table 3-1). At their highest, the power plant’s emissions of tritium (H-3) into the sea in 2008–2018 were approximately 14% of the emission limit, and the emissions of other fssion and activation products were approximately 0.2% of the emission limit. Thus, the power plant’s radioactive emissions into the sea have been signifcantly below the emission limits set for them. For example, radioactive emissions into the sea have been reduced by separating caesium (Cs) from the evaporation concentrate in the radiation-controlled area

3.2.3.2 Conventional emissions

Emissions into the air

The power supply of Loviisa power plant in exceptional situa- tions is secured by means of emergency diesel generators. Pe- riodic testing of the emergency power sources generate some nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particle emissions. The oil-operated backup heating boiler of the power plant also generates minor emissions of a similar nature.

Traffc at the power plant also generates emissions into the air. The power plant’s traffc during operation primarily includes commuting and maintenance traffc, as well as transports of fresh nuclear fuel, various pieces of equipment, chemicals, fuel oil, gases and waste management. The chemicals and fuel oil re- lated to the power plant operations are transported to the power plant by road, in the same manner as other goods transports. In the power plant area, transports follow a guided transport route.

Discharges into water systems

Seawater used as cooling water in the power plant’s turbine con- densers warms by 8–12 °C, with an average of approximately 10 °C. With the exception of the rise in temperature, the quality of the cooling water does not change when the water fows through the power plant. The volume of seawater used as the cooling wa- ter by the power plant is an average of 44 m3/s. The average heat load into the sea is approximately 57,000 terajoules (TJ) per year, and the average heat load for a 24-hour period is approximately 156 TJ per day of operating. In recent years, the heat load has remained fairly unchanged.

Conventional discharges into the water systems are primarily nutrient loads generated by the process wastewater and sani- tary wastewater from the power plant area. Sanitary wastewa- ter is processed in the wastewater treatment plant located in the power plant area. The average annual volume of processed san- itary wastewater conducted to the treatment plant was approx- imately 24,000 m3 in 2000–2018. The purifed sanitary waste- water is conducted to Hudöfjärden through a discharge channel.

In addition to sanitary wastewater, the sources of various types of process wastewater at the power plant include the pro- duction of service water in the raw water treatment plant; the

30 EIA Programme | Project description

regeneration water of the desalination plant and condensate purifcation facilities; turbine hall’s seepage water; water from the steam generators’ blowdown water treatment plant; the au- tomatic fushing of the travelling basket flters of the seawater pump stations; as well as rainwater and water in the ground. Pro- cess waters generated in the radiation controlled area are de- scribed in Chapter 3.2.3.1.

After appropriate treatment, process wastewaters generated in the power plant are fnally conducted with the cooling water to the sea in Hästholmsfjärden. In 2000–2018, the average volume of process wastewaters was approximately 160,000 m3 per year.

The average total nitrogen load of the sanitary wastewater has been approximately 840 kg per year, and the total phospho- rus load approximately 9 kg per year. The average total nitrogen load of the process waters has been approximately 800 kg per year, and the total phosphorus load 9 kg per year. Approximately every four years, a controlled discharge of the evaporation con- centrate, from which caesium has been separated, is carried out. It temporarily increases the nutrition concentrations. The total nitrogen load generated by the power plant in the 2000s has been approximately 1,650 kg per year, and the total phosphorus load approximately 18 kg per year. The total phosphorus load has decreased in the 2010s. Nutrition discharges into the sea from Loviisa power plant in 2000–2018 are shown in Chapter 3.3.6 (Table 3-1). In 2000–2018, the biological oxygen demand (BOD7 value) of sanitary wastewater was an average of 177 kg per year, the chemical oxygen demand (COD value) was an average of 410 kg per year, and the solids load was an average of 506 kg per year.

3.2.4 Nuclear and radiation safety

According to the Nuclear Energy Act, the use of nuclear energy must be safe, and it shall not cause harm to people or damage to the environment or property. In Finland, the requirements concerning nuclear and radiation safety of nuclear power plants are based on the provisions of the Nuclear Energy Act and Decree, which are specifed in regulations issued by STUK.

This chapter covers the most important areas of radiation and nuclear safety at Loviisa power plant, based on STUK’s Regulation on the Safety of a Nuclear Power Plant (Y/1/2018), the Regulation on the Emergency Arrangements of a Nuclear Power Plant (Y/2/2018) and the Regulation on the Security in the Use of Nuclear Energy (Y/3/2016).

3.2.4.1 Radiation and monitoring

In a nuclear power plant, radioactive substances are primarily generated as fssion products when the atomic nuclei of the fuel split, through neutron activation in the reactor or its vicinity, and as the products of the radioactive decay chains of the aforemen- tioned substances.

The most important radiation sources during the operation of Loviisa power plant are the nuclear fuel and activation products in the primary system water, due to which the vicinities of the pri-mary system are inaccessible.

The systems that contain radioactive substances are located inside the radiation controlled area. Special safety guidelines must be adhered to in order to protect oneself against radia- tion. Continuous radiation dose monitoring has been arranged

0.04

0.01 0.05

4.0 0.72

0.45

0.33 0.3

Radon

X-ray examinations

Soil and construction materials

Cosmic radiation from space

Food and drinking water

Air travel

Isotope examinations

Nuclear accidents and nuclear weapon tests

Figure 3-5. The average radiation dose of people in Finland is 5.9 millisieverts per year (Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority STUK, 2020).

for personnel working within the radiation controlled area, and radiation measurements are carried out on the persons and items exiting the area. During the normal operation of Loviisa power plant, the personnel’s radiation doses are signifcantly below the dose limits and are primarily caused by inspection work carried out in the primary coolant pump area. Most of the radiation dos- es are accumulated in the steam generator space during outages and in work carried out on the reactor’s lid unit.

The radioactive emissions of Loviisa power plant are moni- tored by means of the power plant’s emission measurements. The release of emissions into the environment is monitored in accordance with the environmental radiation control programme approved by STUK. The environmental radiation control is based on continuous dose rate measurements, air and fallout samples, seawater samples and samples taken from the food chain. The emissions of Loviisa power plant are reported to STUK quarterly. The independent control carried out by STUK supplements the control carried out by the power plant. Structural radiation pro- tection, radiation protection of the personnel, and emission and radiation control are carried out under STUK’s supervision.

The limits for radiation doses accumulated to the population, caused by the operation of a nuclear power plant, have been de- fned in the Nuclear Energy Decree (161/1988, Section 22 b). The limit for the annual dose caused to an individual by the normal operation of a nuclear power plant is 0.1 mSv (millisieverts), which is less than 2 % of the average annual dose of 5.9 mSv caused by radiation to a person in Finland (Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority STUK 2020, Figure 3–6). In recent years, the radiation dose caused to an individual in the vicinity of Loviisa power plant has been approximately 0.2% (about 0.00023 mSv) of the dose limit set in the Nuclear Energy Decree and less than one tenthou- sandth of the normal annual radiation dose a person in Finland receives from other sources on average.

3.2.4.2 Nuclear safety

The safety of nuclear power plants and the requirements set for safety have been and will be continuously developed, based on ex- perience and the results of safety surveys. The safety level of Lovi- isa power plant is determined by the plant’s technical operation

principles and solutions, and the expertise and safety-focused attitude of the organisation operating the power plant. According to the defence in depth principle, safety is ensured by means of a series of consecutive levels that are mutually redundant.

The technical nuclear safety of the plant units at Loviisa pow- er plant is ensured by means of safety functions the purpose of which is to prevent the occurrence of incidents and accidents, prevent them from escalating or mitigate the consequences of accident situations. The safety functions have been defned in order to ensure the integrity of the barriers to the dispersion of radioactive substances. The functions are supported by means of support measures that are launched automatically or by an operator.

The most important safety functions of a nuclear power plant are: • reactivity control, which aims to stop the chain reaction

generated by the reactor; • decay heat removal, which aims to cool the fuel and by do-

ing so to ensure the integrity of the fuel and the primary system;

• Prevention of the dispersion of radioactivity, which aims to isolate the containment and ensure its integrity and, by doing that, to control the radioactive emissions during accidents.

Nuclear power plants have both conventional operating systems and safety systems that are used to implement the aforemen- tioned safety functions during normal operation and during in- cidents and accidents. The safety systems ensure the cooling of the fuel in the reactor also when the normal operating systems are unavailable. The most important safety systems are the bo- ron feed of the primary system, emergency make-up water sys- tem and emergency cooling system , the containment spray sys- tem, emergency feed water systems and the diesel generators and automation that support their operation.

A nuclear power plant should be prepared for a severe reactor accident. A severe reactor accident refers to an accident in which the fuel in the reactor is considerably damaged. Although such an accident is highly unlikely, Loviisa power plant is equipped with systems intended to manage a severe reactor accident. These

EIA Programme | Project description 31

4,50E-04

4,00E-04

3,50E-04

3,00E-04

2,50E-04

2,00E-04

1,50E-04

1,00E-04

5,00E-05

0,00E+00

Figure 3-6. The frequency of considerable reactor core damage and nuclear fuel damage of spent fuel in the fuel pools in the Loviisa 1 power plant unit, assessed by means of PRA. The blue line indicates the requirement level (10–5/year) proposed for new nuclear power plants in the STUK Guide YVL A.7.

systems are used to ensure that no radioactive substances are re- leased from the power plant to the extent that they would cause serious harm to the environment.

Several projects to improve nuclear safety have been imple- mented at Loviisa power plant throughout its operation. The power plant is considerably safer than it was when it was original- ly commissioned, although it already complied with the require- ments at the time. The safety improvements have been based, in accordance with a good safety culture, on the aim of achieving a safety level that is as high as possible, as well as the revised requirements issued by STUK. For example, several changes to improve safety have been implemented since the Fukushi- ma accident. The changes included building an alternative heat sink independent of the sea, i.e. air-cooled cooling towers, and preparations for a high seawater level, improvements related to the availability of fuel for diesel machines, implementation of an alternative decay heat removal of the fuel pool, as well as the increase of the battery capacity. In addition, extensive reforms have been carried out on the automation, and ageing systems and equipment have been modernised.

In accordance with STUK’s regulation Y/1/2018, the nuclear facility’s safety and the technical solutions of its safety systems shall be assessed and substantiated analytically and, if neces- sary, experimentally. The probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of the nuclear power plant is an analytical method referred to in the requirement. PRA is used as decision support in the risk manage- ment related to the safety of the nuclear power plant, for exam- ple, when assessing the opportunities to perform measures that improve safety and the need for such measures. At Loviisa nu- clear power plant, the results of the probabilistic risk assessment have been applied in, for example, the defnition of the aforemen- tioned safety-improving modifcations.

In accordance with STUK’s Guide YVL A.7, the design of a nu- clear power plant unit shall be such that the mean value of the fre- quency of reactor core damage is less than 10 –5/year. Figure 3-6 shows the frequency of considerable reactor core damage and the nuclear fuel damage of spent fuel in the fuel pools in Loviisa nuclear power plant, assessed by means of the probabilistic risk assessment for 1996–2019. Over the course of the past 20 years,

32 EIA Programme | Project description

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the frequency has decreased considerably, in other words, the safety level of the nuclear power plant has improved as a result of the safety-improving modifcations and measures close to the level required of new nuclear power facilities (Figure 3-6).

3.2.4.3 Emergency preparedness

Emergency preparedness arrangements are arrangements car- ried out in preparation for accidents or situations in which the safety of the nuclear power plant has been compromised. To mitigate the consequences of an accident, the power plant and authorities maintain emergency preparedness, aimed at civil defence actions in a radiation hazard situation. Nuclear energy legislation sets requirements for civil defence, rescue and emer- gency preparedness operations. In addition, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority has issued detailed requirements in the YVL Guides and in STUK Regulations (Y/2/2018) on the emergen- cy preparedness operations. When planning emergency prepara- tion operations, the separate emergency preparedness instruc- tions (VAL Guides) for radiation protection actions in a radiation hazard situation, among other things, are also considered.

The emergency preparedness organisation of Loviisa power plant consists of persons trained for the tasks at the power plant and at Fortum’s headquarters in Espoo. Job descriptions and duties have been defned in the emergency preparedness plan in advance. The emergency preparedness organisation has at its disposal the appropriate premises, communications connec- tions and equipment to conduct radiation measurements in the power plant area and in the precautionary action zone (extending to a distance of some 5 kilometres from the plant), among other things. In addition, Loviisa power plant has its own rescue station. The emergency preparedness plan is maintained and developed continuously, and the operations are practised in annual emer- gency preparedness drills and in cooperation exercises organ- ised every three years, in cooperation between the power plant and several authorities (including STUK, the police, rescue ser- vices, the emergency response centre, hospitals and the Finnish Meteorological Institute).

3.2.4.4 Security arrangements

Security arrangements refer to advance preparations for a threat of illegal activity directed against the nuclear power plant or its operations. Nuclear energy legislation sets requirements for the security arrangements of a nuclear power plant. In addition, STUK has set detailed requirements concerning the security arrange- ments in the YVL Guidelines and in STUK regulations (Y/3/2016).

The security organisation of Loviisa power plant, which com- prises persons trained for the tasks, has at its disposal the appro- priate premises, communications connections and equipment. The job descriptions and duties of the persons in the security or- ganisation have been defned in advance in the plans and guide- lines concerning security arrangements. The plans and guidelines concerning the security arrangements have been prepared in co- operation with the relevant police authorities and aligned with the rescue, emergency and abnormal situation plans prepared by the authorities.

Security arrangements and their related plans and guidelines are maintained and continuously developed, and the operations are regularly practised with the authorities, both in separate drills and as part of the emergency exercises.

3.3 EXTENDING THE OPERATION

Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the com- mercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum of approximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence period. This chapter describes the prerequisites of the extension of the power plant’s operation, and the modifcations that may be implemented.

3.3.1 Nuclear and radiation safety

During the extension of the operation, the same basic principles are adhered to as those described in Chapter 3.2.4, while consid- ering the requirements set by the changing legislation.

In accordance with the good safety culture, safety improve- ments are also carried out at Loviisa power plant during the po- tential lifetime extension. The work is guided by the operation experience gained at Loviisa power plant and other nuclear power plants, changes to STUK’s YVL Guides and technological advances. According to Fortum’s estimate, the changes made to the requirements in recent years result in some new procedures in addition to those already implemented. For example, the im- provement of the seismic conditions of Loviisa power plant is cur- rently being planned.

3.3.2 Ageing management and maintenance of the power plant

Loviisa power plant is one of the best nuclear power plants in the world in terms of safety and availability. The key indicators used to measure safety and reliability have been good throughout Loviisa power plant’s operating history. The annual load factors have exceeded 90 per cent.

A well-managed and professional ageing management and maintenance are prerequisites to ensure the safe and economi- cal operation of a nuclear power plant. This objective can be met by continuously improving safety, availability, performance and cost-effectiveness.

The systems, structures and equipment of Loviisa power plant are exposed to various stresses during operation. Examples in- clude normal wear and tear resulting from the operation of the equipment or the fatigue of the structural materials, which may compromise the equipment’s integrity and performance. Regu- latory requirements concerning systems, structures and equip- ment, and other requirements, may change during the opera- tion of the power plant, and the technology used may advance, meaning the systems, structures and equipment no longer meet the prevailing requirement level. These factors – in other words, the ageing of systems, structures and equipment – are prepared for in the planning phase by means of reasoned design solutions, and during operation, by monitoring and maintaining the oper- ability of the systems, structures and equipment until they are decommissioned. Among other things, this refers to equipment test runs, quality control inspections and traditional mainte- nance measures, such as lubrication oil and grease changes. This helps ensure that the systems, equipment and structures func- tion as planned. Equipment is replaced when required as a result of ageing. This requires individual equipment transports to the power plant and commissioning tests of new equipment.

The ageing management programme and procedures cover the entire Loviisa power plant. The systems, equipment and structures

of the power plant have been divided into three categories in age- ing management. Ageing management is conducted in accord- ance with the procedures and scope defned for each category. System managers have been designated for ageing management.

The maintenance organisation and the maintenance functions of Loviisa power plant are responsible for ensuring that a system, equipment or structure that is in operation or operable meets the requirements set for the operating condition under normal oper- ation and in incidents and accidents.

3.3.3 Additional construction in the area

3.3.3.1 Water engineering

Over approximately twenty years, it has been necessary to reduce the power of Loviisa power plant due to the high intake temperature of the cooling water during some summers. The power limitations have helped keep the temperature of the cooling water conducted to the sea within the environmental permit’s conditions. The seawa- ter temperature is expected to rise in the future due to the warming of the climate, which contributes to the likelihood and duration of power limitations.

Reducing the temperature of the intake cooling water considera- bly increases the electric output of the power plant, because reduc- ing the temperature improves the effciency of the turbines. By de- creasing the temperature of the intake cooling water, it is possible to reduce the temperature of the discharged cooling water, although this does not affect the heat load being conducted to the sea.

Fortum is therefore investigating the possibility of carrying out water engineering work in the sea area near Loviisa power plant. The essential elements of the water engineering work would include the dredging and excavation of the seabed in front of the intake opening located on the Hudöfjärden side, as well as the dumping of the masses generated by the water engineering work (Figure 3-2). Dredging and excavating the shallower seabed areas in front of the cooling water intake opening would enable cooler seawater from deeper down to access the cooling water intake, which would impact the temperature of the intake cooling water. The potential water engineering includes the construction of an embankment extending approximately 200 metres into the sea from the shore, using the material to be dumped, in the southwest side of Hästholmen island (Fortum Power and Heat Oy 2009). The embankment or a wharf acting as a breakwater would reduce the recirculation of the cooling water from the discharge side to the intake side, which would have a favourable impact on the tem- perature of the intake cooling water. The embankment would also make it possible to build a wharf should one be needed. The water engineering plans are specifed in the EIA report.

3.3.3.2 Buildings

The potential new additional buildings to be constructed in the power plant area during the extension of the operation include a cafeteria building in the vicinity of the offce building, an in- spection or reception warehouse, wastewater treatment plant and a welding hall. In addition, additional construction related to the interim storage of spent nuclear fuel may be carried out (see Chapter 3.3.5.1).

EIA Programme | Project description 33

Table 3-1. The environmental aspects of extending the operation of the power plant.

Environmental aspect Current operation of the power plant Extending the operation

Thermal power to be conducted to the water

systems

1) 57,000 TJ/year No major changes.

Need for cooling water 2) 44 m3/s No major changes.

Volume of service water 3) 200 000 m3/year No major changes.

Radioactive emissions into the water systems

4) Tritium (H-3): 13–21 TBq/year The emission limit is 150 TBq/year

No major changes.

4) Other fssion and activation products: 0.0001–0.002 TBq/year The emission limit is 0.9 TBq/year

No major changes.

Other emissions into the water systems

5) Sanitary wastewater: 24,000 m3/year 5) Total nitrogen (N): 840 kg/year 5) Total phosphorus (P): 9.3 kg/year

No major changes, but potential water engineering mainly causes temporary clouding of the water in the sea area.

5) Process wastewaters: 160,000 m3/year 5) Total nitrogen (N): 800 kg/year 5) Total phosphorus (P): 8.9 kg/year

Radioactive emissions into the air

4) Tritium (H-3): 0.1–0.4 TBq/year No major changes.

No major changes.

No major changes.

No major changes.

No major changes.

4) Carbon-14 (C-14): 0.3–0.5 TBq/year

4) Iodines (I-131eq.): 0.0000002–0.00005 TBq/year The emission limit is 0.22 TBq/year.

4) Noble gases (Kr-87eq.): 4.7–8 TBq/year The emission limit is 14,000 TBq/year

4) Aerosols: 0.00003–0.0008 TBq/year

Other emissions into the air Emergency power generators: some nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particle emissions.

No major changes.

Wa ste

Spent nuclear fuel

24 t/year (UO2) No major changes to the annual accumulation, but the quantity of the fuel placed in the intermediate storage in the power plant area increases as the operating time is extended.

Low-level waste The current accumulation rate is 20–30 m3/year. No major changes to the annual accumulation, but the quantities increase as the operating time is extended. An extension of circa 20 years generates approximately 600 m3 of low-level waste and approximately 2,400 m3 of intermediate-level waste when the waste is packed.

Intermediate-level waste The current accumulation rate is 15–30 m3/year, and when solidifed and packed, 60–120 m3/year.

Conventional waste 400–1,000 t/year, of which a maximum of 15% is deposited in landfll, and the rest is reused.

No major changes.

Noise

The most signifcant sources of noise generated by the power plant are transformers, ventilation equipment and traffc. Testing of safety valves during annual maintenance.

No major changes, but temporary noise may be caused by potential modifcation and construction work.

Traffc 6) The average daily traffc on Atomitie is approximately 700 vehicles, approximately 40 of which are heavy vehicles.

No major changes, but potential construction work may occasionally increase traffc volumes.

1) On average after the power uprating of 1997 4) In 2008–2018 2) Annual average 5) Average from 2000–2018 3) Average from 2003–2018 6) In 2018

34 EIA Programme | Project description

3.3.4 Water and wastewater connections

As part of the review concerning the extension of the power plant’s operation, tentative plans have been made to investigate alternative methods to obtain service water for the power plant and to conduct the sanitary wastewater generated in the power plant to a wastewater treatment plant outside the power plant area. The matter is specifed in the EIA report.

3.3.5 Waste management

Extending the operation of the power plant does not material- ly affect the accumulation of the conventional and radioactive waste generated annually. If the operation of the power plant is extended, the waste management methods remain primarily the same as those currently used. The capacity of the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste is also suffcient for the fnal disposal of the low- and intermediate-level waste gen- erated during the extension. The most signifcant change related to waste management, caused by the extension of the operation, targets the interim storage of spent nuclear fuel.

3.3.5.1 Interim storage of spent nuclear fuel

The extension of service life does not change the quantity of the spent nuclear fuel generated annually, but the quantity of spent nuclear fuel to be placed in interim storage in the power plant area increases during the additional years of operation. The inter- im storage capacity of spent nuclear fuel needs to be increased. This can be achieved, for example, by a denser storing of spent nuclear fuel in the pools of the current interim storage or by build- ing additional pools that expand the current pool capacity. The method for increasing interim storage capacity is selected later,

Vehicle access tunnel

Personnel shaft

Ventilation shaft

Maintenance waste halls 1–3

Solidifed waste hall Dismantling waste

hall 2

Dismantling waste hall 1 Connecting

tunnel Large component

hall

Reactor vessel silos

Figure 3-7. An illustration of the fnal disposal facility of Loviisa power plant for low- and intermediate-level waste. In addition to the existing halls, the illustration depicts the planned fnal disposal halls for decommissioning waste (dismantling waste halls 1 and 2, a large component hall and reactor vessel silos).

and the selection is affected, for example, by the start date of fuel transports to Posiva and the power plant’s service life.

The heat production of spent nuclear fuel reduces during in- terim storage. Therefore, the cooling need of the interim storage does not increase considerably, despite the fact that the total quantity of the fuel to be placed in interim storage increases. The cooling capacity of the interim storage can be increased by in- creasing the fow of the cooling water to the heat exchangers or by increasing the size of the heat exchangers.

3.3.6 Summary of the environmental aspects of extending the operation

Table 3-1 shows a summary of the environmental aspects of the extension of the operation of the power plant.

3.4 DECOMMISSIONING

This chapter describes the decommissioning and dismantling of Loviisa power plant. If the operation of Loviisa power plant is not extended, the power plant is decommissioned after the current licensing period. If the operation of the power plant is extended, decommissioning takes place after the new licensing period.

3.4.1 General description of decommissioning

Decommissioning a nuclear power plant is a regulatory activity subject to the provisions of the Nuclear Energy Act and Decree, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority Regulations and the Guide- lines based on them. In Fortum’s plans, decommissioning refers to the dismantling of the radioactive systems, structures and com-

EIA Programme | Project description 35

ponents, and the fnal disposal of dismantling waste. Preparations are made for the L/ILW repository expansion for decommissioning waste and the licensing of decommissioning in good time before the actual decommissioning work begins. Among other things, decom- missioning requires the application of a decommissioning licence in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act.

After the production phase of Loviisa power plant, the power plant units are decommissioned. Decommissioning begins with a dismantling preparation phase that lasts for a few years. The cur-rent decommissioning strategy is immediate dismantling and fnal disposal. A decommissioning plan is prepared during the operation and submitted to the authorities every six years in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act. The decommission- ing plan for Loviisa power plant was last updated in 2018. The decommissioning plan includes all phases related to decommis- sioning and the current plans concerning the phases. The plans are updated and specifed gradually in accordance with the ex- perience gained from the operation of the power plant, the com- ments received from and requirements set by the authorities, and the monitoring of international projects. The fnal decom- missioning plan is submitted to the authorities for approval in good time before applying for the decommissioning licence. This EIA Programme describes decommissioning in a general way.

The stages included in the decommissioning of Loviisa power plant include: 1. expansion of the L/ILW repository for decommissioning

waste; 2. making the spent fuel interim storage, liquid waste storage

as well as the solidifcation plant, and the L/ILW repository independent;

3. termination of the operation of the power plant units and licensing of the dismantling work;

4. detailed planning of and preparations for the dismantling; 5. dismantling of the radioactive components of the power

plant units and any other dismantling work; 6. handling and disposal of radioactive waste in the L/ILW re-

pository, as well as reuse of conventional dismantling waste; 7. transportation of the spent fuel to the encapsulation plant

and fnal disposal facility; 8. dismantling of the plant parts to be made independent; 9. closure of the fnal disposal halls / L/ILW repository; 10. release from liability and post-closure control by the autho-

rities.

During decommissioning, the personnel in the power plant area consists of Fortum’s own staff and external contractors. The es- timated number of personnel is approximately 400 people. The workload required to decommission Loviisa power plant is esti- mated to be approximately 3,000 person-years in total, of which the power plant’s own personnel accounts for approximately 1,700 person-years, and contractors approximately 1,300 person-years.

3.4.1.1 Expansion of the L/ILW repository for decommissioning waste

The decommissioning waste generated in decommissioning is de- posited in the bedrock of the power plant area. To a large extent, this L/ILW repository has already been constructed for the low- and intermediate-level waste generated during operation. The fnal disposal halls for the decommissioning waste have been de- signed to form an integrated and functional whole with the current

36 EIA Programme | Project description

hall for the waste generated during operation. The fnal disposal hall is located underground at a depth of approximately 110 metres below sea level (Figure 3-7).

During the operation of the power plant, the L/ILW repository is expanded by excavating approximately 57,000 m3 for decom- missioning waste. The blasted rock is transported by lorry from the repository to the surface and dumped in the nearby area, from where it can be used as the repository flling material at closure.

3.4.1.2 Making the spent fuel interim storage, liquid waste storage, as well as the solidifcation and the L/ILW repository independent

Before fnal disposal, spent fuel is allowed to cool in the power plant’s interim storage for spent fuel. It must therefore be possi- ble to use the buildings and functions related to the power plant’s waste management independently during the decommissioning of the power plant units and the interim storage of spent fuel. Therefore, the interim storage for spent fuel, the liquid waste storage and solidifcation plant and the L/ILW repository are made independent to ensure their electricity supply, controls, cooling, ventilation and other corresponding functions are sepa- rated from the systems of the power plant units before the oper- ation of these is terminated. It is possible that making the interim storage for spent fuel independent requires that a new seawater pump station be built for the removal of the fuel’s decay heat.

3.4.1.3 Terminating the operation of the power plant units and licensing of the dismantling work

When decommissioning begins, the power plant units are shut down, and electricity production ceases. During the last years of operation, the required permits are applied for the dismantling work included in decommissioning and the fnal disposal of dis- mantling waste. The required licences are covered in Chapter 10.1.

3.4.1.4 Detailed planning of and preparations for the dismantling work

Before electricity production ceases, detailed plans are prepared concerning the implementation of the dismantling work. At the same time, the dismantling contracts to be ordered from external contractors specialising in dismantling are prepared.

The termination of operation is followed by a preparation phase of approximately two years before the actual dismantling begins. The preparation phase includes for example the follow- ing measures: • the spent nuclear fuel is transferred from the reactor

building’s pools to the interim storage for spent fuel, where it is stored according to Posiva's fnal disposal schedule;

• draining of process systems is carried out; • radioactive waste is handled; • the required transport openings are built for large compo-

nents (such as the reactor pressure vessel); • decommissioning waste processing halls are built; • preliminary dismantling is performed.

3.4.1.5 Dismantling of the radioactive components of the power plant units and any other dismantling work

After the preparations, dismantling of radioactive structures and systems begins, with the exception of functions related to the

interim storage of spent fuel, liquid waste storage and solidif- cation plant.

Dismantling of radioactive components can be carried out us- ing methods and equipment currently in use. Dismantling begins with the handling of the reactor pressure vessel and the vessel’s internal parts, and continues with the dismantling of the primary system and other contaminated systems. The decommissioning of Loviisa power plant aims to deposit large components, such as the reactor pressure vessels and steam generators, intact for fnal disposal.

The dismantling of the radioactive components and the treat- ment of waste (described in Chapter 3.4.1.6) take place in paral- lel. Conventional dismantling measures are described in Chapter 3.4.3.

3.4.1.6 Handling and fnal disposal of radioactive waste in the L/ILW repository and the reuse of conventional dismantling waste

Material dismantled in decommissioning that exceeds the limit values for releasing radioactive material from regulatory con- trol is transported to the fnal disposal hall for decommissioning waste in the L/ILW repository. Dismantled materials that remain below the limit values can be handled in the same manner as con- ventional waste.

Reactor pressure vessels and their activated internals are pro- tected against the spread of contamination and transported, ra- diation-protected, in a special vehicle to the fnal disposal hall to be built for them in the L/ILW repository. Other activated materi- als are dismantled and packaged in various types of concrete and wooden boxes, and likewise transported to the designated fnal disposal hall in the L/ILW repository.

Contaminated dismantling waste primarily consists of process systems which are in contact with radioactive water in the opera- tion phase. The concrete structures of a nuclear power plant may become contaminated as a result of leaks in the process systems or pool lining. Contamination may also be caused by the disman- tling measures carried out in the decommissioning phase.

During decommissioning, waste is placed in interim storage on the power plant premises for measurement and packaging, after which it is transported to the fnal disposal hall. The esti- mated total volume of decommissioning waste to be deposited in fnal disposal is approximately 25,000 m3. The maintenance waste generated during the decommissioning phase is placed in barrels that are measured and transported to the fnal dis- posal hall. In addition, other dismantling material from the pow- er plant can be used as a flling material in the L/ILW repository. The volume of this material is estimated to be a maximum of 50,000 m3.

Process water to be placed in interim storage in the liquid waste storage to be made independent is treated and purifed and then conducted to the sea. Radioactive solutions generated in decommissioning are treated and solidifed, and placed in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal.

The use of the interim storage for spent fuel that is made in- dependent generates small amounts of radioactive maintenance waste, which is placed in barrels, measured and transported to the fnal disposal halls. In the interim storage for spent fuel, water from the pools is purifed. This generates waste, which is solidi- fed at the solidifcation plant and transported to the fnal dispos- al hall for solidifed waste for fnal disposal.

Activity measurements are performed on non-radioactive

buildings, and the buildings are released from regulatory control, after which they can be repurposed. Alternatively, non radioac- tive buildings may also be demolished, and the demolition waste is recycled or otherwise reused as much as possible.

At the decommissioning phase at the latest, small quantities of waste containing uranium, which have not yet been deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal, need to be deposited for fnal disposal (such as certain measuring instruments used in reactor control). When a licence is applied for the fnal disposal facility, a permit for the fnal disposal of this waste in the L/ILW repository can also be applied for.

3.4.1.7 Transporting spent fuel to the encapsulation and fnal disposal facility

Spent nuclear fuel is placed in the transport containers designed for the purpose in the power plant area and transported to Posi- va’s encapsulation and fnal disposal facility located in Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. At the facility, the spent fuel is placed in fnal disposal capsules in the encapsulation facility and deposited for fnal dis- posal in the fnal disposal facility for spent fuel, located deep in the bedrock.

Once Posiva has received the spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant, Posiva is responsible for the fnal disposal measures of the fuel.

3.4.1.8 Dismantling of the plant parts to be made independent

Once all spent fuel has been transported to Posiva, the interim storage for spent fuel is drained of water, cleaned and dismantled. Liquid waste is solidifed in the solidifcation plant, after which the liquid waste storage and the solidifcation plant are emptied, cleaned and dismantled. The radioactive waste generated by all plant parts to be made independent are deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal.

3.4.1.9 Closure of the fnal disposal halls and the L/ILW repository

Finally, the fnal disposal halls are closed by flling the halls containing release barriers with crushed rock or demolished concrete, and closing the waste hall openings, shafts and the perimeters of the fragmented rock zones in the bedrock with re- inforced concrete. The fnal disp osal repository is ultimately closed by flling the vehicle access tunnels with blasted rock and casting a giant reinforced concrete plug in the repository entrance. The area is subject to post-clo- sure control by the authorities

3.4.1.10 Release from liability and post-closure control by the authorities

The fnal disposal of nuclear waste has been completed when STUK has deemed that the nuclear waste has been disposed of in a manner approved by STUK. Correspondingly, a nuclear facil- ity is considered to have been decommissioned when STUK has deemed that the quantity of radioactive substances in the build- ings and soil of the facility area meets the legal requirements. After this, an authority (the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Em- ployment) prescribes Fortum’s management obligation to have ended, and the ownership of and responsibilities for the nuclear waste are transferred to the State.

EIA Programme | Project description 37

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’

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Table 3-2. Environmental aspects of the expansion of the L/ILW repository. Table 3-3. Environmental aspects of decommissioning and plant parts to be made independent.

Environmental aspect Current volume and operating licence of the L/ILW

repository

Expansion of the L/ILW repository for decom missioning waste and the extension of the power

plant s operation

Waste amounts requiring a licence

Low-level waste (maintenance waste halls)

6,400 m3 (waste amounts in accordance with licence conditions)

A maximum of 50,000 m3

Intermediate-level waste (solidifed waste hall)

11,000 m3 (waste amounts in accordance with the licence conditions)

Decommissioning waste

Other dismantling waste A maximum of 50,000 m3

Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and

received at Loviisa power plant

A maximum of 2,000 m3

Hall size

In bedrock

116,350 m3 approx. 174,000 m3 (when expanding the L/ILW repository, approximately 57,000 m3 of additional space is excavated for decommissioning waste; it is estimated that no additional space is needed for maintenance waste)

Noise The use of ventilation equipment generates noise. There are no major changes regarding ventilation.

Temporary noise is generated by the construction work.

Vibration No major vibration is generated. Temporary vibration is generated by the

construction work.

Traffc Transfer of waste and maintenance work in the repository causes traffc.

Construction work temporarily increases traffc volumes, primarily in the power plant area.

Ground and bedrock

No impacts on the ground and bedrock. An additional space of approx. 57,000 m3 is excavated for decommissioning waste when the L/ILW repository is expanded. Blasted rock is dumped in the vicinity for the potential flling of the repository later.

Groundwater

Groundwater leaks into the L/ILW repository and is pumped into the sea. This has a minor impact on the consistency of the groundwater near the repository.

When expanding the L/ILW repository, blasting and the explosives used have a temporary impact on the quality (clouding and inorganic nitrogen compounds) and level of the groundwater. The seepage waters of the L/ILW repository are pumped into the sea.

Radioactive discharges into water systems

1) L/ILW repository’s seepage waters 40,000 m3/ year. Seepage water originating from the bedrock is accumulated in the L/ILW repository and conducted to the sea.

The seepage water of the L/ILW repository is pumped into the sea. When expanding the repository, the volume of seepage water to be conducted to the sea increases at least temporarily.

Emissions into the air No emissions into the air. Construction work causes temporary dust and other

emissions into the air. Blasting work generates nitrogen emissions in particular into the air.

Environmental aspect Decommissioning Operation of the plant parts to be made inde

pendent

Thermal power to be conducted to water systems

(interim storage for spent fuel)

Spent nuclear fuel requires cooling during the interim storage. The thermal power to be conducted to water systems is comparable to the heat produced by spent fuel, which reduces as radioactivity decreases but is, in any case, insignifcant compared to the thermal power conducted to the sea during the operation of the power plant.

Need for cooling water (interim storage

for spent fuel)

The need for cooling water at the interim storage for spent fuel is minimal compared to the use of water in the power plant; approximately a thousandth of the power plant’s current need for cooling water.

Volume of service water

During the power plant’s dismantling phases, water is used in various work stages to bind dust or absorb heat, for example. However, the need for service water is considerably smaller than during the power plant’s operation.

The volume of service water in the plant parts to be made independent is insignifcant.

Radioactive emissions into water systems

Releasing treated process wastewater into the sea generates minor radioactive emissions.

The operation of the plant parts to be made independent generates considerably less radioactive emissions into the water systems than the power plant’s operation does.

Other emissions into water systems

The handling of the evaporation concentrate (pH adjustment) generates nitrogen emissions into the sea.

No major emissions into the sea are generated by the operation of the plant parts to be made independent.

Radioactive emissions into the air

The demolition of structures generates dust. The demolished radioactive structures are protected, and the air is fltered to ensure no radioactive emissions are generated into the air.

The operation of the plant parts to be made independent generates considerably less radioactive emissions into the air than the power plant’s operation does.

Other emissions into the air

The demolition of buildings generates dust. No other emissions into the air are generated. Transporting dismantling waste increases traffc in the power plant area and its vicinity, which increases exhaust emissions.

The operation of the plant parts to be made independent generates considerably less emissions into the air than the power plant’s operation does.

Waste

Decommissioning waste The volume of radioactive dismantling waste to be deposited for fnal disposal is approximately 25,000 m3.

The dismantling waste from the plant parts to be made independent is included in the volume of decommissioning waste.

Other dismantling waste

Ways are sought to repurpose buildings free of radioactivity. Alternatively, non-radioactive buildings may also be demolished, and the demolition waste is recycled or otherwise reused as much as possible. It may also be most practical to deposit for fnal disposal part of the material eligible for the release of regulatory control by using it to fll areas of the repository that would otherwise remain empty. The volume of this flling material has been estimated to be a maximum of 50,000 m3.

The dismantling waste from the plant parts to be made independent is included in the volume of decommissioning waste.

Noise The demolition of structures and dismantling of systems generates noise.

The use of ventilation equipment generates noise.

Traffc Transporting demolition waste increases traffc in the power plant area and its vicinity.

Traffc will be minimal.

Vibration Temporary vibration is generated by the demolition.

No vibration is generated by the plant parts to be made independent.

1) An average from 2000–2018

3.4.2 Safety and radiation protection in which the same principles concerning safety and radiation

At the initial stage of decommissioning, spent nuclear fuel is protection apply as during the power plant’s operation. Accord- transferred from the power plant units to an interim storage for ing to the Nuclear Energy Decree, the limit of the annual radia- spent fuel that has been made independent, which will eliminate tion dose received by an individual from the decommissioning the related risks from the power plant units. Decommissioning according to the plan of a nuclear power plant or other nuclear inside the radiation controlled area is considered radiation work facility equipped with a nuclear reactor is 0.01 mSv.

38 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 39

Option VE1 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090

Operation of the power plant units

Water engineering project

Other potential additional construction in the power plant area

Expansion of the L/ILW repository

Decommissioning of the power plant units

Use of the L/ILW repository

Closure of the L/ILW repository

Operation of the plant parts to be made independent

Decommissioning of the plant parts to be made independent

Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at Loviisa power

plant

Option VE0 and VE0+ 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090

Operation of the power plant units

Expansion of the L/ILW repository

Decommissioning of the power plant units

Use of the L/ILW repository

Closure of the L/ILW repository

Operation of the plant parts to be made independent

Decommissioning of the plant parts to be made independent

VE0+: Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at

Loviisa power plant

Figure 3-8. Tentative schedules of the project options, to be specifed as the plans progress.

The decommissioning waste is deposited for fnal disposal in the existing and future L/ILW repository halls excavated in the bedrock. The safety of the fnal disposal of waste over the long term, or the long-term safety of fnal disposal, is assessed in a separate safety case, which aims to describe the long-term trends of the fnal disposal system and use them to assess, among other things, the release of radioactive substances from the fnal disposal halls and the radiation exposure of the popu- lation living in the vicinity of the fnal disposal facility. The nu- clear safety legislation includes regulations concerning the level of these radiation impacts. According to the Nuclear Safety De- cree, among others, the annual dose received by people who are the most exposed to radiation must remain below 0.1 mSv, and the extensive radiation impact must be insignifcantly low. After the closure, the fnal disposal facility does not require regulatory control.

40 EIA Programme | Project description

Long-term safety is based on depositing decommissioning waste in halls excavated to a depth of more than 100 metres us- ing containers that ensure that the release of radioactive sub- stances from the waste is extremely slow. The waste is placed inside release barriers primarily made from reinforced concrete which, with the stable state of the waste, considerably limits the release of radioactive substances for several hundreds and even thousands of years, which reduces the radioactivity of the waste to a fraction of the original.

In addition to the technical release barriers, the bedrock surrounding the final disposal facility further limits the re- lease of radioactive materials to the ground level. Even over the long term, a minimal portion of the radioactive substances contained in the waste can enter the ground level, and their radiation impacts may at most be equivalent to those caused by radioactive substances originating from the ground. These

phenomena are covered in the safety case by describing and modelling the long-term trend of waste and the technical re- lease barriers, including the release of radioactive isotopes from the waste, their interaction with the release barriers, mi- gration with the flow of groundwater and through diffusion, among others, and further in the food chains of the environ- ment above the ground.

3.4.3 Conventional dismantling measures

Conventional dismantling measures that generate conventional non-radioactive dismantling waste are also taken during decom- missioning. The following chapters describe these dismantling measures at a general level.

3.4.3.1 Planning of dismantling work

Dismantling plans are prepared before starting the dismantling work. The objective of the planning of dismantling work is to carry out the dismantling as effciently and economically as possible, and in compliance with occupational safety and environmental requirements. Planning should pay particular attention to locating load-bearing structures, the dismantling sequence, supporting the structures during work and fall protection. The transfer and transport of dismantling waste and the recycling of waste material also require advance planning.

3.4.3.2 Asbestos and other harmful substances

Potentially harmful substances in construction materials should be considered in the demolition of buildings. The buildings were constructed in an era when using asbestos and other harmful substances in construction was common. The demolition must be carried out in compliance with the valid legislation (Act on Certain Requirements Concerning Asbes- tos Removal Work 684/2015), and the relevant guidelines and regulations. Before the demolition of the buildings, con- struction materials potentially containing asbestos and oth- er harmful substances must be identified. The asbestos and harmful substance inspection is carried out as required in the Act and regulations.

The reuse of materials containing asbestos is prohibited. The dismantling of materials containing asbestos must be carried out before other demolition work begins. In addition to asbestos, the construction materials may contain PAH and PCB compounds, heavy metals and oils, for example. The valid Waste Act and the guidelines issued by local waste treatment authorities should be complied with when handling waste con- taining asbestos and other harmful substances.

3.4.3.3 Suitability for recovery and landfll disposal

The inspections to be carried out before the demolition of the buildings determine the suitability of the demolition materi- al (concrete and brick waste) for reuse, recycling and recovery, making it possible to separate recoverable materials from other materials. If the demolition material is not suitable for recovery, its suitability for landfll disposal is determined.

Before demolition, a demolition survey is conducted at the site to determine the type and quantity of the materials the demo- lition of the building produces. Suitable further use of the ma-

terials is defned in connection with the demolition survey. Any possibilities of reusing the moveable property in the building in question are also investigated.

Conventional demolition waste, such as metal, plastic, glass, plasterboard and wood waste, as well as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are directed, when possible, to a waste management provider licensed to accept such waste for materials recycling. If the materials are not suitable for recycling, they are reused for energy. If the materials are unsuitable for re- use for energy, they are directed for disposal or fnal disposal in a site that has an environmental permit for processing such waste.

By average weight per square metre, the main waste frac- tion generated in the area is concrete waste, the type of which is subject to preliminary surveys in connection with the demoli- tion survey. The suitability of the waste material for recovery and landfll disposal is examined in greater detail during demolition in accordance with the valid legislation. If on the basis of its en- vironmental acceptability concrete waste can be used in earth construction, it is crushed into a form suitable for earth construc- tion, and appropriate reuse sites are located for the material. The primary option is to use the crushed concrete at the demolition site in connection with the potential replacement of material, or when flling or closing the L/ILW repository. Other reuse options include road, street and feld structures. If the environmental ac- ceptability of concrete waste is insuffcient to use the waste in earth construction, the waste is directed to an appropriate land- fll for fnal disposal.

3.4.4 Summary of the environmental aspects of decommissioning

Table 3-2 shows a summary of the environmental aspects of the expansion of the L/ILW repository, and Table 3-3 includes the environmental aspects of the decommissioning of the power plant and the plant parts to be made independent.

3.5 RADIOACTIVE WASTE GENERATED ELSEWHERE IN FINLAND AND RECEIVED AT THE LOVIISA POWER PLANT

Fortum reviews the possibility of receiving small quantities of ra- dioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and its process- ing, placing in interim storage and depositing for fnal disposal at Loviisa power plant . Waste generated elsewhere may originate from industry, universities, research institutions and hospitals. It may also include dismantling and operating waste from the re- search reactor of the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (FiR 1) and the research laboratory at Otakaari 3 (OK3). The esti- mated maximum volume of waste originating from elsewhere in Finland and disposed of at Loviisa power plant is 2,000 m3. The total volume of the active waste to be deposited for fnal disposal generated at Loviisa power plant is a maximum of 50,000 m3, so the volume of waste originating from elsewhere in Finland and received at Loviisa power plant is small by comparison.

The National Nuclear Waste Management Cooperation Group set up by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment in June 2017 has considered it important that all existing and future radioactive waste in Finland, regardless of its origin, producer or production method is managed appropriately (Ministry of Eco- nomic Affairs and Employment, 2019). Since Loviisa power plant already has in place the functions and facilities suitable for the

EIA Programme | Project description 41

processing and fnal disposal of radioactive waste, it is natural and aligned with the view of the National Nuclear Waste Manage- ment Cooperation Group that they would be available as part of the overall solution in society.

The management of waste originating from elsewhere in Fin- land and received at Loviisa power plant is carried out in accord- ance with the same principles as the waste generated at Lovii- sa power plant. The principle of the management of waste is to separate it from the environment. The fnal disposal of waste is planned and implemented in a way that does not require continu- ous supervision of the fnal disposal location to ensure long-term safety. When required, the handling of waste applies to the pow- er plant's packing and solidifcation processes.

The spent fuel from the research reactor of the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (FiR 1) may be placed in interim stor- age at Loviisa power plant. The storage capsule of the spent fuel that enters Loviisa power plant area is inspected, and a suitable location is designated for it. The interim storage continues until the fnal disposal site is ready to receive the spent fuel. It is also possible that the unused fuel from the research reactor is placed in interim storage at Loviisa power plant. The unused fuel from the research reactor consists of 24 fuel rods with a total uranium mass of approximately 6 kg (VTT 2017).

The primary solution for managing the research reactor’s fuel is to return it to the USA. Alternatively, the research reactor’s fuel might be deposited for fnal disposal at Posiva’s fnal disposal fa- cility, but this would require separate licensing. Decommissioning of VTT’s research reactor FiR1 is covered in greater detail in a sep- arate EIA procedure (VTT 2014).

It may be technically possible to receive radioactive waste originating from elsewhere in Finland at Loviisa power plant dur- ing the current operating period or the extension of the power plant’s operation. The activity may continue during the operation and dismantling of the plant parts made independent as long as the functions needed for the management and fnal disposal of waste are available.

3.6 PROJECT PHASES AND SCHEDULE

The tentative schedule estimates of the project options to be reviewed in the EIA procedure are provided in Figure 3-8. In the case of the extension of the power plant operation (Option VE1), commercial operation would be extended by a maximum of ap- proximately 20 years, making the total service life of the pow- er plant units about 70 years. In this scenario, the expansion of the L/ILW repository related to the preparation for the decom- missioning of the power plant takes place approximately in the 2040s. In addition, preparatory measures will be taken concern- ing the plant parts to be made independent of the power plant (the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel, liquid waste storage and solidifcation plant). The power plant is decommissioned between 2050 and 2060. The operation of the plant parts to be made independent would continue until the 2080s, which is when they will be dismantled and their radioactive dismantling waste will be deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal. The use of the L/ILW repository would continue until approximately 2090.

If the operation of Loviisa power plant ends after 50 years – when the current operating licence periods end in 2027 and 2030 (Options VE0 and VE0+)– preparation for the decommissioning of

42 EIA Programme | Project description

the power plant should be initiated in the coming years. In this op- tion, the expansion of the L/ILW repository for decommissioning waste is scheduled to start in the mid-2020s. The preparations and required plant changes for the operation of the plant parts to be made independent will also be implemented at that time.

The service life of the plant parts to be made independent depends, among other things, on when the fnal disposal of the spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant begins at Posiva Oy’s (hereinafter “Posiva”) encapsulation and fnal disposal facility in Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. According to the current estimate, the fnal disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Loviisa power plant would begin in the 2040s within the current operating licence period, so the operation of plant parts to be made independent would continue until the 2060s. After that, the plant parts to be made independ- ent will be dismantled and their radioactive dismantling waste will be deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal. The L/ILW repository can be closed only after all decommissioning waste has been deposited in the repository for fnal disposal.

Radioactive waste originating from elsewhere in Finland can be re- ceived at Loviisa power plant during the operation and dismantling of the plant parts to be made independent for as long as the functions needed for the handling and fnal disposal of waste are available.

3.7 LINKS TO OTHER PROJECTS, PLANS AND PROGRAMMES

The project is not directly linked to other ongoing or planned projects in Loviisa power plant area. However, the project may in the future interface with the further use of the transmission lines and the potential use of thermal energy, but this EIA proce- dure does not include them. The decision on the further use of the transmission lines in the case of the decommissioning of the power plant is made by Fingrid Oyj, the owner of the transmis- sion lines. However, the energy production alternatives at the power plant, such as the utilisation of thermal energy generated in the processes, may become topical in the future.

The project is related to Posiva’s project concerning the fnal disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel, because in accordance with the agreement, Posiva is responsible for the fnal disposal of the spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant in the Finnish bedrock at Olkiluoto.

Within the framework of the EIA procedure, the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and deposit- ing for fnal disposal at the Loviisa power plant small quantities of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland is also re- viewed. Such waste may include waste from industry, univer- sities, research institutions and hospitals, in which case these projects ongoing elsewhere interface with Fortum’s Loviisa power plant. The project is therefore linked to the decommis- sioning of VTT’s FiR1 research reactor, in which one of the op- tions is to place spent and unused nuclear fuel in interim storage at Loviisa power plant before the fuel is transported to its fnal disposal location elsewhere, and to deposit the dismantling and operating waste from the research reactor for fnal disposal in the L/ILW repository of Loviisa power plant (VTT 2014).

The project may interface with various plans and programmes concerning the use of natural resources and environmental pro- tection, which may be various national target programmes and international commitments. These are identifed and listed in the EIA report.

EIA Programme | Project description 43

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4.4. Environmental impact assessment procedure 4.1 STARTING POINTS disposal of nuclear waste or other radioactive waste, or for long- The purpose of the EIA procedure is to promote the assessment term storage of spent nuclear fuel, other nuclear waste or other and consideration of environmental impacts as early as the plan- radioactive waste elsewhere than its production location. ning stage, as well as to increase access to information and op- portunities to participate in the planning of the project. The EIA 4.2 PARTIES procedure is carried out before licence or permit procedures, and its purpose is to infuence the planning of the project and The parties to the EIA procedure are shown in Table 4-1. The ex- decision-making. The authority may not grant permission to im- perts who participate in the preparation of the EIA Programme plement the project until it has received the assessment report are provided in Appendix 2. and the coordinating authority’s reasoned conclusion, as well as the documents concerning the international hearing related to 4.3 STAGES AND CONTENTS transboundary impacts.

Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the The EIA procedure has two stages. The EIA procedure is initiated Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of when the project owner submits the assessment programme (EIA certain public and private projects on the environment (the EIA Di- Programme) to the coordinating authority. The EIA Programme rective) has been entered into force in Finland by means of the Act defnes how the EIA procedure is organised. In accordance with on the Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (the EIA Act, the EIA Decree, the assessment programme should, to a suffcient 252/2017) and the Government Decree on the Environmental Im- extent, include the following: pact Assessment Procedure (the EIA Decree, 277/2017). The frst • a description of the project, its purpose, planning stage EIA Directive is from 1985 (85/337/EEC), and it has been amended and location; on several occasions, as have the EIA Act and EIA Decree. • reasonable options for the project, one of which is not to imple-

Appendix 1 of the EIA Act lists the projects subject to the EIA ment the project; procedure. Pursuant to point 7b of the list of projects, an as- • information about the plans, licences and decisions required by sessment procedure in accordance with the EIA Act applies to the implementation of the project; nuclear power plants and other nuclear reactors, including the • a description of the present state of the environment in the dismantling or decommissioning of these facilities or reactors. affected area, the planned or completed studies, the methods In addition, according to point 7d, the EIA procedure is applied to apply and assumptions; to facilities which have been designed for the handling of spent • a plan on the organisation of the EIA procedure and participation; nuclear fuel or high-level waste, among other things, for the fnal • the schedule.

Parties

Project owner Fortum Power and Heat Oy (the operator responsible for the preparation and implementation of the project)

Coordinating authority The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (responsible for ensuring that the project’s environmental impact assessment procedure is organised in accordance with the EIA legislation)

EIA consultant Ramboll Finland Oy (in charge of the preparation of the EIA programme in accordance with the EIA legislation)

Other parties

• The Ministry of the Environment (arranges the international hearing) and the par ticipant countries in the international hearing

• Town of Loviisa and local stakeholders • Other authorities and experts that the coordinating authority consults for statement • EIA procedure audit group • Other parties whose conditions or interests the project may impact, including the public • Media

46 EIA Programme | Environmental impact assessment procedure

EIA Programme

Environmental impact assessment

EIA Programme hearing (MEAE)

International hearing (ME)

Statements and opinions on the EIA Programme

The coordinating authority’s statement on the EIA Programme

(MEAE)

EIA report

EIA report hearing (MEAE)

International hearing (ME)

Statements and opinions on the EIA report

Reasoned conclusion by the coordinating

authority on the EIA report

(MEAE)

Figure 4-1. The stages of the EIA procedure. MEAE = Ministry for Economic Affairs and Employment, ME = Ministry of the Environment.

The coordinating authority informs the other authorities and the municipalities in the project’s impact area of the public view- ing of the EIA Programme. The duration of the public viewing is 30–60 days. After this, the coordinating authority gathers the statements and opinions received concerning the EIA Programme and prepares their own statement on the EIA Programme. This completes the frst stage of the EIA procedure. An international hearing is conducted simultaneously (Chapter 4.4).

The actual environmental impact assessment is carried out in the second stage of the EIA procedure, based on the EIA Pro- gramme and the statement issued on it by the coordinating au- thority. The results of the assessment are collected in an EIA report, which is submitted to the coordinating authority. The coor- dinating authority makes the assessment report available for pub- lic viewing (for a duration of 30–60 days) in a similar manner as the EIA Programme. An international hearing is conducted in the EIA

report stage as well. Based on the EIA report and the statements issued on it, the coordinating authority prepares a reasoned con- clusion on the project’s most signifcant environmental impacts, which should be considered in the subsequent licensing process- es. The assessment report and the reasoned conclusion by the coordinating authority are appended to the licensing application documents.

Figure 4-1 shows a summary of the EIA procedure stages in Fin- land and its interconnection with the international hearing.

4.4 INTERNATIONAL HEARING

The principles of international cooperation in the environmental impact assessment have been defned in the UN’s Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (SopS 67/1997, the Espoo Convention). The Espoo Convention

EIA Programme | Environmental impact assessment procedure 47

-

Preparation of the assessment report

Submission of the assessment report to the coordinating

authority

Public viewing of the assessment report

Reasoned conclusion by the coordinating

authority

9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

EIA Programme

Preparation of the as- sessment programme

Submission of the as- sessment programme

to the coordinating authority

Public viewing of the assessment

programme

Statement by the coordinating

authority

EIA report

Participation and interaction

2019 2020 2021

4.6.3 Audit group An audit group is set up for the assessment procedure with the purpose of promoting the fow and exchange of information be- tween the project owner, the authorities and the key stakehold- ers in the area. Parties that are invited to the audit group include representatives of the town of Loviisa, adjacent municipalities and local stakeholders as well as various experts and authorities. In addition, the representatives of the project owner and the EIA consultant also participate in the audit group work. The audit group convenes twice during the assessment procedure.

4.6.4 Resident survey

A resident survey is conducted in the EIA report phase to study the attitudes of the area’s residents. The resident survey materi- al also serves as data for the impact assessment.

4.6.5 Small group events

Small group events are held in the EIA report stage to dissemi- nate information on the project and to hear various stakeholders. The stakeholders may include the area’s residents, landowners, fshermen and entrepreneurs. The composition of the groups and the interview themes are tailored in accordance with the need for information and the stakeholder group.

4.6.6 Information and communication

The EIA programme and report will be published on the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment website. The documents are avail- able for viewing in accordance with the announcement made by the coordinating authority.

The EIA programme and report is also available on Fortum’s website. The website also contains up-to-date information on the project, the environmental impact assessment procedure, and li- censing. In addition, Fortum provides information on the progress of the project and on the news conferences and public events to be held, for example.

Public events

Audit group meetings

Figure 4-2. Tentative schedule of the EIA procedure. The schedule of the other interaction methods is specifed in the EIA report stage.

Public viewing of the EIA report

EIA report draft

Negotiation (the authorities) Audit group

Resident survey Small group events

Public event open to all

Statements and opinions

lays down the general obligations to organise a hearing of the authorities and citizens of the member states in all projects that are likely to have signifcant adverse transboundary environmen- tal impacts. The EIA Directive also includes provisions on com- munication in the project, and further requires that a member state must be able to participate in the assessment procedure of another state on its demand. In addition to the EIA Directive, the rights of the public to participate and their right of appeal are also regulated internationally by the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Ac- cess to Justice in Environmental Matters (SopS 121—122/2004, the Aarhus Convention). Among other things, the objectives of the Aarhus Convention include enabling the public to participate in environmental decision-making. The Aarhus Convention has been enforced in the EU by means of several directives, including the EIA Directive.

The obligations concerning the hearing included in the Espoo Convention, the EIA Directive and the Aarhus Convention have been enforced in Finland through the EIA Act and the EIA De- cree, for example. The coordinating authority in the internation- al hearing of the EIA procedure in Finland is the Ministry of the Environment. The Ministry of the Environment notifes the envi- ronmental authorities of the neighbouring countries about the commencement of the EIA procedure and enquires about their willingness to participate in the EIA procedure. A summary doc-

48 EIA Programme | Environmental impact assessment procedure

ument of the EIA Programme, translated in the language of the target country, and the EIA Programme translated into Swedish or English are appended to the notifcation. The Finnish Ministry of the Environment submits the feedback received to Finland’s coordinating authority (the Ministry for Economic Affairs and Employment) for consideration in the coordinating authority’s statement concerning the EIA Programme.

A corresponding international hearing procedure is also ar- ranged in the EIA report stage, to be implemented later, for those targeted parties who have announced their participation in Fin- land’s EIA procedure.

4.5 SCHEDULE OF THE EIA PROCEDURE

The key stages and tentative schedule of the EIA procedure are illustrated in Figure 4-2.

4.6 PARTICIPATION AND INTERACTION

The EIA procedure is interactive and enables different parties to discuss and express their opinion on the project and its impacts. One of the key objectives of the EIA procedure is to promote communication about the project and improve the opportunities to participate in the planning of the project. Participation allows for the different stakeholders to express their views.

The environmental impact assessment procedure can be participated in by everyone whose conditions and interests, such as accommodation, work, transport, leisure activities or other living conditions, may be affected by the project to be im- plemented. In accordance with the EIA legislation, citizens can submit their opinions to the coordinating authority of the EIA programme and report during the period these are available for viewing.

The EIA procedure’s interaction plan covers the project’s communication, acquisition of information from the different parties, dialogue events open to all, and cooperation between different stakeholders (Figure 4-3).

4.6.1 Pre-negotiation

Before the EIA Programme is submitted or during the assess- ment procedure, a pre-negotiation may be organised between the project owner, coordinating authority and other key authori- ties. The objective of the pre-negotiation is to promote the over- all management of the assessment, planning and licensing pro- cedures required in the project, information exchange between the project owner and the authorities, as well as to improve the quality and usability of surveys and documents, and streamline the procedures. In this project, pre-negotiations were organised between the coordinating authority, the Ministry of the Envi- ronment, in charge of the international hearing, and the project owner.

4.6.2 Public events in the EIA procedure

Two public events are organised during the EIA procedure: the frst in the programme stage and the second in the report stage. The purpose of the events, open for all, is to provide information produced during the project and the EIA procedure. The events enable citizens to have an opportunity to express their views on the project and the impacts to be assessed and to receive more information. The dates and locations of the public events are communicated through the coordinating authority’s announce- ment concerning the EIA programme and report.

EIA Programme draft

Pre negotiation

Public viewing of the EIA Programme

Audit group Public event open to

all Statements and

opinions

Figure 4-3. Participation and interaction during the assessment procedure.

EIA Programme | Environmental impact assessment procedure 49

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5.5.Present state of the environment 5.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENT STATE OF

and discharge of cooling water and power transmission on theTHE ENVIRONMENT island’s waterfront areas. The buildings and structures needed

Environmental surveys and reviews have been carried out in for the power plant’s support operations (including security and the vicinity of Loviisa power plant area since the 1960s. Plen- the temporary accommodation for annual outage employees) are ty of information is therefore available on the power plant area located on the mainland. There is no other industry in the vicinity and the sea environment in its vicinity in particular. In this EIA of the power plant. Programme, the description of the present status of the envi- There is a precautionary action zone extending to a distance ronment is provided in a concise form with a focus on the main of fve kilometres from the nuclear power plant, where land use points. The description of the present status is specifed in the restrictions are in force (STUK Y/2/2018). For example, the pre- EIA report. cautionary action zone may not contain facilities inhabited or

visited by a considerable number of people, such as schools, hos- pitals, care facilities, shops, or signifcant places of employment5.2 LAND USE, LAND USE PLANNING AND or accommodation that are not related to the nuclear power plant

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT (YVL Guide A.2). The closest residential buildings shown on the map (Figure 5-1)5.2.1 Community structure and population

are located at a distance of approximately 800 metres northwest Loviisa power plant is located on the island of Hästholmen, in the of the power plant. These buildings are residential buildings that village of Lappom in Loviisa. The island is approximately 12 km belong to the power plant’s accommodation area and are not per- from the centre of Loviisa and about 7 km southeast of the village manently inhabited. The distance to the other residential build- of Valko. The island may be reached by a 200-metre causeway ings closest to the power plant area is 900 metres. The second- and bridge over the Kirmosund inlet. Hästholmen island is locat- ed outside of the built-up area and in an area not categorised in the areal division of the community structure. The mainland side and the island southeast of Hästholmen are sparsely populated rural areas (Figure 5-1).

Fortum owns the island of Hästholmen and the southern edge of the peninsula north of the island, a total land area of approx- imately 170 hectares, and about 240 hectares of water areas in the vicinity of the power plant. The power plant area borders both publicly (the government, town of Loviisa) and privately owned land. The areas owned by private citizens are primarily used for recreation, while the government’s areas are conserva- tion sites.

The power plant structures and buildings are located in the northern and eastern parts of the island of Hästholmen. Approx- imately a half of Hästholmen island area is being used for the power plant operations. There are structures related to the intake

ary residences closest to the power plant area shown on the map (Figure 5-1) on the south shore of Hästholmen and the eastern and southern sides of the support operations area on the main- land are owned by Fortum. The other closest secondary homes are located on the islands to the south and southeast of Hästhol- men (Vastaholmen, Småholmen, Måsholmen, Högholmen, Mys- sholmen, Björkholmen and Kojholmarna) and on the mainland 1.3–2.2 km from the power plant.

On the map (Figure 5-1), a built-up area (red areas) refers to a dense- ly populated area of a minimum of 200 residents, in which the num- ber, foor area and concentration of the buildings, in addition to the number of inhabitants, have been considered. The areas that have at least one inhabited building within a radius of one kilometre but that are not included in the built-up areas, villages and small villages, be- long to the sparsely populated rural area. The project environment does not include villages in accordance with the community structure monitoring data (Finnish Environment Institute, 2019; Figure 5-1).

Figure 5-1. Community structure in accordance with the community structure monitoring data in 2017 and resi-dential and holiday buildings. (Source: The Finnish Environment Institute, 2019)

5.2.2 Regional land use plans

The area and its surroundings have a valid Comprehensive Regional Land Use Plan for Eastern Uusimaa (confrmed on 15 December 2010), Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 2 (confrmed on 30 October 2014, the Supreme Administrative Court’s fnal decision in 2016) and Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 4 (approved on 24 July 2017) (Figure 5-2) (Hel- sinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2019a). On 21 August 2017, the Board of the Regional Council decided that the Phased Regional Land Use Plan 4 would become effective before it was legally valid.

The Regional Land Use Plan for Eastern Uusimaa includes the symbols indicating nuclear power. The island of Hästholmen has been designated as an energy management zone in which nuclear power plants are allowed (EN/y). The support areas on the mainland northwest of the island and the Björkholmen and Rövarhället islands have been designated as an energy man- agement zone or site (EN). A boating harbour has also been designated on the mainland side. (Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2010)

The nuclear power plant’s precautionary action zone has

been designated around the project area (en/y). According to the planning regulation, “when planning and implementing operations in the precautionary action zone, the provisions of the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority’s Guide (YVL 1.10) should be followed. Before initiating procedures, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) in particular must be pro- vided with an opportunity to issue a statement.” (Helsinki-Uusi- maa Regional Council, 2010). The YVL Guide 1.10 has been re- placed by YVL Guide A.2.

In the Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 2, a 400 kV transmission line and a connecting road have been designated to the north of the power plant, and the Svartholma fortress lo- cated approximately two kilometres northwest of Hästholmen has been designated as an important area for the preservation of a cultural environment (nationally signifcant, RKY 2009) (Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2016b).

The islands east of Hästholmen and the western and south- ern parts of Gäddbergsön have been designated as nationally signifcant built cultural environments in the Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 4 (Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Coun- cil, 2017).

52 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 53

Figure 5-2. An extract of the combination of the valid regional land use plans for Uusimaa.

The Helsinki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 is being prepared in Uusimaa (Helsinki-Uusimaa Re-gional Council, 2019b). This plan incorporates all key themes of land use, and the preparation of the plan was carried out in 2016–2020. When implemented, the land use plan supersedes all effective and legally valid regional land use plans. An exception to this is the wind power solution presented in the Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 4, which designates four areas suitable for the production of wind power in Eastern Uusimaa. In addition, a separate regional land use plan is being prepared for the Östersundom area. The Hel- sinki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 has progressed to the pro- posal stage. The materials of the land use plan proposal were available for public viewing on 8 October–8 November 2019. Based on the feedback, the land use plan will be fnalised for the Assembly of the Regional Council in the spring of 2020. Figure 5-3 shows an extract of the land use plan map of the Helsin- ki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 proposal for the project area.

The Helsinki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 provides a sche- matic version of the plan for nuclear power plants and their pre- cautionary action zones included in the valid regional land use plans. The reservation for a designated area for nuclear pow- er plants will be converted into a reservation for a designated site, and the land use plan regulation will be brought up to date. Instead of the area reservation symbols of the valid Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa, the plan proposal for the Helsin- ki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 uses a site reservation symbol to indicate an energy management zone on Hästholmen island where nuclear plants are allowed (EN/y). The scope of the pre- cautionary action zone of the nuclear power plant is indicated in the same manner as in the Regional Land Use Plan for Eastern Uusimaa, but the symbol used is ‘svy’. The 400 kV transmission

54 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment

line and the connecting road are indicated in the same manner as in the valid Phased Regional Land Use Plan 2. Similarly, a re- gionally valuable landscape is indicated in accordance with the valid Phased Regional Land Use Plan 4.

The land use plan proposal also indicates the need for a dis- trict heat transfer connection (‘kl’, a red dashed arrow) with a development principle symbol. The development principle symbol is used to indicate a transfer connection need related to the utilisation of the waste heat from Kilpilahti oil refnery and Loviisa nuclear power plant, as well as the technical mainte- nance utility tunnel to the Helsinki metropolitan area.

5.2.3 Master plan

Loviisa’s component master plan for shores is in effect in the area (ap- proved on 10 December 2008) (Figure 5-4) (Town of Loviisa, 2019a). The island of Hästholmen is indicated as an energy management zone (EN-1). A component area symbol (v) indicates an area where the con- struction of nuclear power plants is allowed. The areas on the main- land for the support functions of the nuclear power plant are indicat- ed in the land use plan as an area for the service and support functions of energy management (EN-3), where it is possible to build research facilities serving the construction of nuclear power plants, energy management and energy production, as well as storage, production and offce buildings.

On the eastern side of the Loviisa component master plan for shore areas is the Gäddbergsö-Vahterpää component master plan, and on the northern side, the Kulla-Lappom component master plan for shore areas, as well as the change to the Kulla-Lappom component master plan affecting a minor area.

Figure 5-3. An extract of the land use plan map of the plan proposal for the Helsinki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050.

5.2.4 Local detailed plan

The revision and expansion of the local detailed plan of the Hästhol- men nuclear power plant area are in effect in the Hästholmen area and the tip of the headland (approved on 21 January 2009, section 26, legally valid on 3 March 2009) (Figure 5-5) (Town of Loviisa, 2019a).

Most of Hästholmen is designated as an energy management zone (EN) where it is possible to construct nuclear power plants and build- ings, and structures supporting their operation. Special areas intend- ed for the support functions of the nuclear power plant (EN-1, EN-2) have also been designated on Hästholmen and on the mainland, as well as in the area between them. In these special areas, building must be adjusted to the landscape due to landscape values. Underground construction is allowed in all the aforementioned areas. A harbour area (LS-4), where a lane and a wharf can be built, is designated in

Figure 5-4. An extract of Loviisa’s component master plan for shores.

the southwestern part of Hästholmen with an area reservation sym- bol. Nearby water areas have been designated as water areas where dredging is possible, and where buildings and structures necessary for energy management (W/en-1), can be built. The accommoda- tion area is designated as a quartering area for residential buildings serving energy management (AS/en).

5.3 LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

5.3.1 Overview of the landscape

In the landscape province division, the project area belongs to the landscape province of the southern coastland and the coast-

EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 55

Figure 5-5. An extract of the revision and expansion of the local detailed plan of the Hästholmen nuclear power plant area.

al area of the Gulf of Finland. In the Eastern Uusimaa landscape structure where the landscape regions have been further divided into landscape types, the project area is located in the landscape zone of coastal archipelago and mainland coast (Helsinki-Uusi- maa Regional Council, 2007). With regard to the landscape, the zone is very detailed and varied, largely due to the formation of bays, coves and inlets between chains of islands and the folds of the ragged shoreline (Figure 5-6) (National Land Survey of Fin- land 2019).

The profle of Hästholmen and the islands south of it is fat. The highest point of Hästholmen is approximately 16 metres above sea level. The area surrounding the power plant consists of a fair- ly natural coast and archipelago landscape, with numerous red granite boulders and cobbly areas as a special characteristic. Some of the holiday housing on the coast is located very close to the waterfront, which is why buildings are discernible in the landscape from far away. The eastern shore of Hästholmen has undergone drastic changes as a result of the land flling carried out in the construction of the power plant. There is no protective green zone on the island’s eastern shore and part of the northern shore, which is why there is an unobstructed view of the power plant and its associated structures to Hästholmsfjärden on the eastern side of the island. The unbuilt south and west shores of Hästholmen are, for the most part, in their natural state. Al- though the power plant buildings and stacks are visible to a large part of the Hudöfjärden sea area west and southwest of the is- land, the forest zone on the southern and western shores sof- tens the landscape considerably. In open areas, the power plant area’s lights are visible from afar during the dark.

5.3.2 Valuable landscape and cultural environments and sites

The islands to the east and south of Hästholmen, the western and southern parts of Gäddbergsö and the water areas between them

56 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment

belong to the regionally signifcant built cultural environment of Vådholmsfjärden (Figure 5-7). According to royal sea charts, there was a haven in Vådholmsfjärden in the 1790s. Structures related to fshing, the haven and log driving have been discovered in the area. In addition, the area features the Kasaberget fre direction tower, dat- ing back to World War II. The area values are based on the haven, log driving and fortresses dating back to World War II (Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2016a).

The nationally signifcant built cultural environment (RKY 2009) of the Svartholma fortress is located at the mouth of the Loviisanlahti bay northeast of Hästholmen (Finnish Heritage Agency, 2019). The Svartholma fortress and the Loviisa land fortress are the eastern bulwark of the Suomenlinna main fortress located off Helsinki, which was built after Sweden’s territory losses in the 1740s (Helsinki-Uusi- maa Regional Council, 2016a).

There are no permanent archaeological sites in Hästholmen or its surroundings. The Svartholma fortress (site ID 1000001910) is an ex- tensive archaeological site. (Finnish Heritage Agency, 2019)

A cultural heritage survey was conducted in the area of Loviisa’s component master plan for shore areas in 2008. Ac- cording to the survey, there are no cultural heritage sites on Hästholmen island. The nearest cultural heritage site is locat- ed on the Stora Kalvholmen island west of Hästholmen. This site is not designated in the component master plan for shore areas. There are also cultural heritage sites on the mainland in the surroundings of the regionally significant built cultural environment of Svartholma and on the islands south of Häst- holmen, which are part of the regionally significant cultur- al environment. The nearest known underwater relics found in the Finnish Heritage Agency’s Ancient Relics Register are located at a distance of two kilometres on the western side of the power plant. The wreck of the frigate Fortuna, which sank in 1822, is closest to the power plant. It is located on Hudofjärden to the east of the current shipping lane (Finnish Heritage Agency, 2018).

Power plant

Figure 5-6. Aerial image of the surroundings of Loviisa power plant in 2018.

Figure 5-7. Landscape areas and cultural environments, as well as fxed archaeological sites located in the surroundings of the power plant. (Source: Finnish Heritage Agency, 2019; Helsinki- Uusimaa Regional Council, 2019c)

Power plant

Archaeological site, point

Archaeological site, area

Nationally signifcant built cultural environments

Regionally signifcant cultural environments

EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 57

Power plant (Source: National Land Survey of Finland, 2019)

Figure 5-8. Roads leading from Highway 7 to the power plant on Hästholmen.

5.4 TRAFFIC

Highway 7 from Helsinki to Vaalimaa, part of the main Finnish E18 east-west route, runs via the town of Loviisa. There are highway junctions on the east and west side of Loviisa. The traffc con- nection from Highway 7 to Hästholmen runs on Saaristotie and Atomitie (1583). Traffc from the western junction to the power plant runs through the centre of Loviisa. The distance from High- way 7 to Hästholmen island is approximately 15 km (Figure 5-8).

According to the 2018 traffc volume statistics of the Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency (Finnish Transport Infrastruc- ture Agency, 2019), the average daily traffc volume to the in- tersection of Saaristotie and Atomitie to the south of Määrlahti is approximately 1,800 vehicles, including approximately 80 heavy-duty vehicles. The average daily traffc on Atomitie is ap- proximately 700 vehicles, including approximately 40 heavy-du- ty vehicles. Traffc volumes are at their highest during the power plant’s annual outage.

The nearest railway line runs from the Valko harbour to Lahti. There is only freight traffc on this section of the railway.

58 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment

The Loviisa harbour is located in Valko, Loviisa. There are three waterways near the power plant. The waterway to the Valko har- bour runs along the southwestern side of Hästholmen, at a dis- tance of at least a couple of kilometres from the shore. Within ten kilometres of the power plant there is also the Gulf of Finland coastal waterway, which begins from the ports of Hamina and Kotka, and continues as the Helsinki-Orrengrund waterway. The third more extensively used waterway to the ports of Hamina and Kotka is located slightly further out to sea.

To ensure the safety of the power plant and its surroundings, air traffc is prohibited in the Hästholmen area (Government Decree 930/2014). The no-fy zone covers the power plant sur- roundings within a four-kilometre radius and at an altitude of up to 2,000 metres. Hästholmen has an offcial heliport for use by the authorities. (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2019b)

5.5 NOISE

Noise in the surroundings of the project area is currently affected by Loviisa power plant, traffc noise and sounds of nature. Under

certain weather conditions, sounds of nature, such as wind, birds and the waves on the coast, generate a lot of background noise.

One-time environmental noise measurements have been con- ducted in the surroundings of the power plant and on nearby is- lands, most recently in 2013 and 2017 (Ramboll Finland Oy, 2013 and 2017). In 2013, noise was measured at seven measuring lo- cations in the surroundings of the power plant. The 2017 meas- urements were conducted in the same locations as in 2013. In addition, measurements were conducted in one location to the north of the power plant and in one reference location by the road leading to Hästholmen.

There has been some variation in the noise levels measured in different years. In the locations where the noise from the pow- er plant was audible, the measured noise levels were within the limits of the environmental permit. For the most part, the noise was lower than the daytime limit value of 45 dB set in the envi- ronmental permit.

5.6 VIBRATION

In the current situation, the only source of vibration in the project area is the road traffc entering and exiting the power plant area. The operation of the power plant units causes no vibration that can be detected by human senses outside the power plant area.

The traffc during the operation of the power plant consists mainly of commuting, maintenance traffc and freight transports. In the current situation, vibration caused by traffc in the environ- ment has not been measured, but it is estimated to be minimal, based on the traffc and soil data.

5.7 AIR QUALITY

Hästholmen’s weather is maritime because of the Gulf of Finland. At Loviisa power plant, the wind direction is mostly from south- west. The least wind comes from the southeast (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2008). Wind speeds on the coast are higher than in- land. Loviisa power plant has a weather observation system that measures the rainfall and air temperature among other things. The average rainfall in 1995–2018 (measurement data available for 19 years) at Loviisa power plant was approximately 635 mm per year. The average annual temperature at Loviisa power plant was +5.9 °C in 1995–2018 (measurement data available for 22 years).

No regular air quality measurements are carried out in the Lovi- isa area, but the most signifcant sources of emissions generating impurities are reported. The average air quality in Loviisa is good, since there are no major industrial facilities in the area releasing emissions into the air, and the emission densities of even the bus- iest roads are relatively low. (Uusimaa Centre for Economic De- velopment, Transport and the Environment, 2019)

In Loviisa, road traffc accounts for the majority of the nitro- gen oxide and carbon monoxide emissions, which concentrate on the areas near Highway 7 and the town centre. Household wood burning causes the majority of the particle and volatile or- ganic compound (VOC) emissions, whereas most of the sulphur dioxide emissions are caused by energy production. In addition to the local emissions, the area’s air quality is also affected by the long-range transport of emissions. Based on the air quality measurements carried out in the Helsinki metropolitan area and elsewhere in Uusimaa, it has been estimated that the concentra- tions of nitrogen oxide, breathable particles and microparticles

have been below the limit values. (Uusimaa Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, 2019). As a health protection measure, limit values have been set for certain air im- purities in the outdoor air to indicate the highest allowed value of air impurities (Government Decree 79/2017).

Traffc emissions in Loviisa power plant area mainly come from commuting and maintenance traffc. In addition to road traffc, marine traffc may affect the air quality. There are three water- ways near Loviisa power plant, and the vessels using them may have an occasional impact on air quality. In the power plant area, the generation of emergency power also releases small amounts of emissions into the air occasionally, but their impact on the local air quality is minimal.

Loviisa power plant’s radioactive emissions into the air are cov- ered in Chapter 3.2.3.1, and the present state of the environment with regard to radiation in Chapter 5.14.

5.8 GROUND AND BEDROCK

The island of Hästholmen is located in the coastal zone of Lovii- sa, and the area profle is generally fat and low. The area is char- acterised by numerous islands, bays extending deeply into the main-land and long peninsulas with a distinct tendency to lead from northwest to southeast. The bays refect the selvage zones in the bedrock, the shape of which has been accentuated by the wear caused by the ice sheet during the ice age.

The highest parts of Hästholmen are 16 metres above sea lev- el. The seabed around the island is generally at a depth of 5–10 metres, but basins of 15 metres can also be found locally. The is- land’s bedrock is to a large extent exposed or only covered by a thin layer of soil. It has been found that to the south and the east of the island, the bedrock sinks locally as deep as 60–70 metres under the strata (Anttila 1988). With the exception of these de- pressions, the bedrock can be typically found within 20 metres below sea level in the water areas near Hästholmen.

The soil in the Hästholmen area primarily consists of stony and rocky moraine. The thickness of the moraine layer on the island is usually a few metres at most. Construction in the power plant area has required extensive earth moving activities, which is why the original surface of the ground is covered by various land masses in many areas. The layers of soil on the seabed consist mainly of moraine or rough soil types, gravel and sand, with clay and silt sand layered on top in places. The thickest layers of soil can be found in a basin on the eastern side of Hästholmen, where the total thickness of strata is approximately 60 metres.

The bedrock in Hästholmen is rapakivi granite, typical of the Loviisa area, which can be found in several variants. The most common variant on Hästholmen is pyterlite. The main minerals are potassium feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite and horn- blende. Fluorite is a typical accessory mineral. It is mostly un- weathered and massive, and its strength properties are good. The typical disintegration of rapakivi into small rocks has been found mainly deeper in the zones containing fragmented rock (Anttila, 1988).

Hästholmen’s patches of bare rock are dominated by two near- ly vertical main cleavage directions, northeast to southwest and northwest to southeast. The third main cleavage direction veers slightly to the east/northeast. Therefore, the cleavage type is overall nearly cubic. In addition, rock studies have indicated zones containing fragmented rock with a higher density of cleavages than elsewhere in the rock. The fnal disposal facility (L/ILW re-

EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 59

Power plant (source: National Land Survey of Finland, 2019)

Figure 5-9. Adjacent sea areas surrounding Loviisa power plant, nearby rivers and the Lappomträsket

pository) excavated at a depth of approximately 110 metres in the bedrock of the island has been designed to ensure these zones of fragmented rock do not intersect with the fnal disposal facility.

The weathering of rock, especially when associated with frag- mentation, always weakens the strength properties of rock mass to some extent. However, the secondary minerals formed as a result of weathering increase the capacity of the rock to retain substances carried with groundwater, such as radio nuclides.

5.9 GROUNDWATER

In the Hästholmen area, groundwater is primarily found in the lay- ers of loose soil that cover the rock in deeper rock depressions in which the strata are thicker. Gaps in the bedrock contain ground- water. Seepage waters originating from the bedrock are carried

60 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment

to the L/ILW repository, the quality of these waters is monitored, and they are managed by means of pumping. The level of ground- water in the Hästholmen area is usually only a few metres below the surface of the ground, and the sea and groundwater levels meet in the littoral zone. The groundwater in the surface level of the groundwater layer is fresh, becoming saline further down. In the central parts of the island, the interface of fresh and saline groundwater is more than 100 metres underground (Snellman and Helenius 1992; Hatanpää 1997).

There are no categorised groundwater areas in the vicinity of Hästholmen. The nearest groundwater area is the Valko ground- water area approximately seven kilometres to the northeast on the mainland. It has been designated as a groundwater area im- portant for water supply (class 1). There are no private domestic water wells in the vicinity of Hästholmen.

5.10 SURFACE WATERS

5.10.1 Overview of the sea area

The island of Hästholmen is located on the boundary of the coastal and outer archipelago in the Gulf of Finland. Figure 5-9 shows the sea areas surrounding the island of Hästholmen, the rivers running to the sea off Loviisa and the Lappomträsket lake, which is the source of raw water for the power plant. East of Hästholmen, the bay areas of Hästholmsfjärden and Klobb- fjärden form the Klobbfjärden body of water, which is represent- ative of the surface water type of coastal archipelago in the Gulf of Finland. West of Hästholmen lies Hudöfjärden, which is locat- ed primarily in the Keipsalo body of water that belongs to the surface water type of coastal archipelago in the Gulf of Finland. The Loviisa-Porvoo body of water, representative of the surface water type of the outer archipelago in the Gulf of Finland, is lo- cated south of Hästholmen. Orrengrundsfjärden is a fairly open sea area, and the open sea begins at Orrengrund, approximately 12 kilometres south of Hästholmen.

The sea area off Loviisa is characterised by consecutive pools separated by inlets and shallow underwater thresholds. Water exchange at the bottom of these pools is minimal compared to the outer sea.

5.10.2 Topography and depth conditions

Hästholmsfjärden, to the east of Hästholmen, is a semi- closed, fairly shallow bay area that is connected to the out- er sea area only via narrow and shallow inlets (Figure 5-9). The size of the area is approximately 9 km2 with a volume of 68.5 million m3, and the maximum depth is approximately 18 metres. The average depth is 7.6 metres. Several underwater thresholds limit water exchange between Hästholmsfjärden and the outer sea area (Launiainen, 1979). The shallower Klobbfjärden is located northeast of Hästholmsfjärden. Wa- ter exchange between these two pools is limited by a shallow interrupted only by a narrow water area that is approximate- ly 10 metres deep. The bay areas of Hästholmsfjärden and Klobbfjärden are connected to the Tesjoki river and the Ahv- enankoskenhaara delta of the Kymijoki river, Kullafjärden and Abborrfjärden, located northeast of the areas, via the narrow Jomalsund canal (Figure 5-9).

The volume of Hudöfjärden (Figure 5-9), located west of Häst- holmen island, is higher than that of Hästholmsfjärden and its deepest spot is 24 metres. The sea area is more open than Häst- holmsfjärden, although to the south, there are thresholds that limit water exchange in the hypolimnion layer. The 9.5-metre wa- terway of the Valko harbour in Loviisa, dredged in the 1980s, has probably improved water exchange in the area to some extent. Water exchanges occur more effciently further out to sea than in the coastal archipelago.

The sea level is measured at Loviisa power plant, and the var- iation of the daily averages is between -30 cm and 30 cm (the N60 measuring system). The closest station for measuring the sea level is in Emäsalo in Porvoo, where daily sea level averag- es varied between -60 cm and 70 cm in 2018 (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2019).

5.10.3 Currents and stratifcation conditions

In the Gulf of Finland, the direction of surface currents is primari- ly anti-clockwise. Off Loviisa, as with the entire northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, the current fows to the west in the direction of the coast. At the local level, the currents are affected, among other things, by the topography of the area and the profle of the seabed, variations in sea level, wind and river runoff.

The weather and wind direction affect the currents in the sea area around Hästholmen. When the wind blows from the southeast, the surface water fows towards Hästholmsfjärden, and the fow of surface water to Vådholmsfjärden is mostly ob- structed. When the wind blows from the west, southwest and northwest, surface water is discharged from Hästholmfjärden towards Vådholmsfjärden. A rising sea level weakens the water exchange in Hästholmfjärden, while surface water can fow to Vådholmsfjärden when the sea level is low. (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2019b)

The cooling water circulation of Loviisa power plant also has a small impact on the currents in the nearby sea area. The cool- ing water circulation moves an average of 44 m3/s of water from Hudöfjärden to Hästholmsfjärden. The impacts mainly target the vicinity of the discharge location and narrow inlets but do not reach Klobbfjärden (Marjamäki, 2012). Part of the cooling water circulates back to the intake location from the southern side of Hästholmen. The embankment built between Hästhol- men and the mainland weakens currents in the area.

The seasonal fuctuation of the temperature causes stratifca- tion of seawater in the deeper areas of the Gulf of Finland in the outer archipelago and on the open sea in particular. Water strat- ifcation also includes an upwelling/downwelling phenomenon that occasionally infuences the temperature of surface water in the coastal and outer archipelago. In upwelling, surface water from the coastal area fows offshore and is replaced by the nu- trient-rich and cooler water rising from deeper parts of the sea (Raateoja and Setälä, 2016), which results in a sudden cooling of the surface water. Off Loviisa, the wind blowing from the west for suffciently long periods of time along the coast can cause upwelling. Correspondingly, long-lasting winds from the east may cause downwelling, in which warm surface water fows to the coast of Finland and upwelling of cool water takes place on the coast of Estonia (Raateoja and Setälä, 2016). From time to time, down-welling also raises the temperature of the seawater off Loviisa (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2019a).

In the Gulf of Finland, salinity decreases towards the east, and in the coastal archipelago, the differences between the hypolimnion and the surface layer in terms of salinity are typically fairly small. Thus, the most signifcant factor causing the stratifcation of seawater is temperature.

5.10.4 Quality of seawater

The quality of seawater is impacted by the area’s point pollution sources and diffuse pollution originating from a larger area and several sources. Point pollution in Loviisa power plant’s nearby sea area is caused by the power plant itself and the Vårdö waste- water treatment plant, as well as the pisciculture facilities of Ab Loviisan Smoltti Oy and Semilax Oy. Most of the nutrient load, however, is generated by the diffuse load carried by the river wa-

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Power plant Monitoring point (Source: National Land Survey of Finland, 2019; Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö, 2018)

Figure 5-10. Monitoring locations for the required monitoring of the quality of seawater in the sea area near the Loviisa power plant.

ters to the area. The nutrient load caused by river waters is con- siderably affected by the rainfall at any given time, since during pluvial years, leaching of nutrients may be two- or threefold com- pared to years with minimal rainfall (Karonen et al., 2015). Occa- sionally, the internal phosphorus load caused by the poor oxygen regime of the seabed is considerable in Hästholmsfjärden and Hudöfjärden (Leino, 2012).

The water quality of the sea area adjacent to Loviisa power plant has been monitored for decades. The power plant’s re- quired monitoring includes the monitoring of water quality at various depths. The seawater quality monitoring locations are shown in Figure 5-10.

The average salinity of surface water over the long term has re- mained fairly stable and typical of brackish water in the sea area near Hästholmen, in a range of 3.5–5‰. The differences in salin- ity between the surface water and the hypolimnion near the bot- tom have typically been fairly small. The oxygen regimen of the surface water has been good, and the average oxygen saturation has ranged between 90 and 120% during the growing season. Oxygen supersaturation resulting from accelerated production of phytoplankton, a typical phenomenon in eutropic waters, has

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been observed in the surface water in the summertime. The ox- ygen regime of the hypolimnion has often been poorer than that of the surface water, due to the stratifcation of the water, among other things. In recent years, lack of oxygen has been detected in the hypolimnion, primarily in the basins of Hästholmsfjärden (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2018).

Based on the average nutrient content in the growing season, the surface water of the sea area near Hästholmen is slightly eutrophic or eutrophic. The average total phosphorus content of the surface water during the growing season varied between 20–35 μg/l in 2000–2017 (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2018). The total nitro- gen content of the surface water was approximately 300–425 µg/l, on average, in 2000–2017. The nutrient content in the hypolimnion near the bottom has typically been higher than in the surface water. The poor oxygen regimen of the hypolimnion of the bay, resulting in nutrients dissolving into the water from the sediment, has repeat- edly caused total phosphorus and nitrogen contents that are higher in the Hästholmsfjärden basin area than in other locations.

Loviisa power plant’s radioactive emissions into the sea are covered in Chapter 3.2.3.1, and the present state of the environ- ment with regard to radiation in Chapter 5.14.

5.10.5 Thermal load into the sea

The seawater warmed in the cooling of Loviisa power plant is con- ducted to Hästholmsfjärden on the eastern side of the island of Hästholmen. The thermal load from the cooling water of Loviisa power plant is the most signifcant environmental impact tar- geting the nearby sea area, which is why long-term monitoring of the temperature of the seawater has been carried out since the 1960s. Based on the results of observations and perpetual measurements, the thermal load impacts the temperature and inherent thermal stratifcation of the surface water in the area, especially near the discharge location on Hästholmsfjärden. Oc- casionally, the rising temperatures of the surface water can be observed in a larger area, depending on the wind conditions. In the sea area, the thermal load is distributed evenly in the surface layer of the water, with minimal blending with lower water layers. The thermal load reinforces Hästholmsfjärden’s vertical thermal stratifcation (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2019b).

During the open water season, the layer formed by warm cool- ing water spreads in the sea area as a surface water layer that is a few metres thick and does not easily mix with the denser hy- polimnion. During the open water season, the currents caused by the wind and the level of seawater signifcantly affect the disper- sion of the warmed water and the size of the impact area.

The impact of the thermal load on the nearby sea area can be best observed in the winter, when the ice cover effectively pre- vents the heat from dissipating into the atmosphere (Ilus, 2009). In the winter, the impact area of the thermal load is larger than during the open water season. In accordance with its density, the more saline and warmer cooling water discharged on Hästholms- fjärden settles between the cold freshwater carried by the rivers and the cold, more saline seawater, forming an intermediate layer of warm water near the surface. The warmer intermediate layer with a thickness of a few metres can usually be observed only on Hästholmsfjärden, Vådholmsfjärden and Hudöfjärden. Further out, the temperature of the intermediate layer decreases gradu- ally as the surrounding cold water mixes with it (Marjamäki, 2012).

5.10.6 Ice conditions

The thermal load caused by the power plant and the changes in the currents affect the ice situation of the nearby sea area. The ice situation of the area is also monitored as part of the plant’s required monitoring. A permanent ice cover is formed in the area in question later than normal, and the ice breaks up earlier, compared to areas that are not exposed to the thermal load. The formation of a permanent ice cover and the duration of the ice cover period are signifcantly impacted by the severity of winters. Warning boards and the local newspaper are used to warn people of a weakened ice situation.

In the early winter, the impact of the power plant’s cooling wa- ters on the ice cover is manifested as a large area of melt water, which can also be seen in satellite pictures. Thus, the ice cover is normally quite thin in the sea off the plant and in the inlets leading out of Hästholmsfjärden. Late in the winter, ice melts quickly in the inlets as the currents make warm water well up and come into contact with the ice. In the northern parts of Hästholmsfjärden and on Klobbfjärden, the ice is usually solid (Ilus, 2009).

The average ice situation and the size of the unfrozen area vary depending on the severity of the winter. During severe and ex- tremely severe winters, the unfrozen area may be very small, and the coolant water fows under the ice in the immediate vicinity of

the discharge location. During mild winters, the unfrozen area is at its largest. (Ilus, 2009).

5.10.7 Sediments

The layers of soil on the seabed near Loviisa power plant consist mainly of moraine or rough soil types, gravel and sand, with clay and silt sand layered on top in places. These soil layers are at their thickest in the bedrock basin east of Hästholmen, where the total thickness of the layers is approximately 60 metres.

Sediment samples were taken from the area in front of the cooling water intake for a test on harmful substances towards the end of 2019. Samples were collected from 11 locations. The re- sults are reviewed in greater detail in the EIA report stage when the report on the harmful substance test is available.

5.10.8 Biology and ecological status of the sea area

5.10.8.1 Phytoplankton and base production

The phytoplankton species and their biomass in the sea are- as near the power plant are typical of the coastal waters of the Gulf of Finland. In May, the dominant species are dinofagellates and diatoms. The share of blue-green algae is at its highest in the population in June–July and again in October. The dominant species in the phytoplankton populations in the autumn are large coldwater diatoms.

There has been a declining trend in the chlorophyll a content in the surface water during the growing season in the 2000s: In other words, the quantity of algae has declined. There is a lot of variation between years, as the quantity of algae is infuenced by a number of factors, such as the temperature of summers and the nutrient supply (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2018).

The amount of base production in Loviisa sea area has been studied by means of measurements of the phytoplankton base production since 1967. During this monitoring, the amount of base production has increased both at the discharge and intake location of the cooling water. The increase is connected with the general increase in the nutrient content in and the overall eu- trophication development of the Gulf of Finland. Based on long- term monitoring, the trend in the base production seems to have taken a declining turn.

5.10.8.2 Aquatic vegetation

Aquatic vegetation has been monitored in the sea areas near Loviisa power plant since 1971. The seabed on the shores of Häst- holmen island is mostly rocky and usually very steep underwater, which is why the aquatic vegetation zones are generally narrow (Ilus, 2019). In 2017, a total of 12 aquatic plant species belong- ing to vascular plants and macroalgae was found in the areas being monitored. The species were customary to the area, such as hornwort, spiked watermilfoil, spiny naiad, perfoliate pond- weed, fennel pondweed, Fucus radicans brown alga, Cladophora glomerata macroalga, Ectocarpus siliculosus brown alga, blad- der rack, and sea lettuce (Monivesi Oy, 2018). The quantity of aquatic plants on the discharge side has been higher than on the intake side due to the warming effect of the power plant’s cooling water on the surface water, but the overall eutrophication development experienced in the Gulf of Finland

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has also been observed on the intake side. The strongest in- crease in the coastal vegetation and eutrophication of the shore areas can be seen at a distance of approximately one kilometre from the cooling water intake. Aquatic plants sensitive to water pollution have decreased in the areas of both Hudöfjärden and especially Hästholmsfjärden.

5.10.8.3 Benthic fauna

The benthic fauna populations in the sea area surrounding Loviisa power plant were frst studied in 1966, when the quan- tity of species was deemed fairly low. The quantity of species is limited by the salinity of the brackish water, which is too low for many marine species and too high for freshwater species. More regular monitoring of benthic fauna began in 1973. There have been considerable changes in the condition of the foor of the area and in benthic fauna in the last 40 years or so. In deeper are- as especially, the condition in the foor has weakened drastically since the 1980s, which can be explained by the overall weakening of the oxygen regimen in the Gulf of Finland (Ilus, 2019).

Based on the extensive benthic fauna monitoring carried out in 2017 (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry 2018; Monivesi Oy, 2018), in most areas on the soft foor, the oxygen regimen was poor, or the foor had no oxygen at all, which weakened the living condi- tions of the benthic fauna. At the monitoring stations closer to the coast, the benthic fauna of the mud foors was poor in terms of the variety of species and consisted of a few dominant spe- cies. At the sampling station near the power plant’s cooling wa- ter discharge location, the benthic fauna population was more abundant than at the other stations, and the species were more diverse, which was probably due to the better water exchange and the coarser materials of the seabed. The thermal impact of the cooling water may also be a factor in the quantities.

Based on the benthic fauna study in the littoral zone, the most important group at all sampling stations was crustaceans (among others, the amphipoda in genus Gammarus). At the sampling station closest to the shore, important groups in the benthic fauna, including mussels and insects, included chirono- mid larvae, apart from crustaceans. The most abundant species of insects was the Caenis horaria mayfy, and among mussels, the small Macoma baltica clams. Further offshore, the share of insects declined and the share of gastropods and oligochaetes increased correspondingly.

Non-natives species, or species introduced by people to the area being monitored, have also spread to the sea area near Loviisa. In 2017, a total of nine non-native species were detect- ed in the benthic fauna studies conducted in the joint monitor- ing of the sea area off Loviisa. Most of the non-native species were found in the littoral zone. Non-native species found in the area include barnacles (Balanus improvisus), brackish hydroid (Cordylophora caspia) and false mussel (Mytilopsis leucophae- ta). The false mussel is a species that benefts from the thermal impact and as such, it was only observed in monitored areas that were located in the impact areas of the cooling water. The aforementioned three species also create a biofouling phenom- enon which entails biological contamination of various surfaces under aquatic conditions. Among organisms involved in foul- ing, false mussels cause the most problems in the cooling water systems of Loviisa power plant, which is why the power plant has been monitoring and studying the false mussel since 2005. (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2018).

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5.10.8.4 Ecological status

Surface waters are classifed on the basis of the ecological status of water systems, which is an overall assessment of the biolog- ical factors, as well as the physico-chemical and hydromorpho- logical factors of water. The ecological status of the Klobbfjärden body of water located in the sea area of Loviisa power plant was assessed as bad in the second planning period (Open access, the Hertta database, 25 November 2019). The categorisation is based on an extensive biological data (phytoplankton and ben- thic fauna) used in assessing the biological category as bad. The data concerning the physico-chemical status also indicated a bad status. Above all, the status is weakened by the weak oxy- gen regimen of the water mass and the oxygen depletion of the foor. The ecological status of the body of water in other nearby sea areas, such as the eastern Gulf of Finland, has been assessed as poor.

5.10.9 Other water systems

The Lappomträsket lake, which is the source of the power plant's raw water, is located north of the power plant area (Figure 5-9). The water level of the lake was lowered decades ago to dry out additional arable land, but later in the 1970s, it was raised again due to the water supply needs of Imatran Voima, current- ly Fortum (Ramboll Finland Oy, 2012a). The Lappomträsket lake is a clear shallow humic lake with an area of approximately 109 hectares. Of the lake’s area, 82% is at most one metre deep. The water quality of the Lappomträsket lake is good, which is part- ly due to the oxidation of water performed by Fortum. Thus, the ecological status of the lake has been assessed as good (Water Map Service, 2018).

5.11 FISH AND FISHING

The ichthyofauna and fshing in the sea area off Loviisa power plant has been monitored since 1971. Among other things, the fol- lowing information on the ichthyofauna of the area is based on the observations obtained from fshing surveys and fsh bookkeeping, as well as reviews of the biomass carried to the power plant.

The ichthyofauna in the sea area surrounding Hästholmen con- sists of both marine fsh and freshwater fsh species adapted to the brackish water. Marine species important for fshing can be found in the area, such as Baltic herring and Baltic sprat, salmon, sea trout, as well as Coregonus lavaretus and Baltic whitefsh, eel and founder. Among these, migratory species include salmon, sea trout, Baltic whitefsh, Baltic herring and eel. Key freshwa- ter species important in terms of fshing include pikeperch, pike, common perch and burbot. Other abundant fsh species include cyprinids: roach, silver bream, bream and ide.

The breeding areas of the ichthyofauna of the Gulf of Finland have been studied in connection with the Finnish Inventory Pro- gramme for the Underwater Marine Environment (VELMU). Based on data from feld studies, maps have been prepared in the online service of the environmental administration (VELMU Map Service, 2019) on the breeding areas of various fsh species based on inci- dence probability modelling. According to the model, favourable breeding areas exist in the vicinity of Hästholmen for common perch and pike, among other species. Based on the incidence prob- ability modelling, pikeperch breeds primarily in the far end of the Loviisanlahti bay and on the northern and south-eastern shores of Klobbfjärden. The most favourable breeding areas for Baltic her-

ring include the shallow vegetation areas of the middle and outer archipelagos as a whole. Modelling results for the breeding area of whitefsh that spawns in the sea are not presented for the sea area off Loviisa in the VELMU map service.

The surveys of the current status of the nuclear power plant project being planned by Fennovoima Oy in Ruotsinpyhtää includ- ed surveys of the fry production areas of the ichthyofauna in the Gäddbergsö and Kampuslandet areas in 2009 (Pöyry, 2009). The survey area is located on the south-eastern side of Hästholmen is- land, at a distance of up to approximately one kilometre. Based on the surveys, there are signifcant breeding areas for Baltic herring and Gobiidae in the south-eastern sea area near Hästholmen. The surveyed area also included shores with sand and gravel foor that whitefsh spawning in the sea use as spawning areas.

Fishing in the area is monitored as part of the required monitor- ing by requesting commercial fshermen to report their catches, and fshing is monitored with annual bookkeeping. Three com- mercial fshermen who practise fshing in the area submitted their bookkeeping on fshing for 2018. Their primary fshing method was net fshing, focusing on the spring and autumn. In bottom-set gillnet fshing, pikeperch accounted for the majority of the catch (57%), although pike (30%) was also caught. The results are in line with earlier monitoring results (ÅF-Consult Oy, 2019).

According to a survey conducted among recreational and sub- sistence fshermen, the calculated total catch of recreational fsh- ermen was an estimated 14.9 tonnes and approximately 20.7 kg per household in 2017. The catch consisted primarily of pike, Baltic herring, perch, bream and pikeperch. Recreational fshing in the area concentrates on the summer months (ÅF-Consult Oy, 2018).

Most of the biomass carried to the power plant with the cooling water intake has been fsh, primarily Baltic herring or smelt. The fsh are removed from the water with coarse and fne screens and travelling basket flters. The screenings, which consist primarily of fsh, aquatic plants and algae, are taken to an external waste management company for appropriate processing and utilisation as material in the same manner as other organic waste generated in the power plant. Thus, the intake of cooling water can also be considered to have a cleaning impact on the sea, as phosphorus is removed from the sea with the screenings.

5.12 FLORA, FAUNA AND CONSERVATION AREAS

5.12.1 Overview of the biotopes and vegetation

From the botanic geography perspective, the Loviisa region is located in the anemone belt, and its Lounaismaa part in the southboreal zone. This part of the southboreal zone has the most favourable climate and a rich vegetation. The rich grass- herb vegetation and groves differentiate the area from the rest of southern Finland. The demanding woodland plants of the area include the hepatica, yellow anemone and wood anemone, lung- wort, pilewort, white satin fower, fumitories, wall lettuce, alter- nate-leaved golden saxifrage and torgrass. Ash, European hazel and European white elm have also spread to the area.

Hästholmen island is approximately 75 hectares in area, about half of which is the built-up environment intended for the power plant’s operations. Hästholmen is connected to the smaller Tallholmen island by a narrow isthmus. In addition, the small islands of Hässjeholmen and Tallören are almost connected to Hästholmen by isthmuses, very shallow water areas and cobble

deposits. The dominant tree on the islands of Hästholmen and Tallholmen is pine. The islands also feature some patches of bare rock with few or no trees, and plenty of rocky soil. The narrow isthmus between Hästholmen and Tallholmen features typical alder grove stands. The shores of the islands are primarily rocky, and larger reed stands or other food meadows are rare. Only the shallow between Hässjeholmen and Hästholmen and the isthmus of Tallholmen feature small reed stands.

5.12.2 Fauna in land areas

In the area of the town of Loviisa, the fauna consists primarily of typical species that have adapted to living in managed forests, such as fox, brown hare and cervids. The only large predator more generally seen in the Loviisa region is the lynx (Natural Resources Institute Finland), 2019a).

No precise data on the fauna in land areas is available for the power plant area. The elk population is fairly strong near the pow- er plant area and in the surroundings of the road leading to the area south of the centre of Loviisa. No prior information exists on the incidence of the species listed in Appendix IV(a) of the Habi- tats Directive (including the fying squirrel, bats and otters). Two otters were spotted at the power plant’s cooling water intake lo- cation in connection with the avifauna monitoring, launched in De- cember 2019, that is conducted for the EIA procedure. There is no prior researched information on the incidence of the species in the area, but the sea area that remains unfrozen throughout the winter may induce the species to spend winters and breed in the area.

The incidence of fying squirrels and bats was studied when land use planning was carried out in the component master plan area of the northern part of Loviisa and Tesjoki in 2005. The only breeding area for the whiskered bat and brown long-eared bat observed in the land use plan area is approximately 10 km from Hästholmen. There are no habitats preferred by the fying squirrel on Hästhol- men island or the cape next to it, and there are no known breeding or resting areas for the fying squirrel in the vicinity of the power plant (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2008).

However, it is likely that bat species may be found in the vicinity of Hästholmen, in particular during migration periods. During the spring and autumn migrations, migrating/migratory bats can in practice be found everywhere in the coastal region.

5.12.3 Marine mammals

According to surveys conducted among fshermen, seals have been observed in Loviisanlahti bay. Both grey seals and Baltic ringed seals can be found in the Gulf of Finland area. The grey seal is considerably more common than the ringed seal in the eastern Gulf of Finland. Based on the calculations carried out in 2019 by the Natural Resources Institute Finland, the grey seal population of the Gulf of Finland was 685 seals (Natural Re- sources Institute Finland, 2019b). The population (in Finland and Russia combined) of the Baltic ringed seal in the Gulf of Finland is estimated at less than 200 seals (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 2018). This means that the seals observed in the Loviisa region are most likely grey seals.

5.12.4 Avifauna

In terms of the land bird species, the Loviisa region is represent- ative of the typical forest areas in the southern coastal region. In

EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 65

Nature conservation area, private (Source: National Land Survey of Finland, 2019)

Power plant

Nature conservation programme area

Nature conservation area,

Natura 2000 area

FINIBA

government

Figure 5-11. Nature conservation areas, sites covered by conservation programmes, Natura 2000 sites and a nationally important bird area (FINIBA) in the vicinity of the power plant.

Power plant Day care centre Beach (Source: Town of Loviisa, 2019b; Helsinki-UusimaaOutdoor recreation area Navigation line Assisted living facility/ Regional Council, 2019a)

Signifcant tourist attraction

Health care centre

School Care facility

Recreation area, regional land

Harbour use plan

Figure 5-12. The sensitive sites closest to the project area, and tourism and recreational sites.

Loviisa, the land bird species are abundant but rare species are few. By contrast, waterfowl species abound.

There are no internationally important (IBA), nationally impor- tant (FINIBA) or regionally important bird areas (MAALI) in the power plant area or its immediate vicinity. The nearest bird area categorised as important is the sub-area included in the FINIBA area of the archipelago in the eastern Gulf of Finland, more than two kilometres to the southwest (Figure 5-11).

Hästholmsfjärden, located east of the power plant area, is a locally important bird area for overwintering waterfowl in par- ticular. The impact area of the cooling water remains unfrozen throughout the winter, enabling waterfowl to overwinter in the area. Species observed to stay in the area through the winter in- clude at least the common coot, smew and mute swan. The ther- mal impact and overwintering in the area may make it possible for

66 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment

some waterfowl species to fnd food, resulting in them nesting earlier in the vicinity of the power plant area.

Avifauna monitoring related to the EIA procedure was launched in December 2019. The results are reviewed in greater detail in the EIA report stage when the report on the avifauna survey is available.

5.12.5 Nature conservation

The Natura 2000 network site closest to the power plant area is the Källaudden–Virstholmen area (ID FI0100080), located at least approximately 1.3 km to the southwest (Figure 5-11). The area is protected as a site referred to in the Habitats Directive (a SAC area). The next closest Natura 2000 network site is the marine reserve (FI0100078) in Pernajanlahti bay and the Pernaja archipel-

ago located at least approximately 2.3 km to the southwest. It is considerably vast and protected as a site compliant with both the Wild Bird and Habitats Directives (a SAC and SPA area). The Natura area in the marine reserve of Pernajanlahti bay and the Pernaja ar- chipelago also includes the small islet of Kuggen, which is protect- ed as an avifauna conservation area (YSA010131). The Kullafjärden waterfowl habitat (FI0100081) is approximately 7 km to the north- east of the power plant.

The established nature conservation areas closest to the power plant at a distance of 0.8–1 km to the north are the privately owned nature conservation areas of the Karhulahti shore (YSA011320) and Bastuängen common forest (YSA011321) (Figure 5-11). The nature conservation area of Karhulahti shore is approximately 0.2 hectares, and the area of the Bastuängen common forest is ap- proximately 4 hectares.

5.13 PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

5.13.1 Population

Loviisa lies on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, approximate- ly 90 km east of Helsinki. In 2018, Loviisa had approximately 15,000 inhabitants. Loviisa and its neighbouring municipali- ties of Pernaja, Liljendal and Ruotsinpyhtää merged into the town of Loviisa in 2010. Loviisa’s neighbouring municipalities include Kouvola, Lapinjärvi, Myrskylä, Porvoo and Pyhtää. Loviisa forms the Loviisa sub-regional area with Lapinjärvi.

The share of Swedish-speaking inhabitants of the popula- tion in Loviisa (40.6%) and in Lapinjärvi (30.7%) is consider- ably higher than in Pyhtää (7.4%). In the Loviisa sub-regional area, the share of people over 65 years of age is higher, and the share of people under 15 is lower than in Uusimaa and the

EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 67

average for Finland as a whole. The share of people of stud- ying and working age in the population is slightly lower than in Uusimaa and the average for Finland as a whole. The de- mographic trend in the Loviisa region has been declining for a long time. In 2018, net emigration was 78 people in Loviisa, 22 in Lapinjärvi and 38 in Pyhtää (Statistics Finland, 2019a). According to the population forecast, the population in the Loviisa area will remain fairly unchanged until 2040 (Helsin- ki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2019d).

There are no permanent residents up to a distance of one kilometre from the power plant. There are about 40 year- round residents up to a distance of five kilometres from the power plant. For the most part, the population is concentrat- ed in the areas of Björnvik and Lappom north of the power plant. Approximately 12,400 people live within a distance of 20 kilometres of the power plant. The largest population con- centration in the vicinity is the centre of the town of Loviisa, 12 km from the power plant. Tesjoki and the municipal centres of Ruotsinpyhtää and Pyhtää are built-up areas of less than 1,000 inhabitants each. Smaller population centres include Kuggom, the Pernaja municipal centre, the village of Isnäs in Pernaja and the village of Purola in Pyhtää. There are plenty of recreational settlements in the vicinity of Hästholmen. There are approximately 400 secondary homes within five kilo- metres of the power plant and approximately 900 secondary homes within ten kilometres.

5.13.2 Sensitive sites and recreational use

There are no schools or day care centres within a five-kilo- metre radius of the power plant. The nearest school and day care centre are in the village of Valko, approximately sev- en kilometres from the power plant. The day care centres, schools and other educational institutions, as well as the healthcare services closest to Loviisa power plant are shown in Figure 5-12.

The tourist attraction closest to the power plant area, the Svartholma fortress, and other destinations farther away, namely the old town of Loviisa, Strömfors ironworks and Loviisa’s ‘Laivasilta’ marina, are shown in Figure 5-12. Loviisa’s other marinas and docks include Bockhamn, Lillfjärden, Kab- böle, Rönnäs and Backstensstrand. The Loviisa area is home to a number of enterprises offering fishing, accommodation, nature and activity services. Tourism has been on the increase in the area in recent years, but it is not among the key travel destinations in Finland.

Loviisa also offers several recreational destinations in its water areas, as well as hiking trails, nature trails and outdoor recreation areas. The recreation areas included in the regional land use plan in the vicinity of the power plant are shown in Figure 5-12. Recreational use of the water areas and beach- es near the power plant was studied in a survey carried out in 2012 (Ramboll Finland Oy, 2012b). According to the survey, most of the recreational use happens in the summer when the area’s water systems and shores are actively used for holi-

68 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment

Table 5-1. Key fgures for the town of Loviisa 2017. (Source: Statistics Finland, 2019a)

Per cent %

Primary production 5.8

Processing 32

Services 59.9

Unemployment rate 11.2

Employment rate 71.2

Commuting 41.6

days, outdoor activities on the beach, swimming and saunas. Boating, observing nature and fishing are also popular activi- ties (Town of Loviisa, 2019c).

5.13.3 Business, industry and services

Key fgures of the business structure in Loviisa are shown in Table 5-1. According to the key fgures of Statistics Finland, there were approximately 4,900 jobs in Loviisa in 2017 (Statistics Finland, 2019a). An increasing share of the labour force in Loviisa works in the service industry, although this share is signifcantly smaller than the average in Uusimaa and Finland as a whole. One of the most important employers in the processing industry in Loviisa is Fortum’s Loviisa power plant, which generates electricity (ap- proximately 500 jobs). The number of business establishments in Loviisa in 2017 was 1,410 (Statistics Finland, 2019b). The share of the processing industry is higher in Loviisa than the average in Finland. Loviisa’s enterprise structure focuses on small and medium-sized enterprises. In 2016, there were 99 industrial es- tablishments in Loviisa, the turnover of which was EUR 121 mil- lion (Kokkonen, 2018). Loviisa’s income tax rate in 2020 is 20.25% (Association of Finnish Municipalities, 2020).

5.14 RADIATION The status of radioactive substances in the surroundings of Loviisa power plant has been monitored for a long time. The baseline studies began as early as 1966, before the construction of the power plant began. Radiation control of the environment is based on sampling, the identifica- tion of radionuclides in the samples and the determina- tion of their levels. Control focuses on the routes through which people are exposed to radioactivity and the indica- tor organisms that enrich radioactive substances in the land and sea environment.

The radioactive substances observed in the surround- ings of Loviisa power plant may be due to radioactivity present in nature, or they may originate from Loviisa pow- er plant or elsewhere. Sources of radioactive substances carried to the area from elsewhere include nuclear weap- on tests and the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, among others.

Radioactive nuclides present in nature include Be-7, K-40, H-3 and C-14, among others. The concentrations of radioactive substances present in nature are usually high- er than the concentrations of nuclides originating from the operation of the power plant, nuclear accidents or nuclear weapon tests. Cs-137 and Sr-90 present in samples tak- en from the environment primarily result from the fallout from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapon tests. The impacts of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident have been detected in the fallout samples taken from the land environment and samples taken from the sinking matter in the water environment. The radioactivity caused by Cs-137 in the sinking matter currently remains higher than the levels before the Chernobyl accident.

Nuclides originating from Loviisa power plant are sel- dom detected in the air, fallout and land environment, and the detected concentrations are minimal. They are usually detected from the air or fallout samples. Nuclides origi- nating from Loviisa power plant’s emissions have not been detected in plants used for human consumption, milk and meat. The impact of the power plant has mainly been vis- ible in mud samples and the samples from the water envi- ronment, in which a small num-ber of nuclides originating from the power plant has been detected regularly. The ra- dioactivity levels detected in samples from the water en- vironment have been low, and mainly found in the sinking matter and indicator organisms that absorb radioactivity but are not part of human nutri-tion. Radioactive sub- stances originating from the power plant have not been detected in fish. The results of the measurements of ex- ternal radiation have not shown abnormal results caused by Loviisa power plant.

EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 69

YVA | Luvun nimi 71 70 YVA | Luvun nimi

6.6. Assessed impacts and assessment methods 6.1 PREMISE OF THE ASSESSMENT The materials are verifed, and the data is updated if required

for the EIA report. The following separate surveys have been 6.1.1 Reports and other materials used planned as part of the assessment to support the existing data:

in the assessment • Survey of harmful substances in sediments Among other things, the description of the present state of the • Sub-bottom profling of the seabed environment in the EIA Programme has used the following mate- • Cooling water modelling rials that also form the basis for the assessment of impacts: • Avifauna survey

• Geographic dataset from the National Land Survey of Finland • Ichthyofauna surveys (test net fshing and fry research) in the • Databases of the environmental administration and the Fin- power plant’s sea area

nish Environment Institute • Assessment of the impacts on the regional economy • Land use planning data from regional councils and the town • Resident survey and small group interviews

of Loviisa, and separate surveys included in land use plans • Accident modelling and dose calculation • Finnish Heritage Agency’s register portal of the cultural en-

vironment 6.1.2 Assessed impacts and signifcance • Data from the BirdLife Finland association on important bird of impacts

areas (FINIBA and IBA), as well as other reports on bird areas deemed to be regionally important The impacts of the planned projects are assessed in the environ-

• Research data and databases of the Geological Survey of Finland

• Traffc volume data by the Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency

• Municipality-specifc data and key fgures published by Statistics Finland

• Any other data published by municipalities and the authorities

• Various map applications and aerial photographs • Data from the previous EIA procedures related to nuclear

power and nuclear waste management carried out in Finland • Observations, studies and reports related to Loviisa power

plant that concern, among other things, cooling waters and wastewaters, nutrient load and currents of the sea area, professional fshing, population, business and industry, and traffc in the area, fora and fauna, as well as radiation moni- toring in the environment.

mental impact assessment procedure in a manner and accuracy required by the EIA Act and Decree. According to the EIA Act, the EIA procedure assesses the direct and indirect impacts of the op- erations related to the project which target:

• the population, as well as the health, living conditions and comfort of people;

• soil, ground, water, air, climate, vegetation, as well as orga- nisms and biodiversity, especially the protected species and habitats;

• community structure, tangible property, landscape, townscape and cultural heritage;

• use of natural resources; and • the mutual interaction between the aforementioned factors. In accordance with section 4 of the EIA Decree, the assessment

report should include an estimate and description of the likely signifcant environmental impacts of the project and its reasona- ble options, as well as a comparison of the options’ environmen-

72 EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods

Project

Change

Scope of change Sensivity of the

impact target

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IMPACT

Figure 6-1. Factors affecting the signifcance of the impact.

tal impacts. The environmental impact assessment compares the environmental impacts for when the project is implemented, and when it is not implemented, and the differences between these scenarios. The comparison is performed based on the informa- tion that is available and specifed during the assessment.

The assessment of the signifcance of the impacts provides an inference chain that is used as the basis of the conclusions on the project’s signifcant impacts in the impact assessment. In assessing the signifcance of the impact (Figure 6-1), the extent of the change and the capability of the environment to absorb changes, or the susceptibility of the impact target, are consid- ered. The assessment of the target’s susceptibility is also asso- ciated with the target’s value for different stakeholders, such as residents and entrepreneurs. In the assessment procedure, the extent of the change and the susceptibility of the target, as well as the resulting signifcance of the impact, are divided into four categories: minor; moderate; high; and very high. The impacts for the environment can be either negative or positive.

6.1.3 Most signifcant environmental impacts identifed

The environmental impact assessment in this project focuses on reviewing the most signifcant impacts identifed as the key im- pacts for the projects with regard to the extension of the power plant operations, preparations for decommissioning and decom- missioning. Based on the preliminary planning data, the follow- ing have been identifed as the most signifcant environmental impacts thus far:

• If extending the operation, the impacts on the environment are similar to those in the current operation. The most sig- nifcant impact is caused by the thermal load of the power plant’s cooling water on the nearby sea area. Based on the preliminary planning data, the changes would primarily tar-

get the impacts on the landscape caused by potential new structures. In addition, potential impacts may be caused to water systems by water engineering work, such as dredging, excavation and the construction of the new embankment structure, among other things. Water engineering work may help decrease the temperature of the cooling water conduct- ed to the sea. Potential construction work may also cause temporary noise, and the traffc volumes on roads leading to Hästholmen may temporarily increase. In addition, in the case of an extended operation, the radiation impacts are si- milar to what they are currently.

• Tentatively, it has been assessed that the most signifcant impacts of the preparation for decommissioning are generat- ed by the excavation of the expansion of the L/ILW repository to be constructed and the temporary storage of the blasted rock, and primarily target the soil, bedrock and groundwater. In addition, the construction of the L/ILW repository may cau- se temporary noise, vibration and dust. The traffc volumes in the area may also momentarily increase. The impact of the construction work required by buildings and structures to be made independent is similar to the current impacts caused by the operation of the power plant. They are primarily relat- ed to waste management and radiation protection. Potential changes compared to the current operation may be primarily caused by the organisation of cooling for the interim storage for the spent fuel that is made independent. However, these impacts on water systems would be only a fraction of the im- pacts of the power plant’s current operation.

• The key environmental impacts of decommissioning are caused by the dismantling of radioactive plant parts, as well as the treatment, transport and fnal disposal of waste. The most signifcant environmental aspects are primarily gen- erated by the personnel’s potential exposure to radiation. In addition, there may be impacts from process waters, which

EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods 73

are treated and subsequently conducted to the sea. Other environmental impacts identifed as the most signifcant at this stage include those on the regional economy caused by decommissioning, as well as on greenhouse gases, soil and bedrock, groundwater, air, water systems and the landscape. Decommissioning may also highlight impacts targeting peo- ple, and especially how different people experience them.

• Management of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at Loviisa power plant does not considerably differ from the handling of the power plant’s own waste. The most important aspect is to organise the management of this waste sustainably and responsibly in accordance with society’s best interests. Fortum does not accept radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland that cannot be handled and deposited for fnal disposal safely taking the available technical solutions into consideration.

The following chapters describe the environmental impact as- sessment methods by area.

6.2 LAND USE, LAND USE PLANNING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

The environmental impact assessment studies whether the changes related to the extension of the power plant’s operation or its decommissioning affect the current and future land use in the vicinity. The project’s direct land use impacts primarily target the project area and its immediate vicinity. The impacts targeting land use therefore focus especially on the impacts on the nearest population.

The valid local detailed plan makes it possible to carry out modifcation work in the power plant area, construct additional structures and buildings, and decommission the power plant. Needs to make changes to land use plans may emerge after de- commissioning if the land use restrictions for the power plant’s operation change or cease to exist.

In the EIA report, the situation of the project area and its sur- roundings with regard to land use plans is verifed, and potential needs to change the plans are assessed. In addition, the relation- ship of the project with national objectives concerning the use of areas is reviewed.

The impacts on the use of tangible property (both fxed and moveable) are assessed by experts if the potential for impacts increases during the assessment. The environmental impact as- sessment does not include the assessment of impacts on the val- ue of the fxed and moveable property

6.3 LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

The Landscape Impact Assessment of the impacts on landscape reviews changes to the landscape caused by work and additional construction related to the extension of the power plant’s opera- tion and its overall decommissioning. The level of the landscape’s changes and impacts depends on the visibility of the expansions and dismantling work to be assessed, and the characteristics of the landscape. Decommissioning and the associated dismantling

74 EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods

of structures affects the overall landscape. A description is prepared of the area’s landscape structure,

overall landscape and cultural environment. The materials used in the assessment of impacts targeting the landscape and the built environment include maps, aerial photos, land use plans and other surveys of the area, as well as register information from the authorities (among other things, the Open data geographic datasets of the Finnish Heritage Agency and the environmental administration).

The assessment of the impacts targeting the landscape and the cultural environment focuses on the change in the overall landscape: how visible the changes caused by the project are, how extensive the change in the landscape is, and which parts of the landscape experience the greatest change. Special atten- tion is paid to the changes in the landscape that target holiday housing.

6.4 TRAFFIC

The assessment of traffc impacts focuses on the situation re- sulting from the extension of the power plant’s operation and its decommissioning.

The traffc impacts of the extension of the operation are similar to those in the current situation; in other words, the greatest impacts on the roads leading to the power plant result from the annual outage. The information on the current traffc situation in the reviewed area is collected from the data provided by the Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency, and the traffc output and changes to the area’s traffc network caused by the extension of the operation are examined. The changes in the volume of heavy-duty and passenger traffc are viewed separately.

The traffc impacts of decommissioning are reviewed by esti- mating the transport volumes and methods related to it and the routes used. In addition, the transport arrangements in the project area are described. Any changes to the traffc volumes with regard to heavy-duty traffc and passenger traffc, and in traffc arrange- ments are presented. With regard to the spent nuclear fuel, the assessment considers both the road transport and shipping op- tions (Posiva 2008). Based on these, an expert assessment of the impact on the fow and safety of traffc is conducted.

6.5 NOISE

This assessment area covers noise caused by the various stag- es of the project and transport. The noise impacts of the exten- sion of the operation are similar to those in the current opera- tions. Noise deviating from the current operation is generated by potential construction work and the excavation of the L/ILW repository. Noise related to decommissioning is generated es- pecially by the dismantling activities and handling of disman- tling materials.

The assessment of the noise impacts is based on the project planning information and the existing information concern- ing the current noise level in the area’s environment. An expert assessment of noise emitted to the environment is carried out based on the noise emissions generated in the project, and the noise levels caused by the project are compared to the results

of the existing surveys for the area, the limit values of the power plant’s environmental permit and the guideline values of noise. As the noise measurements in the current status have indicated that the noise in the environment mainly consists of the sounds of nature and noise from the power plant, there is no need to assess any combined impacts with other noise generated in the vicinity. The assessment also considers potential underwater noise caused by water engineering.

6.6 VIBRATION

Concerning vibration, the assessment especially examines the impacts of vibration caused by the excavation of the L/ILW re- pository and the dismantling activities. The assessment also con- siders the transport impacts of vibration.

The impacts of vibration are assessed based on the power of the shockwave generated by the vibration source and the disper- sion of vibration. The assessment covers buildings and structures in the project area and the immediate vicinity, as well as devices and equipment sensitive to vibration. In addition, any impacts of vibration experienced by people are assessed.

6.7 AIR QUALITY

The conventional emissions caused by the extension of the oper- ation of the power plant will to a large extent be similar to those seen currently. In the EIA report, the emissions caused by the operation of the power plant’s diesel and backup power gener- ators are presented based on the operating times and estimated fuel consumption of the current power plant. The impacts are as- sessed by comparing the emissions with the emission limits.

Potential additional construction and the expansion of the L/ ILW repository, as well as dismantling related to decommission- ing, cause dust emissions. In addition, emissions are caused by traffc in both the extension and decommissioning of the oper- ation. The assessment of these impacts is based on an expert estimate of dust and exhaust emissions, carried out on the ba- sis of planning and traffc volume data, and the impact of these emissions on air quality. Potential increases in content are viewed by comparing them to the particle content caused by the current operation and the present status of air quality in the Loviisa area.

Radioactive emissions into the air caused by the extension of the operation and decommissioning of Loviisa power plant are presented, and an expert assessment of their impacts is pro- vided by comparing the power plant’s estimated emissions with the actual emissions and the emission limits. The radiation doses caused by the emissions are assessed by means of calculations.

The methods to assess greenhouse gas emissions are covered in Chapter 6.19.

6.8 GROUND AND BEDROCK

With the extension of the operation, the impacts on the ground and bedrock are related to the potential construction in the area (including new storage and hall buildings). The impacts of con- struction are local and mainly target the surface of the ground. The impact assessment covers additional construction at the

power plant with a focus on the land areas and planned construc- tion measures required by the related structures and buildings (such as earth works, excavation and flling), among other things.

The most signifcant impact on the bedrock in the preparation for the decommissioning of the power plant is caused by the ex- pansion of the L/ILW repository at a depth of more than 100 me- tres and the related excavation. These impacts on the ground and bedrock are assessed on the basis of the dimensions of the un- derground parts, the operation of the repository and the planned construction measures (including excavation). In addition, the reuse of the blasted rock in the closure of the repository is re- viewed.

The baseline data in the assessment includes existing research data and maps of the ground and bedrock of the Hästholmen area.

Any areas with contaminated soil in the project area are identi- fed before construction work if necessary.

6.9 GROUNDWATER

In the option to extend the operation, the impacts on ground- water remain similar to the current impacts. The impacts of rock excavation and blasting carried out during the expansion of the L/ILW repository on the quality of the groundwater may include temporary local clouding, increased nitrogen compound content and residue from explosives. The seepage water accumulated in the repository is pumped into the sea. Currently, the volume of seepage water is less than 60 m3/day. The expansion of the re- pository is likely to increase the volume of seepage water to some extent. In addition, repository construction may have a local im- pact on the level of groundwater.

The assessment of the impact on groundwater includes po- tential changes caused by the modifcation and expansion of the power plant, and the L/ILW repository and additional construc- tion to the quality, volume and level of groundwater. The baseline data in the assessment includes existing research data on the groundwater conditions of and the quality of groundwater in the Hästholmen area.

6.10 SURFACE WATERS

Long-term monitoring has been carried out on the impacts of the power plant on the quality of surface waters and the biolog- ical sea environment, so the state of the nearby sea area and its long-term changes are known well. The most signifcant environ- mental impact of the power plant on the nearby sea area is the thermal load. Otherwise, the load caused by the power plant is minimal compared to the other load for the area.

To assess the impact of the extension of the operation, a cool- ing water modelling is carried out both in the current situation and in the new situation when the potential water engineering has been completed. In addition to reviewing the measured data on temperatures, a calculation model on currents is used to as- sess the impact of the cooling water on the seawater tempera- ture. The assessment covers the cooling waters of both power plant units. The outcome is the dispersal calculations for the basis of the environmental impact assessment. The model calcu-

EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods 75

lations on the dispersal of the cooling waters and the estimates of the impacts on the temperatures of the sea area focus on the discharge side – in other words, on Hästholmsfjärden and Klob- bfjärden. The sea area of the intake side, Hudöfjärden and Våd- holmsfjärden to the south, are included in the model assessment, since some cooling waters recirculate from the discharge side to the intake side.

If the power plant’s operation is extended, the load and im- pacts on surface waters remain largely similar to the current sit- uation, with the exception of minor changes. To lower the coolant water intake temperature, water engineering is planned in the in- take area. The measures include dredging, excavation, potential dumping of masses in the sea and the construction of a new em- bankment structure. These measures cause temporary clouding of water in the sea area, and an expert assessment is carried out on the impact of clouding based on water engineering plans, con- sidering the dredging volume and the type of sediment, among other things. In addition, alternative methods of managing the power plant’s service water and wastewater are investigated. The impacts of this on water systems are assessed based on the nutrient load. The assessment is based on the planning data con- cerning wastewater connections, as well as on existing surveys and research data on the state of the sea area.

With regard to decommissioning, the impacts on water sys- tems end, for the most part, when the power plant’s operation is discontinued. Cooling related to making the interim storage of spent nuclear fuel independent is likely to require a new seawa- ter pumping station, but its related cooling water intake and dis- charge volumes are a fraction of the current volumes. An expert assessment is conducted on their impact on water systems.

The radioactive discharge to the sea caused by the extension of the operation and decommissioning of Loviisa power plant are presented, and an expert assessment is provided on their impacts by comparing the power plant’s estimated discharge with the actual discharges and the discharge limits. The radiation doses caused by the discharge are assessed by means of calcu- lations.

6.11 FISH AND FISHING

The impacts of the extension of the operation on fsh and fsh- ing may be caused by the discharged wastewater and the cooling waters warming the surrounding sea area that affect the marine ecosystem. In addition, dredging and excavation in the sea area may also have impacts. The assessment of the impacts targeting fsh and fshing in the extension of the power plant’s operation is based on the data on the current status of the ichthyofauna and fshing, and the assessment of the impacts on surface wa- ters (Chapter 6.10). In addition, studies on test net fshing and fry research that complement the data on the current status of the ichthyofauna in the area are carried out for the EIA report. An expert assessment is carried out on the indirect impacts of the project activities that affect the quality of water for the fshing industry of the area.

During decommissioning, the impacts on water systems, and on fsh and fshing, decrease as changes occur in the cooling wa- ter and wastewater. An expert assessment is conducted on them based on the impacts targeting surface waters.

76 EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods

6.12 FLORA, FAUNA AND CONSERVATION AREAS

The other sections of the EIA procedure provide important back- ground information in terms of nature impacts, such as those caused by noise, dust, traffc and the thermal load conducted to wa- ter systems (and the discontinuation thereof), among other things. The assessment of the impacts is based on these assessments and models, as well as on complementary surveys in the feld.

If the operation is extended, the power plant’s impacts on fo- ra and fauna remain similar to the current impacts, except for the direct impacts on habitats caused by potential additional con- struction, as well as indirect disturbances (e.g. traffc, noise, dust). Local impacts on fora and fauna related to decommissioning are primarily caused by dismantling measures and transport. For the most part, the measures target the built areas. Clearing the area for various access routes and potential storage areas may require cutting trees and levelling topsoil. Detailed planning also includes more specifc reports concerning these areas when the need to update potential nature surveys carried out in the feld is assessed.

The reports on the current status of the area are complement- ed by surveys conducted on the avifauna between December 2019 and December 2020. The surveys especially cover the im- pact of the power plant’s warm cooling water on the avifauna that overwinters in the area, species that rest in the area during the spring and autumn migration seasons, and nest in Hästholms- fjärden. The nesting birds are mapped using the archipelago bird counting method, in which the populations of waterfowl and waders are determined by counting the nests on each island and rocky islet.

With regard to the impacts on sites included in the Natura 2000 network, the assessment aims to determine if the options being assessed are likely to cause signifcant impacts on nature values that are being protected in the Natura areas. The assess- ment considers other potential activities or projects that cause combined impacts. The preparation of the report applies a means test in the Natura assessment which identifes potential impact mechanisms that target the basis for protection and assesses their potential signifcance. If the impacts prove signifcant, or if the possibility of signifcant impacts cannot be reliably ruled out, the assessment is expanded into a Natura assessment in accord- ance with section 65 of the Nature Conservation Act, and opin- ions on the assessment are requested during the public display of the EIA report as required by the Nature Conservation Act.

With regard to sites included in other programmes in nature conservation areas, the assessment determines whether the op- tions under assessment cause signifcant impacts in terms of the conservation objectives.

6.13 PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

6.13.1 People’s living conditions, comfort and health

The assessment section covers the assessment of the social impacts targeting individuals, communities or society, which studies potential changes in the well-being of people or its dis- tribution.

The EIA procedure assesses the impact of the extension and de- commissioning of the power plant on the comfort and safety of the residential and living environment, traffc and mobility, out- door activities in and recreational use of the surroundings, com- munality and local identity, services, business and industry, and demographics, as well as the use of tangible and fxed property in the vicinity. The assessment report also examines the impact of potential accidents.

Social impacts, such as residents’ concerns, fears, wishes, and uncertainty about the future, may emerge as early as the planning and assessment stage of the project. Social impacts are tight- ly linked to other impacts (such as the regional economy, noise, emissions, traffc and landscape), either directly or indirectly. The identifcation and assessment of the social impacts helps map those population groups and areas that are particularly affected. At the same time, the signifcance of the impacts and the opportu- nities to mitigate and prevent adverse impacts is assessed.

The assessment of social impacts is an expert assessment based on all available baseline information. The baseline data includes the following:

• results of other impact assessments; • feedback received at audit group meetings and small group

meetings; • results of the residential survey; • opinions and statements submitted about the EIA

programme; • other feedback received during the assessment procedure

(e.g. public events); • population and map statistics, and other statistics; • media visibility.

The impact on people’s living conditions, comfort and health is assessed by means of the “Ihmisiin kohdistuvien vaikutusten arvioiminen” guideline (Kauppinen ja Nelimarkka, 2007) on the assessment of impacts on people prepared by the National Re- search and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Stakes). The guideline on the application of the EIA Act in the assessment of health and social impacts, published by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 1999), is also utilised in the assessment.

Health impacts are assessed by comparing the results generat- ed in the other impact assessment sections of this EIA procedure with the guideline values or recommendations (e.g. traffc, noise, vibration, air quality, groundwater and surface waters). In addi- tion, theoretical radiation exposure is assessed and compared with the limit values set in the requirements by the authorities and the natural background radiation, among other things. Oper- ations related to both the extension and decommissioning in the power plant area are considered. In addition, the potential health impacts of the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed based on the reports concerning the risks and implementation methods of transport and other surveys (among others, Posiva Oy 2008).

The health impacts of potential exceptional situations are as- sessed on the basis of the risk assessment (Chapter 6.20). The starting point of the activities is to ensure that the quantity of radioactive substances released in potential accidents is suff- ciently low to cause no direct health impacts.

6.13.2 Methods of interaction

To collect feedback from residents and other actors, a resident survey is conducted, and meetings of the audit group and small group meetings are held during the EIA procedure, in addition to the opinions and statements obtained on the EIA Programme, and the feedback collected in the public event.

Audit group

An audit group is set up for the assessment procedure with the purpose of promoting the fow and exchange of information be- tween the project owner, the authorities and the key stakehold- ers in the area. Parties that are invited to the audit group include representatives of the town of Loviisa, adjacent municipalities and local stakeholders as well as various experts and authorities. Representatives of the project owner (Fortum Power and Heat Oy) and the consultant (Ramboll Finland Oy) also participate in the work of the audit group. The audit group convenes twice dur- ing the assessment procedure.

Resident survey

A resident survey is conducted at the EIA report stage to study the views of the area’s residents on the impacts of the project and their attitude to the project. A summary of the assessment programme, including a description of the project, is attached to the resident survey.

The resident survey targets permanent households and hol- iday residents, focusing on the immediate surroundings. The survey questionnaire is sent by mail to all permanent households and holiday residents within fve kilometres of the power plant area and to a representative sampling of other households in the Loviisa region within a 5–20-kilometre radius. In both areas, one questionnaire is sent to each household. The addresses of the recipients are obtained from the Population Register Centre. However, those who have prohibited direct marketing or the dis- closure of their address information will not receive the question- naire. The survey can also be taken online.

The results of the resident survey are used in the impact as- sessment, and the experiential information collected in the sur- vey can also be compared to impacts assessed by other means. The survey may raise potential concerns about the project but also offer methods to mitigate its impacts.

Small group events

Small group events are held at the EIA report stage to dissemi- nate information on the project and collect the views of various stakeholders on the project and its impacts. Participants in the events can offer their views on the impacts and functions to be assessed, among other things.

The small group events consist of workshops. They include group work on the present status of the area, the project options to be as- sessed and their schedule, as well as the potential impacts of the projects on people’s living conditions and comfort. The methods applied in the group work include markings made on maps and in- creased dialogue between various stakeholders. The outcomes of the events and the themes highlighted in the discussions are sum- marised, and their conclusions are presented in the EIA report.

The composition of the workshops’ groups and themes is cus- tomised based on the information needs and the target group to

EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods 77

elaborate on factors raised in the resident survey, among other things. The stakeholders may include the area’s permanent and holiday residents, fshermen, environmental organisations and local entrepreneurs. The composition of the small group events is specifed in the EIA report stage once the public event of the EIA Programme and the frst meeting of the audit group have been held, and the results of the resident survey are available.

6.13.3 Regional economy

The impact of extending and decommissioning the operation of the power plant is assessed by using the resource fow mod- el developed by the Natural Resources Institute Finland on the assignment of Sitra. The resource fow model helps assess the project’s impacts on the regional economy. The information of the resource fow model is updated with the latest statistics available on the state of the regional economy and business and industry before the impact assessment (including jobs and turn- over by sector).

The assessment covers the direct impacts of the project op- tions on the regional economy, and the multiplier effects of pro- duction and consumption generated by the operation on employ- ment, total yield, value added and tax income. The assessment of the impacts on the regional economy thus consider not only the direct impacts of the project but also the production impacts that are indirectly linked to the operations, as well as changes in consumption caused by the changed compensation of employ- ees and its associated impacts.

At the beginning of the impact assessment, the present situ- ation is evaluated, followed by the impacts of the stages of the project lifecycle on the economy in the scenarios of extending the power plant’s operation and decommissioning. Among oth- er things, the resource fow model provides information on both direct links and the connections stemming from the multiplier effects between sectors and enterprises. The results of the mod- el describe the impacts on enterprises, the region, the regional economy and the whole of Finland.

6.14 RADIATION

The methods to assess the radiation impact are described in Chapters 6.7, 6.10, 6.13, 6.16, 6.17, 6.20 and 6.22.

6.15 USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES

The EIA report assesses the impacts generated by the use of natural resources. Factors included in the assessment of the use of natural resources include the reuse of blasted rock generated in the con- struction of the L/ILW repository and the recycling of conventional dismantling materials generated in the dismantling processes. In addition, a schematic presentation of the production chain of nu- clear fuel, including the impacts of the use of uranium, is provided.

6.16 WASTE AND BY-PRODUCTS

The EIA report describes the quantity, type and handling of con- ventional and hazardous waste, low and intermediate waste, as well as decommissioning waste and other dismantling waste, gen- erated during the extension of the power plant’s operation and

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during decommissioning. The related environmental impacts are assessed on the basis of the properties and handling techniques of waste and by-products, among other things. In addition, poten- tial reuse sites and the fnal disposal solutions for waste are de- scribed. With regard to radioactive waste, the main focus of the environmental impact assessment is on the long-term impacts of such waste after the waste has been deposited in the fnal dispos- al facility located in the power plant area (Chapter 6.17).

The handling and interim storage of spent nuclear fuel in the power plant area are described, and their environmental impacts are assessed on the basis of the decommissioning plan of Loviisa power plant, among others. In addition, the transport of spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant to Posiva’s encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility in Eurajoki, and the main princi- ples of the fnal disposal concept are described. The environmen- tal impact of transport and fnal disposal of spent nuclear fuel are assessed in the environmental impact assessment procedure concerning the encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility (Posiva Oy, 2008 and 2012). The assessment’s main results are included in the EIA report. In addition, a risk and implementation method report concerning transport is used.

The environmental impacts of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at Loviisa power plant are based, among other things, on the results obtained in the EIA procedure concerning the decommissioning of VTT’s FiR1 re- search reactor (VTT 2014) and other surveys on the topic. Their impacts are assessed as part of the impact of waste management at Loviisa power plant.

6.17 LONG-TERM SAFETY OF THE L/ILW REPOSITORY

The long-term safety of the fnal disposal of the nuclear waste to be deposited on Hästholmen for fnal disposal are assessed by means of a separate safety case in accordance with decrees, provisions and regulations issued pursuant to the Nuclear Energy Act and Radiation Act. In 2018, Fortum prepared a safety case on the fnal disposal of radioactive waste generated in the operation and decommissioning of Loviisa power plant.

The safety case is a set of documents that demonstrates how the requirements concerning the long-term safety of fnal dis- posal are met. It assesses the development of the different parts of the fnal disposal system, and their ability to contain and delay the release of radioactive substances and their entry into the sur- face environment. The main uncertainties related to the function- ing of release barriers have been combined in a scenario. A key tool in the assessment of the impact of the uncertainties includes probability-based calculation methods.

The main sections of the safety case are as follows: • Description of the development of the fnal disposal system

and the design basis • Performance analysis and preparation of scenarios • Emission and dose analysis • Summary.

The safety case’s supervisory authority is STUK, which approves the documents if the safety requirements are met. The latest sa- fety case was approved in 2019.

The EIA report presents the key results of this safety case and separately assesses the impact on long-term safety of the exten- sion of the power plant’s operation and the radioactive waste re- ceived at Loviisa power plant from elsewhere in Finland

6.18 ENERGY MARKETS AND SECURITY OF SUPPLY

Loviisa power plant generates electricity for the Nordic whole- sale electricity market and promotes Finland’s security of sup- ply by maintaining the national capacity. Extending the opera- tion will not change the situation on the electricity market, but it will strengthen Finland’s security of supply through reliable domestic production in potential exceptional situations, espe- cially when the Nordic electricity market does not function for some reason. In decommissioning, the need for electricity would be covered by the market through other means, which would be likely to weaken Finland’s security of supply. However, it is not possible to reliably determine an alternative form or location of electricity production. The advantage of Loviisa power plant is that it produces stable base power, whereas nearly all other new production in the Nordic countries varies based on the weath- er. The impact on the electricity market and Finland’s security of supply are assessed taking the schedules of the different op- tions in the project into account.

6.19 CLIMATE CHANGE

The climate change impact is assessed based on the green- house gas emissions generated in the project. The emissions are presented as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e): the green- house gas emissions created in the different stages of the pro- ject are made commensurate to describe the global warming potential (GWP).

With regard to the extension of the power plant’s operation, the assessment focuses on the direct greenhouse gas emissions of the activities, generated mainly by the CO2e emissions from the use of fuel by the power plant’s backup power generators and transport. In addition, the carbon dioxide emissions of various forms of ener- gy production based on published reports on lifecycle studies of various fuels are viewed and compared.

Electricity production is covered by the EU’s emissions trading. The emissions of individual power plants therefore do not affect overall emissions in the EU, since emissions trading sets a limit on the total emissions of the participating operators.

With regard to decommissioning, the assessment examines the impact of the termination of the power plant’s operation in terms of Finland’s national carbon neutrality objective when electricity production with nuclear power, free of carbon dioxide emissions, is replaced by other methods of electricity production.

The risks caused by climate change (e.g. rising sea levels or foods) to the project in the event of exceptional situations and ac- cidents are identifed at the EIA report stage, and the preparations for such risks are described.

6.20 EMERGENCIES AND ACCIDENTS

The EIA report includes a description of a fctional severe reac- tor accident. The assessment is based on the assumption that a

quantity of radioactive substances (100 TBq of nuclide Cs-137) corresponding to the limit value of a severe accident in accord- ance with section 22 b of the Nuclear Energy Decree 161/1988 is released into the environment. The impact of the disper- sion of the release in the accident is studied over a distance of 1,000 km from the power plant. The fallout and radiation dose caused by the release and their impact on the environment are described on the basis of modelling outcomes and the existing research data.

In addition, the EIA report presents other identifed excep- tional situations, related to the extension of the operation and decommissioning of the power plant (including waste manage- ment), and reviews their environmental impact based on the re- quirements set for a nuclear power plant by the authorities and the surveys conducted. The assessment provides a concise de- scription of the emergency preparedness in the event of a nucle- ar accident. In addition, recognised emergencies and accidents, such as fres or risk situations related to transport are presented, which may cause a radiation hazard. Recognised emergencies and accidents can be prevented and contained by means of tech- nical and administrative methods. These are described at a gen- eral level in the EIA report.

The EIA report also identifes other conventional environmen- tal and safety risks related to the project, and potential emergen- cies and accidents associated with them. Such risks and incidents mainly include chemical and oil spills that may contaminate the soil and groundwater. The existing safety and risk analyses for the power plant are reviewed to identify emergencies and acci- dents.

6.21 COMBINED IMPACTS

The combined impacts of the project functions with other func- tions and projects in the vicinity are assessed by impact area in the EIA report. Other operators in the vicinity of the project area are identifed and described. In addition, the report describes the impact of the associated projects on the basis of existing published environmental impact assessments. These include Posiva’s encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel (Posiva Oy, 2008) and the potential organisation of waste management related to the decommissioning of the FiR 1 research reactor (VTT, 2014).

6.22 TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACTS

According to a preliminary assessment, in the options reviewed in the EIA procedure, the only transboundary impact would be the release of radioactive substances generated in a severe reac- tor accident related to the extension of the operation of the pow- er plant (VE1). No transboundary impacts have been identifed with regard to decommissioning (VE0 and VE0+).

Potential transboundary impacts are assessed in the EIA re- port based on the dispersion calculations, in which the impact of the dispersion of the emission caused by the accident is studied over a distance of 1,000 km from the power plant. In addition, the assessment views other potential risks related to emergen- cies, accidents, and transport, and estimates whether the impact could be transboundary.

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6.23 SUMMARY OF THE ASSESSMENT observed areas concerning environmental impacts have been METHODS AND A PROPOSAL OF defined to cover the maximum reach of the impacts. In reality, THE SCOPING OF THE IMPACT AREA the environmental impacts are likely to occur in an area small-

The project area refers to the Hästholmen area, which is the er than the observed area. The EIA report presents the results location of the current functions of the power plant and the of the environmental impact assessment and their affected changes planned for them in the project. Environmental im- areas. pacts are assessed especially in the project area and its vi- Table 6-1 shows a summary of the assessment methods by im- cinity, but the area to be studied may also be broader. The pact and the proposed observed areas.

Table 6-1. Summary of the environmental impacts to be reviewed, assessment methods and the preliminary observed area of the impacts.

Component Methods of assessment Observed area

Land use, land use planning and the built environment

An expert assessment of how the project relates to the current and planned land use and land use planning. In addition, built environment sites and

Approximately up to 5 km from the project area.

the distance thereto are assessed.

Landscape and cultural environment

An expert assessment of the project’s relation to the landscape of the vicinity (holiday housing, in particular) and the landscape overall. Cultural

Approximately 5 km from the project area.

environment sites are identifed.

Traffc

A calculated assessment of the changes generated by the project in traffc volumes and an expert assessment of the impact of transport on traffc safety. The assessment also applies a separate survey conducted concerning the risks and implementation methods related to the transports of spent nuclear fuel.

The traffc routes leading to the project area up to main road 7 in Loviisa. In addition, the immediate vicinity of the transport routes for spent nuclear fuel.

Noise and vibration An expert assessment of the noise emissions and vibration caused by the different phases of the project and transport, as well as their dispersion in the environment.

The project area and its vicinity within an approximately 3-km radius and the nearby areas along the transport routes.

An expert assessment of the typical emissions into The typical emissions into the air caused Air quality the air generated by the project. by construction, dismantling and transport

activities, and the extension of the operation within an approximate radius of 1–2 kilometres.

Soil, bedrock and An expert assessment based on the planned The project area. groundwater construction and fnal disposal measures.

A modelling of the cooling water and an expert Approximately 5 km from the project area. assessment based on it concerning the impact on

Surface waters the sea area. An expert assessment of the impacts of water structures, service water intake, and the management and discharge of wastewater. In addition, a survey is conducted on the pollutants and sub-bottom profling of sediments.

An expert assessment to be conducted based on Approximately 10 km from the project area. Fish and fshing ichthyofauna studies and the impact assessment of

surface waters.

Component Methods of assessment Observed area

An expert assessment of the impacts on the natural Approximately 10 km from the project area, with Flora, fauna and environment and conservation areas. In addition, a special focus on the sea area.

conservation areas an avifauna survey is conducted in connection with the EIA procedure.

An expert assessment (including the regional The power plant’s vicinity and transport routes. economy, noise, emissions, traffc and landscape) The resident survey is conducted within a

People’s living conditions, comfort and health

to be conducted based on the calculated and qualitative assessments carried out in the sections

20-kilometre radius.

concerning other impacts. In addition, a resident survey and small group interviews are conducted.

A survey of the regional economy, based on an Finland. Regional economy analysis of the current situation and resource fow

modelling.

An expert assessment of the release of radioactive Radiation monitoring of the environment within emissions generated by the project into the air and an approximate radius of 10 km, radiation dose

Emissions of and radiation from radioactive substances

sea. Radiation in the vicinity of Loviisa power plant is monitored in accordance with the monitoring programme in effect, and the assessment is based

calculation within 100 km.

on data obtained from the monitoring. The radiation doses caused by releases are assessed by means of calculations.

An expert assessment of, for example, the use of The production chain of nuclear fuel at a general Use of natural resources blasted rock, and a description of the impact of the level. Other use (e.g. mineral aggregate) locally or

nuclear fuel production chain. regionally.

Waste and by-products

An expert assessment of the waste streams in different phases and the processing, utilisation options and fnal disposal thereof. Reports prepared earlier (including Posiva 2008) are used to describe the impact of the transport and fnal disposal of spent nuclear fuel.

Spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant to Eurajoki, including the transport routes. Others locally or regionally.

Includes the key results of the safety case and an The vicinity of the power plant.

Long-term safety of the L/ILW repository

expert assessment of the impact on long-term safety of the extension of the power plant’s service life and the radioactive waste originating from elsewhere in Finland than Loviisa power plant.

Energy markets and security An expert assessment of the development of and Finland. of supply changes in the energy market in the project options.

Climate change Calculated assessment of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) and their impact on Finland’s total emissions.

At the national level in Finland.

A modelling of a fctional severe reactor accident 1,000 km.

Emergencies and accidents which releases 100 TBq of the Cs-137 nuclide into the atmosphere. As a result, the modelling provides the fallout and radiation doses caused by the release. An expert assessment of the impacts.

An expert assessment of the combined impacts The vicinity of the project area and the Combined impacts with regard to the other actors in the region and the municipalities involved in the associated projects.

associated projects.

An assessment to be prepared based on separate 1,000 km.

Transboundary impacts surveys and modelling of the impact of the project potentially extending beyond the borders of Finland.

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7. and the planning details concerning the project will be cause uncertainties in the assessment of environmental specified as the project progresses to subsequent stages impacts. The EIA report describes the identified potential through licensing, for example. The baseline information uncertainties and assesses their significance with regard and impact assessment currently applied may therefore to the reliability of the results of impact assessments.

7. Uncertainties The EIA procedure is part of the project planning stage, include various assumptions and generalisations that may

8.8. Prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts The possibilities of preventing or mitigating the project’s impact assessment. The identifed methods to prevent and potential adverse impacts through planning and implemen- mitigate adverse impacts are presented in the EIA report. tation methods are viewed as part of the environmental

9. Impact monitoring 9.The impact assessment includes the potential need to update qualitative and biological water monitoring (benthic fauna, the project owner’s existing monitoring programmes for en- phytoplankton, aquatic vegetation), among other things, and vironmental impact assessment. Loviisa power plant moni- on professional and recreational fshing. In addition, exten- tors the impact on the state of the nearby sea area through sive radiation monitoring of the environment is carried out.

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10.• the applicant is considered to have the fnancial and other The decommissioning of a nuclear facility may not be start- prerequisites to engage in operations safely and in accordan- ed before the granting of the related licence unless otherwise ce with Finland’s international contractual obligations. provided in the other licences of the licence holder. The de-

commissioning of a nuclear facility may not be started on the Operation of the nuclear facility shall not be started on the ba- basis of the licence granted for it until the Radiation and Nu- sis of the licence granted for it until the Radiation and Nuclear clear Safety Authority has ascertained that the nuclear facil- Safety Authority has ascertained that the nuclear facility meets ity meets the safety requirements for decommissioning, that the safety requirements set, that the security and emergency ar- the security and emergency arrangements are sufficient, that rangements are suffcient, that the control necessary to prevent the control necessary to prevent the proliferation of nuclear the proliferation of nuclear weapons has been arranged appro- weapons has been arranged appropriately, and that the nucle- priately, and that the nuclear facility operator has arranged, in ar facility operator has arranged, in accordance with the relat- the manner provided, indemnifcation regarding liability in the ed provisions, indemnification regarding liability in the event event of nuclear damage. In addition, it is required that the Min- of nuclear damage. In addition, it is required that the Minis- istry of Economic Affairs and Employment has ascertained that try of Economic Affairs and Employment has ascertained that provision for the cost of nuclear waste management has been provision for the cost of nuclear waste management has been arranged in accordance with the provisions of the Act. arranged in accordance with the provisions of the Act. 10. Required plans, 10.1.2 Decommissioning licence 10.1.3 Other licences in accordance with the

Nuclear Energy Act When the operation of a nuclear facility has been terminated, the holder of the operating licence shall be obligated to under- In addition to the operating licence and decommissioning li- take measures to decommission the nuclear facility in accord- cence, the project may include other licences in accordance with ance with the plan and the requirements set for decommis- the Nuclear Energy Act. Section 21 of the Nuclear Energy Act sioning referred to in section 7g of the Nuclear Energy Act, and provides the prerequisites for granting a licence for other use apply for a licence for the decommissioning of the nuclear facil- of nuclear energy, such as the possession, manufacturing, pro- ity. The licence shall be applied for well in advance so that the duction, transfer, handling, use, storage, transport and import

licences and decisions 10.1 LICENCES AND PERMISSIONS PURSUANT

end, and their operating licence expires when the decommission- authorities have adequate time to assess the application before of nuclear substances and nuclear waste, as well as fnal disposal TO THE NUCLEAR ENERGY ACT ing licence becomes effective. The implementation of the project the termination of the operating licence of the nuclear facility. on a smaller scale than extensive fnal disposal (the operating li-

The power plant units of Loviisa nuclear power plant have operat- also requires other licences in accordance with the Nuclear Ener- • A licence for the decommissioning of a nuclear facility may be cence). In accordance with section 16 subsection 2 of the Nuclear ing licences in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act which are gy Act. granted if the prerequisites listed in section 20 a of the Nuclear Energy Act, STUK grants a licence for the aforementioned oper- valid until the end of 2027 and 2030 respectively. The operating Energy Act are met. The prerequisites include the following: ations by application. licence of the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level • the nuclear facility and its decommissioning meet the re- • A licence can be granted for other use of nuclear energy when waste is valid until the end of 2055.

To extend the operation of the power plant, new operating li- cences must be applied for the power plant units. The decommis- sioning of the power plant units requires that a decommissioning licence be applied. The operating licence and decommissioning licence are issued by the Government.

In the case of both extending the operation and the decom- missioning of the power plant, the L/ILW repository is operated longer than the validity of the current operating licence, which is why a new operating licence must be applied for the L/ILW reposi- tory. In addition, the current operating licence of the L/ILW repos- itory does not cover all planned purposes of use, and they can be taken into account in the potential licence application.

Other plant parts to be made independent need an operating licence when the commercial operations of the power plant units

10.1.1 Operating licence

The licence to operate a nuclear facility may be issued provided that the prerequisites listed in section 20 of the Nuclear Energy Act are met. The prerequisites include the following:

• the nuclear facility and its operation meet the safety require- ments laid down in the Nuclear Energy Act, and appropriate account has been taken for the safety of workers and the po- pulation;

• the methods available to the applicant for arranging nuclear waste management, including disposal of nuclear waste and decommissioning of the facility, are suffcient and ap- propriate;

• the applicant has suffcient expertise available, and especial- ly the competence of the operating staff and the operating organisation of the nuclear facility are appropriate;

quirements related to safety in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act, and the safety of the employees and the popu- lation, as well as environmental protection, have been duly taken into account;

• the methods available to the applicant for the decommissio- ning of the nuclear facility as well as other nuclear waste ma- nagement are adequate and appropriate;

• the applicant has the necessary expertise and especially the competence of the nuclear facility personnel and the organi- sation of the nuclear facility available, and they are appropri- ate and suitable for

• decommissioning; • the applicant has the fnancial and other necessary require-

ments to carry out the decommissioning safely and in accor- dance with Finland’s international contractual obligations.

so required by the operation if the prerequisites set in section 21 of the Nuclear Energy Act are met: The prerequisites inclu- de the following:

• the use of nuclear energy meets the safety requirements laid down in the Nuclear Energy Act, and appropriate account has been taken of the safety of the workers and the population, and environmental protection;

• the applicant has possession of the site needed for the use of nuclear energy;

• nuclear waste management has been arranged appropriate- ly, and provision for the cost of nuclear waste management has been made in accordance with the provisions of the Nuclear Energy Act;

• the applicant’s arrangements for the implementation of control by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority as re-

88 EIA Programme | Required plans, licenses and decisions EIA Programme | Required plans, licenses and decisions 89

ferred to in the Nuclear Energy Act are suffcient; • the applicant has suffcient expertise available, and the op-

erating organisation and competence of the operating staff are appropriate;

• the applicant is considered to have the fnancial and other prerequisites to engage in operations safely and in accordan- ce with Finland’s international contractual obligations;

• the authorisations required under the Council Directive on the supervision and control of shipments of radioactive was- te and spent fuel (2006/117/Euratom) have been obtained from foreign states, and the said provisions can also be ob- served in other respects;

• the use of nuclear energy otherwise meets the principles laid down in Sections 5–7 of the Nuclear Energy Act and does not confict with the obligations under the Euratom Treaty.

The use of nuclear energy shall not be initiated on the basis of a granted licence until the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority has ascertained, when required by the operations, that the use of nuclear energy is in accordance with the safety requirements set, that the security and emergency arrangements are suff- cient, that the control necessary to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons has been arranged appropriately, and that in- demnifcation regarding liability in the event of nuclear damage in connection with the operations has been arranged in compli- ance with the relevant provisions.

10.2 LAND USE PLANNING

The valid local detailed plan makes it possible to carry out modi- fcation work in the power plant area, construct additional struc- tures and buildings, and decommission the power plant. Needs to change land use plans may become topical after decommissioning if existing limitations to the use of land in the power plant area and its surroundings caused by the power plant’s operation are lifted. The local detailed plan is approved by the Loviisa town council.

10.3 PERMITS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAND USE AND BUILDING ACT

In accordance with the Land Use and Building Act (132/1999), the construction of power plant buildings related to the re- quired modifcation work, the necessary infrastructure and fa- cilities requires a building permit. In Loviisa, the town’s building and environmental board is responsible for the duties and deci- sion-making of the building inspection authorities.

In areas covered by a local detailed plan, a building permit is granted under the following conditions:

• the building project is in keeping with the valid local detailed plan; • construction meets the requirements laid down in the Act

and other requirements prescribed in or under the Act; • the building is appropriate for the location concerned; • a serviceable access road to the building site exists or can be

arranged; • water supply and wastewater management can be organised

satisfactorily and without causing environmental harm; and

90 EIA Programme | Required plans, licenses and decisions

• the building will not be located or constructed in a way that causes unwarranted harm to neighbours or hinders appropri- ate building on a neighbouring property.

Separate action permits may be required for smaller structures, such as containers of temporary warehouses if they are not in- cluded in the building permit application.

A separate demolition permit in accordance with the Land Use and Building Act is not needed, but the local building su- pervision authority shall be notifed in writing of the demolition of a building or part thereof 30 days before the demolition work begins (Land Use and Building Act, section 127).

10.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER PERMIT

The operation of a nuclear power plant requires an environ- mental permit in accordance with the Environmental Protec- tion Act (527/2014) (annex 1 Activities subject to a permit, Table 2 Other installations, section 3 Energy production, b) nuclear power plant).

Loviisa power plant has an environmental permit and a water permit granted by the environmental permit agency of West- ern Finland on 8 April 2009 (decision numbers 23/2009/2 and 24/2009/2). The permit became legally valid by the decision is- sued by the Supreme Administrative Court on 19 June 2012. The permit applies to the operation of the power plant, cooling water intake, emissions of the power plant and monitoring. The power plant has a service water abstraction permit granted by the Wa- ter Rights Court by its decision on 27 December 1976 for the ab- straction of raw water from Lappomträsket lake. The said permit applies to the conduction of water from the Lappomträsket lake and the regulation of the water level.

A permit is required for any change in an activity that increas- es emissions or their impact, or for any other substantial change in an activity requiring an environmental permit. However, no permit is required if the change does not increase the environ- mental impact or risks, and if the change in the activity does not require the permit to be reviewed. (Environmental Protection Act Section 29) The operator shall inform the environmental protec- tion authority without delay of the termination of the activity. When required, the authority shall grant a new environmental permit, including the permit provisions, for the measures, moni- toring requirements and other obligations required to terminate the activity.

Granting the environmental permit requires that the operations, considering the permit provisions to be set and the location of the activity, do not alone or together with other functions:

• cause harm to health; • cause other - harm to the environment and its functions; - prevent or materially hinder the use of natural resources; - cause a loss of general amenity of the environment or of

special cultural values; - reduce the suitability of the environment for general re-

creational use; - cause damage or harm to property or impairment of use;

- constitute a comparable violation of the public or private interest;

• result in the violation of the prohibition of soil or groundwater contamination;

• cause the deterioration of special natural conditions, present a risk to the water supply or affect other potential uses im- portant to the public interest within the area impacted by the activity;

• create the unreasonable burden referred to in the Adjoining Properties Act.

Permit provisions that prevent and limit emissions are set for the operations in the permit by considering the nature of the opera- tions and local environmental conditions.

A separate environmental permit is required if a rock-crushing plant (with a minimum operating time of 50 days per year) is set up in the area for decommissioning and dismantling operations during construction work.

Water intake and discharge structures and water engineer- ing work require a permit in accordance with the Water Act (587/2011). The application should include a project description and a report on the impact of the project in accordance with the Government Decree on the management of water resources (1560/2011).

A permit for a water resources management project will be granted if:

• the project does not signifcantly violate public or private in- terests;

• the beneft gained from the project to public or private inte- rests is considerable compared with the losses incurred for public or private interests.

The water resources management project may not jeopardise public health or safety, cause considerable detrimental changes in the natural state of the environment or the aquatic environ- ment and its functions, or cause considerable deterioration in the local living or economic conditions.

The environmental permit authority is either the Southern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency or the environ- mental protection authority of the town of Loviisa, depending on the operation subject to the permit application. In water permit matters, the permit authority is the Southern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency. The environmental permit applica- tion and the permit application in accordance with the Water Act concerning the same operation shall be processed jointly and de- cided by a single decision unless this is considered unnecessary for a specifc reason.

10.5 PERMITS AND DOCUMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CHEMICALS ACT

Facilities engaged in extensive industrial handling and stor- age of chemicals require a permit granted by the Finnish Safe- ty and Chemicals Agency (Tukes). The extent of the industrial handling and storage of chemicals is determined based on the quantity and dangers of the chemicals stored in the facility.

The permit sets conditions for the activities, and a commis- sioning inspection is conducted at the facility after the permit is granted. Fortum’s Loviisa power plant has a valid permit for the extensive industrial handling and storage of chemicals, and the power plant is an institution subject to a safety as- sessment regulated by Tukes.

The Act on the Safe Handling of Dangerous Chemicals and Explosives (390/2005, the “Act on Chemical Safety”) excludes radioactive substances and products containing radioactive substances from its area of application. Changes in the han- dling, storage and quantities of radioactive materials do not therefore as a rule result in changes to the chemicals permit.

However, changes in the operation may, in accordance with the Act on Chemical Safety, invoke an obligation to ap- ply in writing for a permit for a production facility change if the planned change is an expansion comparable to the estab- lishment of a production facility or another essential change. Changes categorised as essential include a significant in- crease in the quantity of hazardous chemicals, a significant change in the hazardous chemicals being handled or stored, or in their properties or state, a significant change in the man- ufacturing or handling method, or another change that may significantly affect the accident risk. The notification of the change in the operation submitted to Tukes should include the essential information on the change and a report on the safety impact of the change. The institutions subject to a safety as- sessment should also update the essential parts of the safety assessment.

The Tukes regulatory authority should be notified of the decommissioning of Loviisa power plant in accordance with the Act on Chemical Safety. The notification concerning the decommissioning of the operation must include a plan for how the structures and areas of the production facility and its parts to be decommissioned are cleaned if required after the operations are discontinued, and the measures that are taken to ensure that hazardous chemicals and explosives do not cause personal injuries or damage to the environment or property.

10.6 OTHER PERMITS AND PLANS

The Government Decree on areas restricted for aviation (VNa 930/2014) has defned the surroundings of the power plant as a no-fy zone. The no-fy zone covers the power plant surroundings within a four-kilometre radius and at an altitude of up to 2,000 metres. On a general level, the Aviation Act (864/2014) requires a permit for air navigation obstacles to set up a facility, building, structure or sign of a certain height. The party responsible for maintaining the air navigation obstacle must notify the Finnish Transport Safety Agency or an instance designated by it of any changes concerning the obstacle (such as the removal of the air navigation obstacle) and its contact information.

Conventional dismantling requires a dismantling plan. In this connection, a contractor who has a work permit for asbestos demolition granted by the permit authority carries out the re- quired survey concerning asbestos and harmful substances. The demolition method, protection and reuse possibilities of waste are determined based on the survey.

EIA Programme | Required plans, licenses and decisions 91

YVA | Luvun nimi 93 92 YVA | Luvun nimi

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Anttila, P. 1988. Engineering geological conditions of the Loviisa Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2019a. Map service purkualueen vesialueille aiheutuvista vahingoista, 17 December power plant area relating to the fnal disposal of reactor waste. of the Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Coun-cil.https:// 2012, LO1-C2-00736. Voimayhtiöiden ydinjätetoimikunta, Report YJT-88-11. kartta.uudenmaanliitto.f/maakuntakaavat/index.

html?x=380783&y=6684698&zoom=0&lang=f&layers=0-0 27 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2018. Memo concerning Association of Finnish Municipalities, 2020 Tax rates of November 2019. the special season hunting of the ringed seal 2018 – 2019, reg. municipalities in 2020. https://www.kuntaliitto.f/sites/default/ no. 1186/1 March 2018. fles/media/fle/Liite%203_kuntakohtaiset%20prosentit%20 Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council. 2019b. The Helsinki- 2020_1.xlsx 12 February 2020 Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 (pro-posal stage). Land use plan Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment 2019.

map, symbols and regulations as well as reports. Kansallisen ydinjätehuollon yhteistyöryhmän loppuraportti. Eastern Uusimaa Regional Council 2007. Landscape types in Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön julkaisuja 2019:39 Ministry of Eastern Uusimaa. Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2019c. Cultural Eco-nomic Affairs and Employment, Helsinki 2019. ISBN PDF:

environments in Uusimaa. Open data download service. https:// 978-952-327-435-8. Finnish Environment Institute 2019. Open data geographical avoinaineisto-uudenmaanliitto.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/ location data service of the environmental administration. uudenmaan-kulttuuriymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6t?geometry=25.9 Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 1999.

24%2C60.332%2C26.578%2C60.391 27 November 2019. Ympäristövaikutusten arviointi. Ihmisiin kohdistuvat Finnish Heritage Agency 2019. Cultural environment service terveydelliset ja sosiaaliset vaikutukset. Oppaita 1999:1. 51 p. portal. Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2019d. https://www. https://www.kyppi.f/palveluikkuna/portti/read/asp/default. uudenmaanliitto.f/tietopalvelut/uusimaa-tietopankki/aineistot/ Monivesi Oy 2018. Fortum Power and Heat Oy Loviisa power aspx 28.11.2019. vaesto 23 November 2019. plant and Oy Loviisan Smoltti Ab. Merialueen yhteistarkkailu:

vesikasvillisuuden ja kovan pohjan eliöstön tutkimukset vuonna Finnish Heritage Agency 2018. Cultural environment service Ilus, E. 2009. Environmental effects of thermal and radioactive 2017. 2 March 2018. portal. [www.kyppi.f] (15 June 2018) discharges from nuclear power plants in the boreal brackish

water conditions of the northern Baltic Sea. STUK. National Land Survey of Finland 2019. Open map and Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency 2019. Traffc volumes geographical location data by the National Land Survey in 2018. Karonen, M., Mäntykoski, A., Nylander, E. & Lehto, K. (eds) of Finland. https://www.maanmittauslaitos.f/kartat-ja- https://julkinen.vayla.f/webgis-sovellukset/webgis/template. 2015. Vesien tila hyväksi yh-dessä. Kymijoen-Suomenlahden paikkatieto html?confg=liikenne 26 November 2019. vesienhoitoalueen vesienhoitosuunnitelma vuosiksi 2016–

2021. Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Natural Resources Institute Finland, 2019a. Game monitoring Fortum Power and Heat Oy 2008. Expansion of the Loviisa Environment. Reports 132/2015. service. http://riistahavainnot.f/ 19 December 2019. nuclear power plant with a third power plant unit. Environmental impact assessment report. Kauppinen, T. & Nelimarkka, K. 2007. Ihmisiin kohdistuvien Natural Resources Institute Finland, 2019b. https://www.luke.

vaikutusten arvioiminen. Stake guides 2007:68. 55 pp. https:// f/uutinen/itameren-hyljekannat-jatkavat-kasvua-−-laskenta- Fortum Power and Heat Oy 2019a. Loviisa power plant’s report www.julkari.f/bitstream/handle/10024/77751/IVA-opas%20 tehtiin-hyvissa-olosuhteissa/ 9 January 2020. on seawater temperatures and their impact on the state of taittoversio.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y the sea area in the summer of 20 18. Internal report Posiva 2008. Expansion of the repository for spent nuclear LO1-K873-00107. Kokkonen V. 2018. Statistics Finland, Enterprise statistics, fuel. Environmental impact assessment report. Posiva Oy.

Establishments of enterprises by industry and municipality, Fortum Power and Heat Oy 2019b. Report on environmental email 23 November 2018. Posiva 2012. Construction permit application for the Olkiluoto impacts 2019. Internal report LO1-K870-00141. encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility. Appendix 16.

Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry 2018. Fortum Power and Heat Oy Other report deemed necessary by the authorities: Updated Hatanpää, E. 1997. Groundwater report for the Loviisa area. Loviisa power plant and Oy Loviisan Smoltti Ab. Comprehensive report on environmental impacts (Statement by the Ministry of Posiva Oy, Work report LOVIISA-96-03. annual report for joint monitoring of the sea area 2017. Kymijoen Trade and Industry on Posiva Oy’s EIA report 1999). Posiva Oy.

Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2010. Regional Land Use Plan for eastern Uusimaa. Land use plan map, symbols and regulations.

Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2016a. Missä maat on mainiommat. Uudenmaan kulttu-uriympäristöt. Uudenmaan liiton julkaisuja E 176.

Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2016b. Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 2. Land use plan map, symbols and regulations as well as reports.

Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2017. Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 4. Land use plan map, symbols and regulations, as well as reports.

94 EIA Programme | References

vesi ja ympäristö ry publication No. 272/2018. ISSN 1458-8064.

Kymijoen vesi ja ymparisto ry 2019. Fortum Power and Heat Oy Loviisa power plant and Oy Loviisan Smoltti Ab. Annual report for joint monitoring of the sea area 2018. Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry publication No. 280/2019. ISSN 1458-8064.

Launiainen, J. 1979. Studies of energy exchange between the air and the sea surface in the coastal area of the Gulf of Finland. Finnish Marine Research, 246, 3–110. ISSN 0357-1076. Fin-nish Institute of Marine Research.

Leino, K. 2012. Nutrient load in the sea area near the Loviisa power plant. 6 November 2012.

Pöyry 2009. Fish breeding area surveys in Pyhäjoki, Ruotsinpyhtää and Simo. Fennovoima Oy. Nuclear power plant project. 60K30029.25. October 2009.

Raateoja, M. & Setälä, O. (eds.) 2016. The Gulf of Finland Assessment. Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 27/16. 362 pp.

Ramboll Finland Oy 2012a. Fortum Power and Heat Oy, Mapping and removal of turf rafts in Lappomträsket lake. 24 October 2012. LO1-K879-00024.

Ramboll Finland Oy 2012b. Survey of coastal residents 2012, Loviisa’s Hästholmsfjärden and Klobbfjärden. 30 November 2012.

Ramboll Finland Oy 2013. Environmental noise measurements of Loviisa power plant in 2013.

Ramboll Finland Oy 2017. Environmental noise measurements of Loviisa power plant in 2017.

Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority 2020. Average radiation dose of people in Finland. https://www.stuk.f/ aiheet/mita-sateily-on/ihmisen-radioaktiivisuus/suomalaisen- keskimaarainen-sateilyannos 29 April 2020.

Snellman, M. & Helenius, J. 1992. Loviisan Hästholmenin pohjavesikemia, yhteenveto vuosien 1980–1992 tutkimuksista. Voimayhtiöiden ydinjätetoimikunta, Report YJT-92-27.

Statistics Finland, 2019a. Key fgures of municipalities. https://www.stat.f/tup/alue/kuntienavainluvut. html#?year=2019&active1=SSS 28 November 2019.

Statistics Finland, 2019b. The PX-Web databases of Statistics Finland, establishments of enterprises by municipality and establishments of enterprises by industry and region. http://pxnet2.stat.f/PXWeb/pxweb/f/StatFin/StatFin__yri__ alyr/?tablelist=true 28 November 2019.

Town of Loviisa 2019a. Master plans and local detailed plans of the town of Loviisa.

Town of Loviisa 2019a. Map service of the town of Loviisa: https://kartta.loviisa.f/ims

Town of Loviisa 2019c. https://www.loviisa.f/tiedotteet/2018- vilkas-matkailuvuosi-loviisassa 28 November 2019.

Uusimaa Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment 2019. Air quality in Uusimaa in 2018 and development in 2004–2018.

VELMU map service 2019. Data from the VELMU map service. https://paikkatieto.ymparisto.f/velmu/ 19 December 2019.

VTT 2014. Environmental impact assessment report. Decommissioning of the FiR 1 research reactor. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. October 2014.

VTT 2017. Licence application, decommissioning of the FiR 1 research reactor. 20 June 2017. Reg. no. 356/0652/2017.

Water Map Service 2018. Ecological status of surface waters. http://paikkatieto.ymparisto.f/vesikarttaviewers/ Html5Viewer_2_5_2/Index.html?confgBase=http:// paikkatieto.ymparisto.f/Geocortex/Essentials/REST/ sites/VesikarttaKansa/viewers/VesikarttaHTML525/ virtualdirectory/Resources/Confg/Default 4 June 2018.

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LIITE 1. Appendix 1.

APPENDIX 1.Final disposal facility A nuclear facility designed for the fnal disposal of radioactive waste.

Glossary and abbreviations AVI Regional State Administrative Agency

Becquerel (Bq) The measurement unit of radioactivity, refers to a decay of one radioactive atom per second. The concentration of radioactive substances in foodstuffs is expressed in becquerels per unit of mass or volume (Bq/kg or Bq/l). Multiple units of becquerel include kilobecquerel (kBq), which is one thousand becquerels, and megabecquerel (MBq), which is one million becquerels.

Contamination Radioactive impurity. Decontamination = purifcation of an item from radioactive impurity.

Conventional waste Conventional and hazardous waste that is not radioactive.

Cooling water Cooling water is seawater used to cool the steam from the turbines in a condenser back into water, which is then pumped back to the steam generators. Cooling water does not come into contact or mix with the process waters or primary and secondary system waters of the nuclear power plant.

Coordinating authority The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment is the coordinating authority in this EIA procedure.

dB Decibel, or a unit of the sound pressure level, which has a logarithmic scale. An increase of 10 dB increases noise by tenfold.

Decommissioning Dismantling a completely closed nuclear facility so that no special measures are needed in the plant area due to radioactive substances originating from the dismantled nuclear facility. Decommissioning also includes the handling, storage and fnal disposal of the low- and intermediate-level waste (decommissioning waste) accumulated in the dismantling of the plant. In addition, conventional dismantling waste may be generated in decommissioning.

Decommissioning waste Waste generated in the decommissioning of a power plant or other nuclear facilities after operation that contains radioactivity and is deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal. See dismantling waste

Dismantling waste An overall concept for waste generated in connection with the decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear facilities. Dismantling waste includes both decommissioning waste that contains radioactivity and non-radioactive conventional waste.

Dry waste handling Areas in Loviisa power plant in which radioactive waste other than liquid radioactive waste is facility handled and packed.

EIA Environmental impact assessment.

ELY centre Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment.

Final disposal The permanent disposal of radioactive waste in such a manner that the repository site does not need supervision and the radioactivity of the waste is not a hazard to nature.

Final disposal hall A hall in the fnal disposal facility in which radioac tive waste is stored/deposited for fnal disposal. In the L/ILW repository of Loviisa power plant, fnal disposal halls include maintenance waste halls and the solidifed waste hall.

FiR 1 A TRIGA Mark II-type research reactor located in Otaniemi, Espoo, in Finland.

Hazardous waste Hazardous waste includes decommissioned substances or items that may cause special danger, or harm to health or the environment. Hazardous waste includes energy-saving lightbulbs and other fuorescent lights.

IBA and FINIBA areas IBA areas are internationally signifcant bird areas, and FINIBA areas are nationally signifcant bird areas in Finland. The parties responsible for the project to map the areas are the Finnish Environment Institute and BirdLife Finland.

Interim storage for spent nuclear fuel

A water pool storage in Loviisa power plant area in which high-level spent nuclear fuel removed from the reactor is stored. The interim storage consists of two water pool storages, KPA1 and KPA2. The spent nuclear fuel is transpor ted from the interim storage to Posiva for fnal disposal.

Intermediate-level waste

Intermediate-level waste, as well as low-level waste, are the power plant’s maintenance waste. In addition, such waste is generated in the decommissioning of the power plant. Handling intermediate-level waste requires effective radiation protection arrangements (the activity is usually 1−10,000 MBq/kg).

International hearing A hearing procedure in accordance with the Espoo Convention on the assessment of the transboundar y environmental impact, in which different countries can participate.

L/ILW repository The fnal disposal facility of Loviisa power plant for low- and intermediate-level waste. The abbreviation L/ILW stands for ‘low- and intermediate-level waste’.

Light water reactor Reactor type in which regular water is used for cooling and as a moderator. Most nuclear power plant reactors in the world are light water reactors.

Liquid waste solidifcation plant

A hall at Loviisa power plant where liquid radioactive waste is stored.

Long-term safety The safety of the fnal disposal of radioactive waste with regard to the radiation exposure of people and the environment after the fnal disposal facility has been closed. Depending on the activity of the waste, the timespan of the review can be from hundreds to hundreds of thousands of years.

Loviisa nuclear power plant/power plant

The nuclear power plant located on the island of Hästholmen in Loviisa, Finland, and the related functions.

Low-level waste Low-level, similar to intermediate-level waste are the power plant’s maintenance waste. In addition, such waste is generated in the decommissioning of the power plant. Low-level waste can be handled without radiation protection arrangements, because its radioactivity is usually low (generally no more than 1 MBq/kg).

Maintenance waste Waste accumulated in the maintenance and repair of the nuclear power plant. Maintenance waste consists, among other things, of contaminated protection and insulation materials and defective components. For the most part, maintenance waste is low-level waste.

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LIITE 1. Appendix 1.

Maintenance waste hall A hall in the L/ILW repository in which low- or intermediate-level waste is stored. There are three maintenance waste halls in Loviisa power plant’s L/ILW repository (HJT1, HJT2 and HJT3).

Moderator A substance used for the moderation of the neutrons generated in the nuclear reaction. The purpose of the moderator is to maintain the reaction. In a light water reactor, regular water (light water) is used as the moderator.

Nuclear facility A nuclear facility refers to plants used to generate nuclear energy, including research reactors, facilities carrying out extensive fnal disposal of nuclear waste, as well as facilities used for extensive production, use, handling or storage of nuclear material and nuclear waste. For example, at Loviisa nuclear power plant, once the power plant units have been decommissioned, the nuclear facility consists of plant parts to be made independent.

Nuclear fuel Uranium (or plutonium) intended to be used in the reactors of nuclear power plants. Nuclear fuel does not burn in the sense that it would react with oxygen (as happens when coal or wood is burned); instead, heat is produced when the nuclei of uranium are split in chain reactions. The ‘combustion products’ are isotopes of lighter elements generated in the chain reaction. Most are radioactive.

Nuclear material Specifc fssionable materials suitable for generating nuclear energy, such as uranium, thorium and plutonium.

Nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant refers to a nuclear facility, equipped with a nuclear reactor, used to generate electricity or heat, or a plant complex formed by power plant units and other associated nuclear facilities in the same location. A nuclear power plant comprises one or more nuclear power plant units, each of which has one reactor, and one or two turbines and generators

Nuclear power plant unit/power plant unit/

plant unit

Loviisa power plant consists of two nuclear power plant units, Loviisa 1 and Loviisa 2.

Nuclear waste A generic name for the radioactive waste generated in the operation of a nuclear facility. Nuclear waste is low- or intermediate-level waste or high-level fuel waste.

Operational waste Low- and intermediate-level waste generated in nuclear facilities, such as nuclear power plants. For example, operational waste is generated in the handling of radioactive liquids and gases, and in maintenance and repair work carried out in the radiation controlled area.

Plant parts to be made independent

The nuclear power plant’s plant parts to be made independent are the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel, liquid waste storage, solidifcation plant and the L/ILW repository. Making a plant part independent refers to the separation of certain functions, such as cooling or ventilation, from the systems of the power plant units, to ensure the said plant parts to be made independent can function without the power plant units.

Power plant area The area used by the nuclear power units and other nuclear facilities in the same area or surrounding them, where moving and staying is restricted by the Ministry of the Interior Decree issued based on section 9 article 8 of the Police Act (872/2011) (STUK Y/2/2018). Loviisa nuclear power plant area covers the islands of Hästholmen and Tallholmen and their adjacent sea area, the Kirmosund causeway and the main gate building.

Pressurised water plant A light water reactor type in which water is used as a coolant and a moderator. The pressure of the water is kept so high that the water will not boil despite the high temperature. The water that has passed through the reactor core releases its heat into the secondary system water in separate steam generators, where the secondary system water is vaporised and used to drive a turbine.

Process wastewater Wastewater generated in the power plant process.

Project area The project area refers to the Hästholmen area, which is the location of the current functions of the power plant and the changes planned for them in the project.

100 EIA Programme | Glossary and abbreviations

Project owner Fortum Power and Heat Oy, or the operator responsible for the implementation of the project to be reviewed in the EIA procedure.

Radioactive substance A substance that decays into other substances and concurrently emits ionising radiation.

Radioactive waste Radioactive waste refers to radioactive substances and equipment, goods or materials contaminated by radioactivity that are not required and that must be rendered safe because of their radioactivity.

Radiation controlled The radiation controlled area refers to a work area where special safety guidelines must be area observed to ensure radiation protection, access to which is controlled. At a minimum, those

rooms in the facility where the external dose rate can exceed 3 μSv/h or where a 40-hour weekly stay can cause an internal dose in excess of 1 mSv per year due to the radionuclides originating from a nuclear facility, shall be defned as a controlled area. (YVL Guide C.2)

Release barrier A technical or natural structure or material that provides safety functions – in other words, prevents radioactive substances from being released into the environment.

Release from regulatory If waste generated in the radiation-controlled area does not exceed the limits set by the control authorities, it can be released from regulatory control. Waste released from regulatory control

can be handled as conventional waste.

Sanitary wastewater Wastewater that originates from the toilets, kitchens, washrooms of residences, offces, buildings and institutions, as well as equivalent areas and equipment, and from business operations.

Seepage water Groundwater that accumulates in a shaft or tunnel built or excavated in the bedrock. At Loviisa power plant, seepage waters are generated in the L/ILW repository.

Sievert (Sv) The unit of radioactive dose that represents the effect of radiation on the human body. Fractions of it include a millisievert (mSv), which is a thousandth of a sievert, and a microsievert (µSv), which is a millionth of a sievert.

Solidifcation plant A plant in which liquid radioactive waste is rendered into solid form by mixing it with a suitable medium. At Loviisa power plant’s solidifcation plant, liquid waste is mixed with cement and other components.

Solidifed waste hall A hall in the L/ILW repository in which solidifed waste is stored. There is one solidifed waste hall in the L/ILW repository of Loviisa power plant.

Spent nuclear fuel Nuclear fuel removed from the nuclear reactor after operation. Spent nuclear fuel contains uranium fssion products and is highly radioactive.

STUK The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, which is the authority supervising safety in Finland, a research institution and an expert organisation.

TEM The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. The coordinating authority in the environmental impact assessment procedure.

VTT VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.

YM The Ministry of the Environment. Serves as the coordinating authority for the international hearing in Finland.

YVL Guides Nuclear safety guides; the Authority Guides published by the Radiation and Nuclear S afety Authority that describe the detailed safety requirements concerning the use of nuclear energy.

EIA Programme | Glossary and abbreviations 101

APPENDIX Appendix 2.

2.EIA Programme experts Expert Duties and qualifcation

Ville Mäntylä Dismantling operations

Architectural drafter Works as a project manager and harmful substance expert in projects related to construction. He has 18 years’ experience of corresponding tasks. His areas of specialisation include dismantling consultation projects, as well as asbestos and harmful substance surveys.

Pekka Onnila Master of Science (soil science)

Groundwater, soil and Onnila has extensive experience of the assessment of groundwater risks and impacts related, for example, to EIA projects,

bedrock land use planning and environmental permits. In addition, Onnila is responsible for groundwater monitoring related to various functions and forms of land use.

Venla Pesonen Social impacts

Master of Science (environmental science) Bachelor of Engineering (environmental technology) Pesonen works as an interaction designer in the interaction team of the land use unit . She has several years of diverse experience of the assessment of impacts targeting people, planning and implementation of stakeholder engagement, the facilitation of events, as well as methods of interactive information gathering, analysis and reporting in various projects.

Arttu Ruhanen Noise

Bachelor of Engineering (environmental technology) Ruhanen has more than 10 years’ experience of the preparation of environmental studies. Every year, he works in several dozens of projects as a planner or project manager studying noise. Ruhanen’s special expertise in matters related to noise focuses on the industry, noise studies in the mineral aggregate operations and wind power, as well as various noise measurements.

Sanna Sopanen Surface waters

Doctor of Science (aquatic ecology) Sopanen has extensive experience of surveys related to the quality of surface waters and the aquatic environment, spanning 20 years. Her special expertise is related to the interactive relationships in the aquatic ecosystem and the factors affecting them in both inland waters and sea areas. Sopanen has participated in numerous environmental impact assessments (EIA), licensing and land use plan-ning projects, nature surveys, Natura assessments and various water system sur-veys as an expert on the impact on water systems.

The following persons from Fortum Power and Heat Oy have also participated in the preparation of the EIA Programme:

Expert Duties and qualifcation

Antti Lepola Project director

Master of Science (forestry planning) Lepola has 30 years’ experience in environmental research and planning. His core competence areas include the environmental impact assessment of projects, water, environmental and chemical permit applications, as well as related surveys. Lepola has long experience of environmental consulting related to energy production and the environmental impact of the industry. Lepola has participated in more than 70 EIA procedures and worked as a project manager in more than 30 EIA procedures.

Anna-Katri Räihä EIA project manager

and expert (subconsultant)

Master of Sciences (environmental economics) Räihä has more than 10 years’ experience in environmental consulting and project management related to the environmental projects of several felds of industry. Her core competence includes environmental impact assessments, international hearings in the EIA , environmental legislation and greenhouse gas calculations. Räihä has worked as a project manager and project coordinator in several extensive EIA procedures and as an expert in environmental issues in numerous EIA procedure impact assessments (including greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the environment, traffc impact, impact of the use of natural resources). Her EIA competence also includes various areas of communication and stakeholder engagement.

Elina Wikström EIA coordinator

Master of Sciences (environmental science) Wikström works as a project manager and coordinator in environmental studies, assessment projects concerning the environmental impact of the infrastructure sector, and accessibility projects. She has more than 10 years’ experience of project management. She specialises in the management of the EIA procedure, as well as the environmental impact of transport infrastructure projects, and the transmission and production of energy.

Mikko Happo Health impacts

Doctor of Sciences (environmental health), docent (toxicology of combustion emissions) Happo’s job description includes expert tasks related to air quality as well as development tasks in air quality and health services. In addition, his duties include expert services related to the environmental and health sector and its reporting concerning air quality, emissions into the air, or other environmental and health impacts.

Anne Kiljunen Air quality

Master of Sciences (inorganic and analytical chemistry) Kiljunen works as an environmental expert and has seven years’ experience of various environmental expert tasks related to air quality. She has experience of various tasks in the feld, the reporting of measurements, preparation of environmental permit applications and environmental impact assessments

Kirsi Koivisto Vibration

Master of Science in Engineering (foundation engineering and soil mechanics) Koivisto has worked in the feld of vibration inspections and studies for more than 10 years and as a project manager since 2007. She has extensive experience in the methods used in Finland to dampen vibration and in carrying out various vibration inspections. Koivisto’s area of specialisation includes planning, studying and development of dampening methods, as well as assessing the impact of vibration.

Timo Laitinen Landscape and land use

Master of Social Sciences (social and economic geography) Laitinen has more than six years’ experience of EIA procedures and related impact assessments. He has participated in approximately 30 EIA procedures as an appraiser of impacts (landscape and cultural environment, land use and land use planning) and worked as a coordinator in ten EIA procedures.

Otso Lintinen Ichthyofauna and fshing

Master of Science (fshing industry) Lintinen works as a project manager in various projects related to water research. He has 11 years’ experience of corresponding tasks. His area of specialisation is studies concerning the fshing industry.

Timo Metsänen Avifauna

(subconsultant)

Bachelor of Natural Resources, Environmental Planning, nature planner (special vocational qualifcation) Metsänen has more than 20 years’ experience of various avifauna surveys. He works as a subconsultant for Ramboll Finland in the project (Tmi Luontoselvitys Metsänen).

Juho Mäkelä Waste management

Bachelor of Engineering (environmental technology) Mäkelä has more than fve years’ experience of tasks related to material effciency, waste management and earth construction. He works as a planner in projects related to the utilisation of materials. He has also worked as an independent quality controller in earth construction projects that require an environmental permit.

Jussi Mäkinen Nature and avifauna

Master of Science (environmental ecology) Mäkinen has 16 years’ experience of aligning natural values and the planning of land use in various land use planning and construction projects. Mäkinen specialises in the impact assessments of projects with considerable environmental impacts and the preparation of the required nature and environmental surveys. Mäkinen is one of Finland’s leading experts in matters related to the Natura 2000 network (assessments, deviation procedures). His other areas of specialisation include ecological network surveys, ecological compensation, exemption permit applications, as well as various species surveys concerning avifauna especially.

Expert Duties and qualifcation

Jarkko Ahokas nuclear safety

Master of Science in engineering, energy technology

Tapani Eurajoki Master of Science in engineering, nuclear and energy technology nuclear waste,

long-term safety

Mika Harti Master of Science in engineering, energy technology nuclear safety

Matti Kaisanlahti Master of Science in engineering, energy technology nuclear waste, power plant

decommissioning

Pasi Kelokaski Master of Science in radiochemistry power plant decommissioning

Liisa Kopisto Master of Science in environmental biology; power plants’ environmental Master of Science in engineering, environmental technology

aspects

Ossi Koskivirta Master of Science in engineering, nuclear technology acquisition of nuclear fuel,

spent nuclear fuel

Satu Ojala Master of Science, limnology aspects of the power plant

related to water systems

Tommi Ropponen Doctor of Philosophy, physics

radiation safety, accidents

102 EIA Programme | EIA Programme experts EIA Programme | EIA Programme experts 103

104 YVA | Luvun nimi

YVA | Luvun nimi 1 August 2020

Loviisa tuumaelektrijaam

Kokkuvõte keskkonnamõjude hindamise programmist rahvusvahelise arutelu jaoks

Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama keskkonnamõjude hindamise (KMH) programm – kokkuvõte rahvusvahelise arutelu jaoks

1

Sisu

1. Projekti omaniku ja projekti taust 3 1.1 Projekti omanik 3 1.2 Projekti taust 3 2. Projekti kirjeldus ja ülevaade võimalustest 4 2.1 Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama asukoht 4 2.2 Elektrijaama praegune tegevus 6 2.3 KMH-ga hinnatavad võimalused 6

Variant 1, VE1 7 Variant 0, VE0 7 Variant 0+, VE0+ 8

2.4 Projekti ajakava 8 3. Tuumaelektrijaama ohutus 9 3.1 Tuumaohutus ja kiirgusohutus 9

Kiirgus ja seire 9 Tuumaohutus 10 Valmisolek hädaolukorraks ja turvameetmed 11 Jäätmekäitlus 12

3.2 Elektrijaama vananemise haldamine ja hooldamine 13 4. Keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus 13 4.1 Rahvusvaheline arutelu 13 4.2 Keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus Soomes 14 4.3 KMH menetluse ajakava 16 5. Projekti keskkonnamõju hindamine 16 5.1 Keskkonnamõju hindamise kava ülesehitus 16 5.2 Hindamisel kasutatavad aruanded ja muu materjal 16 5.3 Hinnatud mõjud ja nende olulisus 17 5.4 Kõige olulisema keskkonnamõju ja piiriülese mõju hindamine 17 5.5 Hindamismeetodite kokkuvõte ja mõjupiirkonna ulatuse ettepanek 19 5.6 Kahjuliku mõju leevendamine ja seire 21 6. Soomes projekti jaoks nõutavad load, plaanid ja otsused 22 6.1 Tuumaenergiaseaduse kohased litsentsid ja load 22 6.2 Muud load 22

Põhikaardid: Soome maa-amet, 2019 Keskkonnamõju hinnang on koostatud soome keeles. Versioonid teistes keeltes on tõlked algsest doku- mendist, millest Fortum lähtub.

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KONTAKTANDMED

Projekti omanik: Fortum Power and Heat Oy

Postiaadress P.O. Box 100, FI-00048 FORTUM, Soome

Telefon +358 10 4511 Kontaktisikud Ari-Pekka Kirkinen, Liisa Kopisto E-post eesnimi.perekonnanimi@for-

tum.com Koordineeriv asutus: Majandus- ja tööministeerium

Postiaadress P.O. Postkast 32, FI-00023 valitsus, Soome

Telefon +358 2 9504 8274, +358 2 9506 0125

Kontaktisikud Jaakko Louvanto, Linda Kumpula E-post [email protected] Rahvusvaheline arutelu: Keskkonnaministeerium

Postiaadress P.O. Postkast 35, FI-00023 valitsus, Soome

Telefon +358 2 9525 0246 Kontaktisik Seija Rantakallio E-post [email protected]

KMH konsultant: Ramboll Finland Oy Postiaadress PL 25 FI-02601 Espoo, Soome Telefon +358 2075 5611 Kontaktisik Antti Lepola E-post [email protected]

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1. PROJEKTI OMANIKU JA PROJEKTI TAUST

1.1Projekti omanik Projekti omanik KMH protseduuris on Fortum Power and Heat Oy, mis kuulub täielikult Fortum Corporatio- nile. Soome riigile kuulub 50,8% Fortum Corporationi aktsiatest. 2020. aasta kevadel omandas Fortum ena- musosaluse ettevõttes Uniper SE, mis asub Saksamaal. Uniper omandamisega muutus Fortum üheks kõige suuremaks energiaettevõtteks Euroopas ning üha olulisemaks operaatoriks ka Venemaal. Uniper konsoli- deeriti Fortum Grupiga 2020. aasta aprillis, kuid hetkeseisuga tegutseb endiselt eraldiseisva äriühinguna. Fortum Corporationis ja tema tütarettevõtetes on tööl ligi 20 000 inimest, neist umbes 2000 töötab Soo- mes. Põhjamaades on Fortum suuruselt teine elektrienergia tootja ja suurim elektrimüüja. Fortum on üks suuremaid soojusenergia tootjaid maailmas. Fortum pakub ka kaugjahutust, energiatõhusaid teenuseid, taaskasutust ja jäätmekäitlust, samuti Põhjamaade suurimat laadimisjaamade võrku elektriautodele. For- tumi tütarettevõte Uniper kaupleb suurte mahtudega maailma energiaturul ning omab maagaasi terminali ja teisi gaasiga seotud taristuobjekte. Tuumaenergial on oluline roll Fortumi elektrienergia tootmises, mis on süsinikdioksiidi emissioonide vaba. Koos Uniperiga on Fortum Euroopa suuruselt teine tuumaenergia tootja. 2019. aastal oli Fortumi ja Uniperi elektrienergia tootmine kokku umbes 180 TWh, millest 19% pärines Soomes ja Rootsis paiknevatest tuu- maelektrijaamadest. Fortum Grupi laiahaardeline tegevus tuuma-, hüdro- ja tuuleenergia tootjana teeb te- mast suuruselt kolmanda heitevaba elektrienergia tootja Euroopas, kusjuures 2019. aasta seisuga oli 66% toodangust Euroopas ilma süsinikdioksiidi emissioonita. Koos elektrienergia tootmisega Venemaal, mis peamiselt põhineb maagaasil, on 38% Fortum Grupi elektrienergia tootmisest süsinikdioksiidi emissioonide vaba. Loviisa tuumajaam, mille omanikuks ja haldajaks on Fortum Power and Heat Oy, koosneb kahest energia tootmise plokist Loviisa-1 ja Loviisa-2. Loviisa elektrijaamas toodetud elektrit kasutatakse aastaringse katkematu energiaallikana. Aastas toodab Loviisa elektrijaam riigi elektrivõrgule kokku umbes 8 teravatt- tundi (TWh) elektrit. See moodustab umbes 10% elektrienergia tarbimisest Soomes. Loviisa tuumaelektri- jaam aitab omalt poolt kaasa Soome ja EL-i kliimaeesmärkide saavutamisele, samuti energiaturvalisuse ta- gamisele.

1.2Projekti taust Fortumi Loviisa tuumaelektrijaam ehitati aastatel 1971–1980. Elektrijaam koosneb kahest elektritootmise plokist Loviisa-1 ja Loviisa-2, samuti nendega seotud hoonetest ja hoidlatest, mida vajatakse tuumkütuse ja tuumajäätmete käitlemiseks. Loviisa-1 alustas äritegevust aastal 1977, Loviisa-2 aastal 1980. Loviisa elektrijaam on katkematult elektrit tootnud juba üle 40 aasta. Praegused tegevusload, mille on väljastanud Soome riik, kehtivad Loviisa-1-le 2027. aasta lõpuni ja Loviisa-2-le 2030. aasta lõpuni. Praegu tegeldakse Fortumi Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama äritegevuse hindamisega, et taotleda praeguse te- gevusloa pikendamist veel umbes 20 aasta võrra pärast selle kehtivusaja lõppu. Tulevikus langetab Fortum otsuse, mis puudutab tuumaelektrijaama tegevuse võimalikku jätkamist ja uute tegevuslubade taotlemist. Teine võimalus oleks valmistuda elektrijaama tegevuse lõpetamiseks koos praeguse tegevusloa lõppemi- sega. Fortum on investeerinud Loviisa elektrijaama vananemise haldamisse ning kogu elektrijaama tegutsemise aja teinud tegevust paremaks muutvaid samme. Elektrijaama tootmisplokke kohandati vastavalt lääne ohutusnõuetele juba elektrijaama planeerimise faasis. Aastate vältel on Loviisa elektrijaamas teostatud mitmeid projekte, mis on parandanud tuumaohutust. Viimastel aastatel on elektrijaama automatiseeritud ning vananenud süsteeme ja seadmeid on ajakohastatud. Aastatel 2014–2018 tegi Loviisa elektrijaam läbi

4

jaama ajaloo kõige ulatuslikuma kaasajastamisprogrammi, millesse Fortum investeeris ligikaudu 500 mil- jonit eurot. Tänu tehtud investeeringutele ja kogenud töötajatele on Loviisa elektrijaamal suurepärased eeldused tehniliste ja ohutusnõuete täitmiseks, et oleks võimalik tegevust jätkata ka pärast kehtiva tege- vusloa lõppemist. Lisaks on märkimisväärselt vähenenud elektrijaama töötamise ajal tekkivate ja lõplikku ladestamist vaja- vate radioaktiivsete jäätmete hulk ning ka tuumkütuse kasutamise tõhusus on paranenud. Kui kasutatud tuumkütus välja arvata, töödeldakse ja ladustatakse elektrijaama radioaktiivsed jäätmed jaama territoo- riumil asuval madala ja keskmise aktiivsusega radioaktiivsete jäätmete lõpliku ladustamise alal (M/KARJ hoidlas). Elektrijaamas tekkiva kasutatud tuumkütuse lõpliku ladestamise projekt on Posiva Oy kapseldus- tehases ja lõpliku ladustamise paigas juba ehitusfaasi jõudnud. Seega on olemas lahendus kogu Loviisa elektrijaamas tekkiva kasutatud tuumkütuse töötlemiseks ja lõplikuks ladestamiseks. See keskkonnamõjude hindamise protseduur (KMH protseduur) hõlmab Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tege- vusaja pikendamist või elektrijaama sulgemist. Mõlemal juhul vajab projekt tuumaenergiaseadusest lähtu- valt litsentsimist ja keskkonnamõjude hindamist (keskkonnamõjude hindamise seadus, osa 3, artikkel 1, punktid 7b ja 7d projektide loetelust). KMH programmi järgi koostatud KMH raport ja koordineeriva asu- tuse selle kohta avaldatud põhjendatud järeldused on lisatud igale loa saamiseks esitatud avaldusele. Pro- jekti koordineeriv asutus on majandus- ja tööministeerium.

2. PROJEKTI KIRJELDUS JA ÜLEVAADE VÕIMALUSTEST

2.1Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama asukoht Fortumi Loviisa tuumaelektrijaam asub Hästholmeni saarel, umbes 12 km kaugusel Loviisa linna keskpunk- tist. Elektrijaama kaugus Helsingist on ligikaudu 100 km (joonised 1 ja 2). Elektrijaam ja temaga lahutama- tult seotud funktsioonid, näiteks M/KARJ hoidla ja teised jäätmekäitlusega seotud hooned, jahutusvee sis- sevõtmise ja väljalaskmise ehitised, samuti kontori- ja laohooned paiknevad kõik Hästholmeni saarel. Ma- jutusala asub mandril. Tegevuse pikendamise või elektrijaama tegevuse lõpetamisega seotud ning KMH-ga hõlmatavad funkt- sioonid paiknevad olemasoleva elektrijaama territooriumil ja selle lähiümbruses.

5

Joonis 1. Loviisa asukoht Soomes.

Joonis 2. Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama asukoht.

Soome Rootsi

Norra

Taani

Saksamaa Poola

Leedu

Läti

Eesti

Venemaa Helsingi

Elektrijaam

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2.2Elektrijaama praegune tegevus Loviisa tuumaelektrijaam on elektrit tootev kondensatsiooni-elektrijaam. Loviisa elektrijaama tootmisplo- kid Loviisa-1 ja Loviisa-2 on surveveereaktorid. Elektrienergia tootmine tuumaelektrijaamas põhineb kont- rollitud tuumade lõhustumise ahelreaktsioonil tekkiva soojusenergia kasutamisel. Loviisa elektrijaama kasutatakse baaskoormuse elektrienergia tootmiseks. Teiste sõnadega töötab elekt- rijaam tavaliselt ühtlasel täisvõimsusel, et rahuldada elektrienergia tarbimise püsivat miinimumnõudlust. Loviisa elektrijaama iga tootmisploki nominaalne soojusenergia on 1500 MW ja kasulik võimsus 507 MW. Elektrijaama tootmisplokkide kogukasutegur on ligikaudu 34%. Loviisa elektrijaama aastane toodang on ligikaudu 8 TWh. See moodustab ligikaudu ühe kümnendiku elektrienergia tarbimisest Soomes. Loviisa elektrijaama kättesaadavus ja koormustegurid on olnud suurepärased. Elektrijaama tegevuse käigus tekkivad madala ja keskmise aktiivsusega radioaktiivsed jäätmed töödel- dakse elektrijaamas ja ladustatakse lõpliku ladustamise alal (M/KARJ hoidlas), mis asub elektrijaama terri- tooriumil, 110 meetri sügavusel maa all. Loviisa elektrijaama kasutatud tuumkütus paigutatakse vaheladus- tamiseks veemahutitesse kasutatud tuumkütuse vaheladustamise alal, mis asub elektrijaama territooriu- mil. Ettenähtud ajal viiakse kasutatud tuumkütus lõplikuks ladestamiseks Posiva Oy kapseldustehasesse ja lõpliku ladestamise paika Eurajokis asuvas Olkiluotos. Loviisa elektrijaama jahutusvesi võetakse Hästholmeni saare läänekaldalt, kasutades kaldal asuvat vee- võtusüsteemi, ning umbes 10 ºC soojenenud vesi lastakse merre tagasi saare idakaldal. Elektrijaama jahu- tamiseks kasutatava merevee kogus on keskmiselt 44 m3/s. Loviisa elektrijaama praeguse tegevuse kõige olulisem keskkonnamõju on jahutusvee merre laskmisest tingitud soojuskoormus. Naabruses asuvate me- realade seisundit on seiratud alates 1960. aastate lõpust. Jahutusvee mõju on lokaalne ja puudutab peami- selt jahutusvee merrelaskmise koha lähemat ümbrust.

2.3KMH-ga hinnatavad võimalused Projekti jaoks hinnatud variantide hulka kuuluvad elektrijaama tööaja pikendamine maksimumi, ligi 20 aasta võrra (VE1), ja kaks erinevat nullvarianti (VE0 ja VE0+) Nullvariandi korral elektrijaama tööaega ei pikendata, kuid elektrijaama tootmisplokkide tegevuse lõpetamine toimub siis, kui lõppeb nende praegune tegevusluba. Lühike kirjeldus hinnatavatest tegevustest on ära toodud tabelis 1.

Tabel 1. KMH käigus hinnatavad võimalused.

Variant Kirjeldus

Variant 1, VE1 Loviisa elektrijaama tööaja pikendamine maksimumi, ligi 20 aasta võrra pärast praeguse tege-

vusloa lõppu, millele järgneb elektrijaama sulgemine.

• See variant sisaldab ka meetmeid elektrijaama tööaja pikendamiseks, elektrijaama

tegevuse lõpetamist pärast tegevusloa kehtivusaja lõppu, elektrijaama kasutamist ja

elektrijaama lõplikku sõltumatuteks osadeks lahti monteerimist ning nende etappi-

dega seotud jäätmekäitluse meetmeid.

• Lisaks sisaldab see variant võimalust võtta vastu, töödelda, paigutada vahelattu ja

ladustada lõplikku ladustamispaika väikeseid koguseid mujal Soomes tekkinud ra-

dioaktiivseid jäätmeid.

Variant 0, VE0 Praeguse tegevusloa kehtivuse lõppedes (aastatel 2027/2030) Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama te-

gevus lõpetatakse.

• See variant sisaldab ka elektrijaama kasutamist ja elektrijaama lõplikku sõltumatu-

teks osadeks lahti monteerimist ning nende etappidega seotud jäätmekäitluse

meetmeid.

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Variant 0+, VE0+ Praeguse tegevusloa kehtivuse lõppedes (aastatel 2027/2030) Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama te-

gevus lõpetatakse.

• Variant sisaldab ka elektrijaama kasutamist ja elektrijaama lõplikku sõltumatuteks

osadeks lahti monteerimist ning nende etappidega seotud jäätmekäitluse meetmeid.

• Lisaks sisaldab see variant võimalust võtta vastu, töödelda, paigutada vahelattu ja

ladustada lõplikku ladustamispaika väikeseid koguseid mujal Soomes tekkinud ra-

dioaktiivseid jäätmeid.

Variant 1, VE1 Projekti variant 1 hõlmab Loviisa elektrijaama tööaja pikendamist maksimumini, ligi 20 aasta jagu pärast praeguse tegevusloa lõppu. Selle pikendamise ajal käib elektrijaama kasutamine sarnaselt praegusega ning näiteks soojusenergia tootmise kasvu jaamas pole ette nähtud. Kui elektrijaama kasutusaega pikendatakse, on võimalik ehitada uusi hooneid ja konstruktsioone ning viia elektrijaama alal läbi uuendustöid. See projekt sisaldab ka radioaktiivsete jäätmete elektrijaama territoo- riumil käitlemisega seotud funktsioone ja M/KARJ hoidla laiendamist. Elektrijaama territooriumil ja selle lähiümbruses tehtavad võimalikud muudatused oleksid:

• mõnede vanade hoonete asendamine uutega, näiteks uue vastuvõtulao, veepuhastusjaama, kee- vitushalli ja jäätmete ladustamise halli ehitamine;

• vesiehituslikud tööd jahutusvee võtmise süsteemide ja seda ümbritseva mere piirkonnas ees- märgiga alandada elektrijaama võetava jahutusvee temperatuuri ning kaldakindlustuste süven- damisel ja kaevetöödel tekkiva pinnase võimalik ümberpaigutamine Hästholmeni edelaossa;

• elektrijaama tootmisvee ja heitvee ühenduste ümberehitamine, mida täpsustatakse KMH rapor- tiga;

• kasutatud tuumkütuse vaheladustamise ala laiendamine või praeguste vaheladude mahutavuse suurendamine (näiteks paigutades olemasolevate vaheladude veemahutitesse rohkem tuumkü- tust).

Variant 1 võtab arvesse ka tuumajaama tegevuse pikendamise ajal selle tegevuse lõpetamiseks valmistu- mist ja tegelikku tuumajaama tegevuse lõpetamist pärast ärikasutuse lõppu, mispuhul jätkab M/KARJ hoidla maksimummahuga tegevust kuni umbes 2090. aastani. Funktsioone, sealhulgas tegevuse lõpeta- mist, kirjeldatakse peatükis 2.3.2. Üks aspekt, millega tuleb tegevusloa pikendamise ja sellele järgneva tegevuse lõpetamise juures arves- tada, on majandus- ja tööministeeriumi moodustatud riikliku radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemise koos- töögrupi soovitustega kooskõlas olev võimalus võtta vastu, töödelda, paigutada vahelattu ja ladustada lõplikku ladustamispaika väikeseid koguseid mujal Soomes tekkinud radioaktiivseid jäätmeid. Selliseid jäätmeid võib tekkida näiteks teadusasutustes, tööstuses, haiglates ja ülikoolides. Kuna Loviisa elektrijaa- mas on juba olemas funktsioonid ja vahendid kohapeal radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemiseks ja lõplikuks ladustamiseks, siis oleks loomulik ja kooskõlas riikliku radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemise koostöögrupi seisukohtadega, kui neid kasutataks ühiskonnas üldiste lahenduste leidmise osana.

Variant 0, VE0 Variant VE0 vaatab üle elektrijaama tegutsemise kuni praeguse tegevusloa lõppemiseni aastatel 2027 ja 2030 ning sellele järgneva tegevuse lõpetamise. Variant VE0 realiseerub siis, kui Fortum ei taotle elektri- jaamale uut tegevusluba. Selle stsenaariumi korral tuleks elektrijaama tootmisplokkidele taotleda tegevuse lõpetamise luba ja tegevusluba tuleks taotleda neile elektrijaama osadele, mis muudetakse sõltumatuteks.

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Tegevuse lõpetamine hõlmab radioaktiivsete süsteemide ja Loviisa elektrijaama seadmete lahti monteeri- mist ning tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkinud jäätmete ladustamist M/KARJ hoidla praegustes hallides ja vajadusel juurde ehitatud uutes hallides. Lisaks hõlmab tegevuse lõpetamine teatavate funktsioonide ja elektrijaama jäätmekäitlusega seotud osade muutmist sõltumatuks, et tagada sõltumatuks muudetud osade toimimine ilma elektrijaama tootmisplokkideta seni, kuni kasutatud tuumkütust hoiustatakse elekt- rijaama territooriumil. Variandi VE0 korral jätkub M/KARJ hoidla tegutsemine kuni 2060. aastateni. Elektrijaama töötamise ajal tehakse ettevalmistusi tegevuse lõpetamiseks, mis sisaldab järgmist:

• M/KARJ hoidla tööshoidmine ja laiendamine, et tagada võimalus paigutada tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkivad radioaktiivsed jäätmed lõppladustamiseks M/KARJ hoidlasse;

• ettevalmistused, mis on vajalikud hoonete ja konstruktsioonide (sealhulgas kasutatud tuumkü- tuse vaheladude, vedelate jäätmete hoiupaikade ja tahkestamisjaamade, M/KARJ hoidla) sõltu- matuks muutmiseks.

Tegevuse lõpetamise faas sisaldab järgmist: • elektrijaama demonteerimine, keskendudes jaama radioaktiivsete osade ja süsteemide demon-

teerimisele; • tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkivate radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemine ja lõplik ladustamine

M/KARJ hoidlasse; • tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkivate tavajäätmete käitlemine ja taaskasutus; • kasutamine ja sõltumatuteks osadeks lahutamine; • M/KARJ hoidla sulgemine.

Tegevuse lõpetamise faasis transporditakse ka kasutatud tuumkütus lõplikku ladustamispaika Posiva Oy kapseldustehases ja tehakse lõppkäitlus. Nende tegevuste mõju kirjeldatakse detailselt vastavalt eelmi- sele keskkonnamõjude hindamise aruandele, mille teostas Posiva, sealhulgas Posiva 2008. aastal koosta- tud KMH aruandes.

Variant 0+, VE0+ Variant VE0+ on samasugune nagu VE0, välja arvatud see, et võetakse arvesse võimalust käidelda, paigu- tada vahelattu ja ladustada lõplikku ladustamispaika väikeseid koguseid mujal Soomes tekkinud radioak- tiivseid jäätmeid (vt peatükk 2.3.1).

2.4Projekti ajakava KMH menetluses käsitletavate projektivõimaluste esialgsed ajakavad on esitatud joonisel 3.

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Joonis 3. Projekti tegevuste esialgne ajakava täpsustub plaanide edenedes.

3. TUUMAELEKTRIJAAMA OHUTUS

3.1Tuumaohutus ja kiirgusohutus Tuumaenergiaseaduse järgi peab tuumaelektrijaam olema turvaline ega tohi ohustada inimesi, keskkonda või materiaalseid varasid. Soomes on tuumaelektrijaamade tuuma- ja kiirgusohutust puudutavate nõuete aluseks tuumaenergiaseaduses ja määruses sätestatu, mis lähtub Kiirguskaitse ja Tuumaohutuse Ameti (STUK) väljastatud määrustest. See peatükk hõlmab kõige olulisemaid kiirgus- ja tuumaohutuse valdkondi ning Loviisa elektrijaamas tuu- majäätmete käitlemise ohutust, mille aluseks on STUK-i määrus ohutuse kohta tuumaelektrijaamas (Y/1/2018), määrus hädaolukorra tegevuste kohta tuumaelektrijaamas (Y/2/2018), määrus tuumaenergia turvalise kasutamise kohta (Y/3/2016) ja määrus tuumajäätmete turvalise ladustamise kohta (Y/4/2018).

Kiirgus ja seire Radioaktiivseid aineid sisaldavad süsteemid Loviisa tuumaelektrijaamas paiknevad kiirguskontrolli tsoo- nis. Kinni tuleb pidada spetsiaalsetest ohutusjuhistest, et kaitsta ennast kiirguse eest. Pidev kiirgusdooside seire on korraldatud personalile, kes töötab kiirguskontrolli tsoonis; kiirguse taset mõõdetakse nii inimes- tel kui ka esemetel, mis sellest tsoonist väljuvad. Loviisa elektrijaama tavapärase töö korral on personali kiirgusdoosid piirmääradest oluliselt madalamad. Suurem osa kiirgusdoosist koguneb iga-aastaste seisa- kute ajal.

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Loviisa elektrijaama radioaktiivset kiirgust jälgitakse elektrijaama kiirgusmõõteseadmetega. Radioaktiivse kiirguse keskkonda pääsemist jälgitakse vastavalt STUK-i heaks kiidetud keskkonnakiirguse kontrollimise programmile. Keskkonna kiirguskontrolli aluseks on pidev kiirgustaseme mõõtmine, õhu ja radioaktiivsete sademete proovid, merevee proovid ja toiduahelast võetud proovid. Loviisa elektrijaam esitab emissioo- nide aruandeid STUK-ile üks kord kvartalis. Sõltumatu STUK-i kontroll täiendab elektrijaama tehtud kont- rolli. Konstruktsioonide ja personali kaitsmine kiirguse eest ning emissioonide ja kiirguse toimuvad STUK-i järelevalve all. Tuumaelektrijaama tegevusest tingitud elanikkonna akumuleeritud kiirgusdooside piirmäärad on sätesta- tud tuumaenergeetika määrusega (161/1988, osa 22b). Tuumaelektrijaama tavapärasest tegevusest üksik- isikule põhjustatud aastase doosi piirmäär on 0,1 mSv (millisiivertit), mis on alla 2% keskmisest aastasest kiirgusdoosist 5,9 mSv, mida saab inimene Soomes. Viimastel aastatel on Loviisa elektrijaama lähistel ela- vate inimeste saadud kiirgusdoos olnud ligikaudu 0,2% (umbes 0,00023 mSv) tuumaenergeetika määruses sätestatud piirmäärast ning vähem kui üks kümnetuhandik tavapärasest kiirgusdoosist, mida inimene Soo- mes saab keskmiselt teistest allikatest.

Tuumaohutus Tuumaelektrijaamade ohutust ja neile seatud ohutusnõudeid arendatakse kogemustele tuginedes ja turva- auditite põhjal pidevalt edasi. Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama ohutuse taseme määravad ära elektrijaama teh- nilised tööpõhimõtted ja lahendused ning elektrijaama töös hoidva organisatsiooni kompetentsus ja ohu- tusele keskendunud hoiakud. Süvakaitse põhimõtte kohaselt tagatakse ohutus terve rea järjestikuste ta- sandite kaudu. Loviisa elektrijaama tootmisplokkide tehniline tuumaohutus on tagatud turvafunktsioonidega, mille ees- märgiks on vältida õnnetusjuhtumite teket, hoida ära nende eskaleerumine ja leevendada õnnetusjuhtu- mite korral nende tagajärgi. Turvafunktsioonid on defineeritud selliselt, et tagada radioaktiivsete ainete levikutõkete terviklikkus. Neid funktsioone toetavad tugimeetmed, mille operaator käivitab automaatselt.

Tuumaelektrijaama kõige olulisemateks turvafunktsioonideks on:

• reaktiivsuse kontroll, mille eesmärk on peatada reaktoris toimuv ahelreaktsioon; • jääksoojuse eemaldamine, mille eesmärk on jahutada kütust ning seeläbi tagada kütuse ja pri-

maarsüsteemi terviklikkus; • radioaktiivsuse leviku vältimine, mille eesmärk on isoleerida väliskest ja tagada selle terviklikkus

ning seeläbi kontrollida õnnetusjuhtumite korral radioaktiivseid emissioone. Turvasüsteemid tagavad ka kütuse jahutamise reaktoris, kui tavapärased süsteemid pole kättesaadavad. Kõige olulisem turvasüsteem on primaarsüsteemi boorikanal, hädaolukorra veesüsteem ja hädaolukorra jahutussüsteem, ohjamispihustite süsteem, hädaolukorra veevõtusüsteem ning diiselgeneraatorid ja auto- maatsüsteemid, mis toetavad nende tööd. Tuumaelektrijaam peab olema valmis tõsisemaks õnnetuseks reaktoris. Tõsine õnnetus reaktoris tähendab õnnetust, mille korral kütus reaktoris saab olulisel määral kannatada. Kuigi sellise õnnetuse tõenäosus on väga väike, on Loviisa elektrijaam varustatud süsteemidega, mis on mõeldud haldama reaktoris toimuva tõsise õnnetuse olukorda. Neid süsteeme kasutatakse tagamaks, et elektrijaamast ei pääseks radioaktiiv- seid aineid välja ulatuses, mis võiks keskkonda tõsiselt kahjustada. Loviisa elektrijaamas on kogu tema tegutsemisaja jooksul rakendatud mitmeid tuumaohutuse paranda- mise projekte. Vastavalt heale ohutuskultuurile on turvalisuse parandamise eesmärgiks olnud soov jõuda võimalikult heale ohutustasemele, samuti vastata STUK-i väljastatud nõuetele. Näiteks on pärast Fukus- hima õnnetust rakendatud mitmeid ohutust parandavaid muudatusi. Nende muudatuste hulka kuuluvad merest sõltumatu alternatiivse radiaatori, st õhkjahutusega jahutustornide loomine ning ettevalmistuste

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tegemine merevee kõrge taseme korral, diiselmasinate kütuse kättesaadavusega seotud arendused, kütu- semahutist jääksoojuse eemaldamise alternatiivse viisi rakendamine, samuti akude salvestusvõimsuse kasv. Lisaks on ulatuslikke reforme läbi viidud elektrijaama automatiseerimise alal ning vananevaid süs- teeme ja seadmeid on kaasajastatud. Vastavalt STUK-i määrusele Y/1/2018 peavad tuumaseadme ohutuse ja selle ohutussüsteemide tehnilised lahendused olema hinnatud ja tõendatud analüütiliselt ning vajaduse korral ka katseliselt. Tuumaelektri- jaama tõenäosuslik riskianalüüs (PRA) on analüütiline meetod, millele viidatakse kehtestatud nõuetes. PRA-d kasutatakse otsustustoena tuumaelektrijaama turvalisusega seotud riskide haldamisel, näiteks kui hinnatakse võimalust rakendada ohutust parandavaid meetmeid ja nende meetmete vajalikkust. Loviisa tuumaelektrijaamas on tõenäosusliku riskianalüüsi hinnangu tulemusi rakendatud näiteks eespool maini- tud ohutust parandavate täienduste määratlemisel. Vastavalt STUK-i juhisele YVL A.7 peavad tuumaelektrijaama tootmisplokid olema sellised, et reaktori sü- damiku kahjustumise sageduse keskmine tõenäosus on alla 10 –5/aastas. Joonisel 4 on toodud Loviisa tuu- maelektrijaama reaktori südamiku märkimisväärse kahjustuse ja kasutatud kütuse mahutites oleva tuum- kütuse kahjustumise sagedused, mida on hinnatud tõenäosusliku riskianalüüsi meetodiga aastateks 1996– 2019. Viimase 20 aasta jooksul on nende sagedus märkimisväärselt vähenenud ehk teiste sõnadega on ohutustase tuumaelektrijaamas tänu ohutust parandavatele täiendustele ja meetmetele paranenud, olles lähedane uutele tuumaenergiaseadmetele kehtestatud tasemele (joonis 4).

Joonis 4. Tuumaelektrijaama reaktori südamiku märkimisväärse kahjustuse ja kasutatud kütuse mahutites oleva tuumkütuse kahjus- tumise esinemise tõenäosust tootmisplokis Loviisa-1 on hinnatud PRA meetodil. Sinine joon tähistab nõutud taset (10–5/aastas), mida on uute tuumaenergiaseadmete jaoks välja pakkunud STUK-i juhend YVL A.7.

Valmisolek hädaolukorraks ja turvameetmed Hädaolukorra valmiduse korraldus on paika pandud, valmistudes õnnetusjuhtumiteks või olukordadeks, kus tuumaelektrijaama ohutus on saanud kahjustada. Seega viitavad turvameetmed sellisele eelnevale ettevalmistusele, mis käib ähvarduste või illegaalse tegevuse kohta, mis on suunatud tuumaelektrijaama või selle tegevuse vastu. Õnnetusjuhtumi tagajärgede leevendamiseks hoiavad elektrijaam ja selle juhid oma valmisolekut hädaolukorraks, mille sisuks on tsiviilkaitsetegevused kiirgusohu korral. Tuumaenergia-

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alane seadusandlus sätestab nõuded tsiviilkaitse-, pääste- ja hädaolukorra-alasele valmidusele, samuti tur- vameetmed. Lisaks on STUK väljastanud nende kohta detailsed nõuded YVL-juhises ja STUK-i määrustes (Y/2/2018 ja Y/3/2016). Hädaolukorraks valmistumise tegevusi planeerides tuleks muu hulgas arvesse võtta eraldi hädaolukorraks valmistumise juhiseid (VAL-juhised) kiirguskaitse tegevuste jaoks kiirgusohu olukordades. Loviisa elektrijaama ohutuse ja kriisireageerimise tiimide käsutuses on vajalikud ruumid, kommunikatsioo- nikanalid ja varustus. Vastavad tiimid koosnevad spetsiaalse väljaõppe saanud inimestest. Töökirjeldused ja ülesannete jaotused on hädaolukorraks valmistumise kavas ja turvameetmeid puudutavas kavas juba ette ära määratud. Lisaks on Loviisa elektrijaamal omaenda päästemeeskond. Nii hädaolukorraks valmis- tumist kui ka turvameetmeid ning nendega seotud kavasid ja suuniseid hoitakse ajakohastena ja arenda- takse pidevalt, ning asjaomased inimesed harjutavad tegutsemist regulaarselt.

Jäätmekäitlus Tuumaelektrijaama töö tekitab nii radioaktiivseid jäätmeid kui ka tavalisi (mitteradioaktiivseid) jäätmeid. Radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemise aluseks on nende jäätmete püsiv eraldamine keskkonnast. Tuumae- nergiaseaduse (990/1987) alusel tuleb radioaktiivseid jäätmeid käidelda, hoida ja alaliselt ladestada Soo- mes. Tuumaenergeetika määrus (161/1988) sätestab lisaks, et tuumajäätmeid tuleb Soomes alaliselt lades- tada pinnasesse või aluspõhja kivimisse. Konkreetsemad nõuded tuumajäätmete lõplikuks ladestamiseks on sätestatud STUK-i määrusega tuumajäätmete turvalise ladustamise kohta (Y/4/2018) ja STUK-i tuu- maohutuse juhistes (YVL juhis). Tuumajäätmete lõplik ladestamine aluspõhja kivimisse lähtub mitme tõkke põhimõttest ehk mitmest üks- teist kontrollivast vabanemistõkkest, et tuumajäätmed ei jõuaks üldse elukeskkonda ega inimeste käeulatusse. Aluspõhjakivim ise on üks vabanemistõke. Teiste, tehniliste vabanemistõkete hulka kuuluvad selline jäätmete koostis, mis radioaktiivseid aineid seob, jäätmete mahuti, jäätmemahutit ümbritsev puh- ver, viimase prügimahuti täitmine pinnasega ning ladestamiskoha konstruktsioonide sulgemine. Tehnilised vabanemistõkked koos jäätmete stabiilse seisundiga piiravad radioaktiivsete ainete keskkonda pääsemist märkimisväärselt mitmesajaks aastaks, isegi mitmeks tuhandeks aastaks, mis kahandab jäätmete radioak- tiivsuse murdosani algsest. Tuumajäätmete lõplik ladestamine on kavandatud ja teostatud viisil, mis pikaajalise turvalisuse tagamiseks ei nõua püsivat valvet lõpliku ladestamise paigas. Soome ja rahvusvaheliste uuringute kohaselt on võimalik vajalikke radioaktiivsete jäätmete haldamise meetmeid rakendada kontrollitult ja turvalisel moel. Tuumae- nergeetika määruse kohaselt peab suletud lõpliku ladestamise paigas kiirgusega kõige enam kokku puutu- vate inimeste aastane doos jääma alla 0,1 mSv ning radiatsiooni ulatuslik mõju peab olema veel märgatavalt väiksem. Suurem osa Loviisa elektrijaama töötamise ajal kiirguskontrolli tsoonis tekkivatest jäätmetest on madala aktiivsusega jäätmed. Need jäätmed koosnevad peamiselt hooldusega seotud jäätmetest (nt isolatsiooni- materjalid, vanad töörõivad, masinate osad ja plast). Lõplikuks ladustamiseks hooldusega seotud materja- lid sorteeritakse ja pakendatakse terasvaatidesse. Sisu aktiivsusest lähtuvalt hooldusega seotud jäätmed kas ladestatakse lõpliku ladestamise alale (M/KARJ hoidlas), mis paikneb 110 meetri sügavusel maa all, või lastakse tavakontrollist läbi ja käideldakse nagu tavapäraseid jäätmeid. Vedelad radioaktiivsed jäätmed tekivad elektrijaama töö käigus töö protsessis ja heitveesüsteemist. Vedeljäätmed on enamasti keskmise aktiivsusega jäätmed. Vedelaid jäätmeid hoitakse enne edasist tööt- lemist vedeljäätmete mahutites. Tahkestamisjaamas segatakse vedelad radioaktiivsed jäätmed tsemendi, kõrgahjuräbu ja lisaainetega kõvaks tahkeks aineks, mis läheb lõplikuks ladestamiseks tugevdatud tera- sest konteinerisse. Tahkestatud vedeljäätmed paigutatakse lõplikuks ladestamiseks M/KARJ hoidlas tah- kestatud jäätmete halli.

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Pärast elektrijaama töö lõpetamist tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkivaid radioaktiivseid jäätmeid käidel- dakse elektrijaama territooriumil ja need lähevad lõplikuks ladestamiseks spetsiaalselt nende jäätmete jaoks ehitatud halli M/KARJ hoidlas. Ettenähtud ajal viiakse Loviisa elektrijaamas tekkinud kasutatud tuumkütus kapseldustehasesse ja lõpliku ladestamise paika, mida haldab Posiva Oy ning mis asub Soomes, Eurajokis asuvas Olkiluotos, pärast mida on Posiva vastutav selle kütuse lõpliku ladestamise meetmete eest.

3.2Elektrijaama vananemise haldamine ja hooldamine Loviisa elektrijaam on ohutuse ja kättesaadavuse poolest üks paremaid tuumaelektrijaamu maailmas. Ohu- tuse ja töökindluse mõõtmiseks kasutatud peamised näitajad on kogu elektrijaama tegutsemise aja olnud head. Hästi korraldatud ja professionaalne vananemise haldamine ja hooldus on tuumaelektrijaama ohutu ja öko- noomse toimimise tagamise eeltingimusteks. Sellist eesmärki on võimalik saavutada ohutuse, kättesaada- vuse, tulemuslikkuse ja tasuvuse pideva parendamisega. Loviisa elektrijaama süsteemid, struktuurid ja seadmed on tegevuse talunud mitmesuguseid pingeolukordi. Näidete hulka kuuluvad seadmete töös olemisest tulenev tavapärane kulumine ja konstruktsioonimaterja- lide väsimine, mis võivad halvendada seadmete terviklikkust ja toimimist. Süsteeme, konstruktsioone ja seadmeid puudutavad eeskirjad ning muud nõuded võivad elektrijaama käigusoleku ajaga muutuda ja ka- sutatav tehnoloogia võib edasi areneda, mis tähendab, et süsteemid, konstruktsioonid ja seadmed ei vasta enam kehtivate nõudmiste tasemele. Nendeks teguriteks – st süsteemide, konstruktsioonide ja seadmete vananemiseks – on valmistutud juba planeerimise faasis, jälgides ja hooldades süsteemide, konstruktsioo- nide ja seadmete töövõimet kuni elektrijaama tegevuse lõpetamiseni. Muu hulgas viitab see ka seadmete katsetamisele, kvaliteedikontrollile ja tavapärastele hooldusmeetmetele. See aitab tagada, et süsteemid, seadmed ja struktuurid vastavad oma projekteerimistingimustele – teiste sõnadega, et nad täidavad seda ülesannet, mille täitmiseks jaoks nad loodi. Seadmed vahetatakse välja siis, kui see on vananemisest tingi- tuna vajalik. See nõuab üksikute seadmete transportimist elektrijaama ja uute seadmete töökorrasoleku kontrollimist. Vananemise haldamise programm ja protseduurid hõlmavad tervet Loviisa elektrijaama. Elektrijaama süs- teemid, seadmed ja konstruktsioonid on vananemise haldamiseks jaotatud kolme kategooriasse. Vanane- mist hallatakse vastavalt iga kategooria jaoks defineeritud protseduuridele ja ulatusele. Vananemise hal- damise ülesanne on määratud süsteemiadministraatoritele.

4. KESKKONNAMÕJU HINDAMISE MENETLUS

Soomes on keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluse läbiviimise nõude aluseks keskkonnamõju hindamise me- netluse seadus. Peale selle järgitakse projektis piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise (ehk Espoo) konvent- siooni (rahvusvaheline arutelu).

4.1Rahvusvaheline arutelu Rahvusvahelise koostöö tegemise põhimõtted keskkonnamõju hindamiseks on kirjas ÜRO piiriülese kesk- konnamõju hindamise konventsioonis (SopS 67/1997, Espoo konventsioon). Espoo konventsioonis on sä- testatud üldised kohustused korraldada asjaomaste riikide ametivõimudele ja kodanikele arutelu kõikide selliste projektide korral, millel on tõenäoliselt märkimisväärne kahjulik piiriülene keskkonnamõju. Kesk- konnamõju hindamise direktiivis on ka projektist teavitamise sätted ning nõue, et teine liikmesriik peab soovi korral saama menetluses osaleda. Peale keskkonnamõju hindamise direktiivi on avalikkuse osalemise ja edasikaebamise õigus sätestatud ka direktiivis „Keskkonnainfo kättesaadavuse ja keskkonnaasjade ot- sustamises üldsuse osalemise ning neis asjus kohtu poole pöördumise konventsioon“ (SopS 121–122/2004,

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nn Århusi konventsioon). Muu seas on Århusi konventsiooni eesmärkideks võimaldada üldsusel osaleda keskkonnaalastes otsustustes. Århusi konventsiooni on EL-is jõustatud mitmete direktiividega (sh kesk- konnamõju hindamise direktiiviga). Espoo konventsioonis, keskkonnamõju hindamise direktiivis ja Århusi konventsioonis sätestatud arutelu kohustused on Soomes jõustatud näiteks keskkonnamõju hindamise seaduse ja määrusega. Keskkonna- mõju hindamise menetlusega seotud rahvusvahelist arutelu koordineeriv asutus on Soomes keskkonnami- nisteerium. Tema teavitab keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluse algatamisest naaberriikide keskkonnaa- sutusi ja küsib neilt, kas nad tahavad selles osaleda. Teatisele lisatakse keskkonnamõju hindamise kava kokkuvõte, mis on tõlgitud sihtriigi keelde, ning rootsi või inglise keelde tõlgitud tervikkava. Soome kesk- konnaministeerium edastab saadud tagasiside keskkonnamõju hindamise kava kohta koostatud avalduses riigisisesele koordineerimisasutusele (majandus- ja tööhõiveministeerium). Keskkonnamõju hindamise aruande koostamise etapis korraldatakse samuti rahvusvaheline arutelu neile osalistele, kes Soome menetluses osalemise soovist teada on andnud.

4.2Keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus Soomes Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu 13. detsembri 2011. aasta direktiiv teatavate riiklike ja eraprojektide kesk- konnamõju hindamise kohta (2011/92/EL, KMH direktiiv) on Soomes jõustatud keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluse seadusega (252/2017) ja valitsuse määrusega keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluse kohta (KMH määrus, 277/2017). Esimene KMH direktiiv pärineb aastast 1985 (85/337/EMÜ) ning seda on kordu- valt muudetud (nagu ka KMH seadust ja määrust). Soome KMH seaduse esimeses lisas on loetletud projektid, mille puhul on keskkonnamõju hindamise me- netlus kohustuslik. Loetelu punkti 7b kohaselt kohaldatakse KMH seaduse kohast hindamismenetlust tuu- maelektrijaamadele ja teistele tuumareaktoritele (sh nende demonteerimisele ja sulgemisele). Peale selle tuleb punkti 7d kohaselt läbi viia keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus ka rajatiste puhul, milles käideldakse kasutatud tuumkütust või kõrgaktiivseid radioaktiivseid jäätmeid, muu hulgas tuuma- või muude radioak- tiivsete jäätmete lõplikuks ladustamiseks või kasutatud tuumkütuse, muu tuuma- või radioaktiivsete jäät- mete pikaajaliseks hoiustamiseks väljaspool tootmiskohta. KMH eesmärk on soodustada keskkonnamõju hindamist ja selle mõjuga arvestamist võimalikult vara ning suurendada teabe kättesaadavust ja projekti kavandamises osalemise võimalusi. KMH menetlus toimub Soomes enne loamenetlust ning selle otstarve on projekti kavandamise ja otsuste tegemise mõjutamine. Asutus ei või projekti elluviimise luba anda enne, kui on saanud hindamisaruande koos põhjendatud järel- dusega ja piiriülest mõju puudutava rahvusvahelise arutelu dokumendid. Keskkonnamõju hindamismenetlusel on kaks etappi. Menetlus algab, kui projekti omanik esitab koordinee- rimisasutusele keskkonnamõju hindamise kava. Soomes teavitab koordineerimisasutus kava avalikust esitlusest teisi asutusi ja projekti mõjupiirkonna omavalitsusi. Avalik esitlus kestab 30–60 päeva. Pärast seda kogub koordineerimisasutus keskkonnamõju hindamise kava kohta saadud avaldused ja arvamused kokku ning koostab kava kohta enda avalduse. Sellega on KMH menetluse esimene etapp läbi. Samal ajal toimub rahvusvaheline arutelu. Tegelik keskkonnamõju hindamine toimub menetluse teises etapis ning selles järgitakse hindamiskava ja koordineerimisasutuse avaldust selle kohta. Hindamise tulemused koondatakse KMH aruandesse ja esita- takse koordineerimisasutusele. Koordineerimisasutus teeb hindamisaruande üldsusele kättesaadavaks sa- mamoodi nagu keskkonnamõju hindamise kavagi (30–60 päevaks). Ka keskkonnamõju hindamise aruande etapis korraldatakse rahvusvaheline arutelu. Koordineerimisasutus koostab KMH aruande ja selle kohta

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tehtud avalduste kohta põhjendatud järelduse projekti olulisima keskkonnamõju kohta, millega tuleks järg- nevas loamenetluses arvestada. Hindamisaruanne ja koordineerimisasutuse põhjendatud järeldus lisa- takse loataotluse dokumentidele. Joonisel 5 on näha Soomes toimuva KMH menetluse etapid ja seosed rahvusvahelise aruteluga.

Joonis 5. KMH menetluse etapid.

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4.3KMH menetluse ajakava KMH menetluse olulisimad etapid ja orienteeruv ajakava on näidatud joonisel 6.

Joonis 6. KMH menetluse orienteeriv ajakava. Muude suhtlusmeetodite ajakava täpsustatakse KMH aruande etapis.

5. PROJEKTI KESKKONNAMÕJU HINDAMINE

5.1Keskkonnamõju hindamise kava ülesehitus Keskkonnamõju hindamise kavasse kuulub alljärgnev: Kokkuvõte 1. Projekti omaniku ja projekti taust 2. KMH-ga hinnatavad võimalused 3. Projekti kirjeldus 4. Keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus 5. Praegune keskkonnaseisund 6. Hinnatav mõju ja hindamismeetodid 7. Määramatud aspektid 8. Kahjuliku mõju ennetamine ja leevendamine 9. Mõjuseire 10. Nõutavad kavad, load ja otsused

5.2Hindamisel kasutatavad aruanded ja muu materjal Keskkonnamõju hindamise kavas esitatud praeguse keskkonnaseisundi kirjelduses on kasutatud muu hul- gas järgmisi materjale, mis on samuti mõju hindamise aluseks:

• Soome riikliku maamõõdistamisasutuse geograafiline andmestik; • Soome keskkonnaameti ja keskkonnainstituudi andmebaasid; • piirkondlike omavalitsuste ja Loviisa linna maakasutuse planeerimise andmed ning maakasu-

tusplaanides sisalduvad uuringud; • Soome muinsuskaitseameti kultuurikeskkonna registri portaal;

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• Soome ornitoloogiaühenduse BirdLife andmed oluliste linnualade (FINIBA ja IBA) kohta ning muud aruanded piirkondlikult oluliste linnualade kohta;

• Soome geoloogiliste uuringute asutuse uuringuandmed ja andmebaasid; • Soome transporditaristu ameti liiklustiheduse andmed; • Soome statistikaameti avaldatud olulised näitajad ja omavalitsuspõhised andmed; • muud omavalitsuste ja ametivõimude avaldatud andmed; • erinevad kaardirakendused ja aerofotod; • varasematest Soomes tehtud tuumaenergia ja tuumajäätmete käitlemise keskkonnamõju hinda-

mistest pärinevad andmed; • Loviisa elektrijaamaga seotud tähelepanekud, uuringud ja aruanded, milles käsitletakse muu hul-

gas jahutus- ja reovett, toitainekoormust ja merehoovusi, kutselist kalapüüki, elanikkonda, ette- võtlust ja tööstust, piirkonna liiklust, floorat ja faunat ning radiatsiooni mõõtmist keskkonnas.

KMH aruande jaoks neis materjalides esitatud infot kontrollitakse ja vajaduse korral ajakohastatakse. Ole- masolevate andmete täiendamiseks on kavandatud järgmised eraldi uuringud:

• kahjulikud ained setetes; • mere aluspõhja profiilianalüüs; • jahutusvee mudeldamine; • piirkonna linnustiku uuring; • elektrijaama merepiirkonna kalastiku uuring (võrgupüügikatse ja kalavastsete uuring); • piirkonna majandusele avaldatava mõju hindamine; • elanikkonna küsitlus ja küsitlused väikestes rühmades; • õnnetusjuhtumi mudeldamine ja doosi arvutamine.

5.3Hinnatud mõjud ja nende olulisus Kavandatud projektide mõju hinnatakse KMH menetluses KMH seaduses ja määruses nõutud viisil ja täp- susega. KMH seaduse kohaselt hinnatakse KMH menetluses projektiga seotud tegemiste otsest ja kaudset mõju alljärgnevale:

• elanikkond (tervis, elamistingimused, heaolu); • muld, pinnas, vesi, õhk, kliima, taimestik, organismid ja elurikkus, eriti kaitsealused liigid ja elupai-

gad; • kogukonna ülesehitus, materiaalne vara, maastik, linnamaastik ja kultuuripärand; • loodusvarade kasutamine; • eelnimetatute vastastikmõju.

KMH määruse § 4 kohaselt peab hindamisaruanne sisaldama projekti ja selle mõistlike variantide olulise keskkonnamõju kirjeldust ja hinnangut ning eri variantide keskkonnamõju võrdlust. Keskkonnamõju hin- damisel võrreldakse võimalikku keskkonnamõju siis, kui projekti ellu ei viidaks, ja siis, kui viiakse, ning nende kahe mõju erinevust. Võrdlemise aluseks on hindamise ajal kättesaadav ja hangitav teave.

5.4Kõige olulisema keskkonnamõju ja piiriülese mõju hindamine Projekti keskkonnamõju hindamisel uuritakse kõige olulisimat mõju, mida avaldavad jaama tegevuse jät- kamine, sulgemiseks ettevalmistamine ja sulgemine. Tegevuse jätkamise keskkonnamõju on praeguse te- gevuse mõjuga sarnane. Kõige olulisem mõju on elektrijaamast tuleva sooja jahutusvee juhtimine merre nagu praegu. Jahutusvee mõju on lokaalne ja puudutab peamiselt jahutusvee merrelaskmise koha lähemat ümbrust. Esialgsete planeerimisandmete alusel tekib kõige olulisem keskkonnamõju jaama praeguse olu- korraga võrreldes tabelis 2 esitatud aladel. Keskkonnamõju tegelik hindamine toimub KMH menetluse tei- ses etapis ja selle tulemused pannakse kirja KMH aruandesse. Erakorraliste olukordade ja õnnetusjuhtu- mite mõjust on juttu pärast tabelit.

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Tabel 2. Olulisim esialgselt tuvastatud keskkonnamõju, mida projekti muutmine võib praeguse olukorraga võrreldes avaldada, ja pii- riülese mõju hinnang.

Kõige olulisem keskkonnamõju Esialgne piiriülese mõju hinnang

Tegevuse jätka-

mine

Esialgsete planeerimisandmete alusel oleks muutustega seo-

tud mõju suunatud peamiselt maastikule – uued rajatised.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Veesüsteemidele võivad mõju avaldada vees toimuvad tööd,

nagu süvendamine, kaevamine ja uue tammi ehitamine. Vee-

tööd võivad aidata kaasa merre juhitava jahutusvee tempera-

tuuri alandamisele. Jahutusvee mõju on lokaalne ja puudutab

peamiselt jahutusvee merrelaskmise koha lähemat ümbrust.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Ehitustöödega võib kaasneda ajutine müra ja liiklustiheduse

suurenemine.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Ettevalmistused

sulgemiseks

Esialgse hinnangu kohaselt on kõige suurem keskkonnamõju

tingitud madal- ja keskaktiivsete radioaktiivsete jäätmete

hoidla kaevetöödest ja õhatud kivimite ajutisest ladustami-

sest ning see avaldub peamiselt mullale, aluspõhjale ja põhja-

veele.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete hoidla ehita-

mine võib tekitada ajutiselt müra, vibratsiooni ja tolmu.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete hoidla ehita-

mise ajaks võib liiklustihedus ajutiselt suureneda.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Hoonete ja rajatiste autonoomseks tegemiseks vajalike ehi-

tustööde mõju sarnaneb elektrijaama praeguse tegevuse

omaga. See on peamiselt seotud jäätmekäitluse ja kiirguskait-

sega.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Praeguse tegutsemisega võrreldes võib mõju muutuda kasu-

tatud tuumkütuse jahutamise tõttu vaheladustamise ajal

(enne autonoomseks tegemist). Mõju veesüsteemidele oleks

jaama praeguse tegevuse mõjust siiski vaid murdosa.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Sulgemine Sulgemise olulisim keskkonnamõju on tingitud radioaktiivse

seadmestiku demonteerimisest ning jäätmete käitlemisest,

transpordist ja lõplikust ladustamisest. Olulisim keskkonna-

mõju on töötajate võimalik kokkupuude kiiritusega. Peale selle

võib mõju avaldada tehnoloogiline vesi, mis puhastatakse ja

suunatakse seejärel merre.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Sulgemise mõju piirkonna majandusele on ka oluline keskkon-

namõju,

mis võib hõlmata kogu Soomet. Piiriülest

mõju ei ole.

Tegevuse lõpetamise projektil võib olla mõju kasvuhoonegaa-

side õhku paiskamisele.

Kui süsinikdioksiidi mittetekitava tuu-

maenergia kasutamise asemel haka-

takse elektrit tootma millestki muust,

võib see mõjutada Soome kasvuhoone-

gaaside õhku paiskamist. Elektri toot-

mine kuulub EL-i heitkogustega kauple-

mise süsteemi. Konkreetsete jaamade

heitkogused EL-i koguheidet ei mõjuta,

sest heitkogustega kauplemise süstee-

mis on osalejatele määratud teatud

ülempiir.

Sulgemine võib mõjutada ka pinnast ja aluspõhja, põhjavett,

õhku, veesüsteeme ja maastikku.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

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Sulgemine võib tuua esile inimestele avaldatava mõju, eriti

selle, kui erinevalt inimesed seda kogevad.

Mõju on kohalik. Inimesed tunnetavad

mõju subjektiivselt ja erinevalt.

Mujal Soomes tek-

kinud radioaktiiv-

sete jäätmete käit-

lemine ja vastuvõtt

Loviisa elektrijaa-

mas

See tegevus ei erine oluliselt jaama enda jäätmete käitlemi-

sest. Kõige tähtsam on korraldada nende jäätmete käitlus

kestlikult ja vastutustundlikult ning ühiskonna parimates hu-

vides. Fortum ei võta vastu mujal Soomes tekkinud radioak-

tiivseid jäätmeid, mida ei saa kättesaadavaid tehnoloogilisi la-

hendusi arvestades ohutult käidelda ega lõplikult ladustada.

Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.

Esialgse hinnangu kohaselt on KMH käigus vaadeldavatest variantidest ainsana piiriülene mõju suurel reaktoriõnnetusel, mille käigus paiskuks õhku radioaktiivset ainet (tegevuse jätkamine, VE1). Võimalikku piiriülest mõju hinnatakse KMH aruandes levikuarvutuste alusel, millega uuritakse õnnetusjuh- tumist tingitud heitkoguse leviku mõju jaamast 1000 km kaugusele. Peale selle hinnatakse muid hädaolu- korra, õnnetuste ja transpordiga seotud võimalikke ohte ning nende piiriülesust. KMH aruandes on kujuteldava suure reaktoriõnnetuse kirjeldus. Hindamise aluseks võetakse eeldus, et keskkonda satub tuumaenergia määruse (161/1988) § 22b kohasele suure õnnetuse piirväärtusele vastav kogus radioaktiivset ainet (100 TBq nukliidi Cs-137). Õnnetusjuhtumi tagajärjel õhku paiskunud heitkoguse hajumist hinnatakse jaamast 1000 km raadiuses. Heitkogusest tingitud radioaktiivset sadet ja radiatsioo- nidoosi ning nende mõju keskkonnale kirjeldatakse mudeldamistulemuste ja olemasolevate uurimisand- mete alusel. Peale selle esitatakse KMH aruandes muud jaama tegevuse jätkamise ja sulgemisega (sh jäätmekäitlusega) seotud erakorralised olukorrad ning uuritakse nende keskkonnamõju, võttes aluseks tehtud uuringud ja nõuded, mille on ametivõimud tuumaelektrijaamadele kehtestanud. Hindamisel esitatakse tuumaõnnetu- seks valmisoleku lühikirjeldus. Peale selle esitatakse teadaolevad hädaolukorrad ja õnnetused (nt tulekah- jud või transpordiga seotud ohuolukorrad), millega võib kaasneda kiirgusoht. Teadaolevaid hädaolukordi ja õnnetusi saab ära hoida ja ohjata tehniliste ja halduslike meetoditega. Neid kirjeldatakse KMH aruandes üldiselt. KMH aruandes esitatakse ka projekti muud tavapärased ohud keskkonnale ja inimestele ning nendega seo- tud võimalikud hädaolukorrad ja õnnetusjuhtumid. Sellised ohud võivad olla kemikaali ja nafta keskkonda sattumine, mistõttu võib saastuda pinnas ja põhjavesi. Vaadeldakse jaama olemasolevaid ohutus- ja riski- analüüse, et teha kindlaks võimalikud hädaolukorrad ja õnnetusjuhtumid. KMH aruandes tehakse kindlaks ka kliimamuutuste tekitatavad riskid (nt mere veetaseme tõus või üleuju- tused) projekti jaoks ning ettevalmistused nendeks. KMH aruandes kirjeldatakse kasutatud tuumkütuse transporti Loviisa elektrijaamast Posiva kapseldamis- jaama ja lõppladustamispaika Eurajokil ning lõpliku ladustamise olulisimaid põhimõtteid. Kasutatud tuum- kütuse transpordi ja lõpliku ladustamise keskkonnamõju hinnatakse Posiva kapseldamisjaama ja lõppla- dustamispaiga keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluses. Peamised hindamistulemused lisatakse KMH aruandesse. Peale selle kasutatakse transpordiga seotud rakendusmeetodit ja riskiaruannet.

5.5Hindamismeetodite kokkuvõte ja mõjupiirkonna ulatuse ettepanek Projektiala on Hästholmeni piirkond, kus elektrijaam praegu tegutseb ja kuhu on kavandatud ka projekti- kohased muudatused. Keskkonnamõju hinnatakse eelkõige projektipiirkonnas ja selle lähistel, aga vaadel-

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dav ala võib olla ka laiem. Keskkonnamõju hindamise alad on määratletud nii, et need hõlmaks maksimaal- set mõjuala. Tegelikkuses piirdub keskkonnamõju tõenäoliselt vaadeldavast väiksema alaga. KMH aruan- des esitatakse keskkonnamõju hindamise tulemused ja mõjualad. Tabelis 3 on hindamismeetodite kokkuvõte mõjuliigiti ja vaadeldavad mõjualad.

Tabel 3. Uuritava keskkonnamõju liikide, hindamismeetodite ja vaadeldava mõjuala kokkuvõte

Komponent Hindamismeetodid Vaadeldav ala

Maakasutus, maaka- sutuse planeerimine ja tehiskeskkond

Eksperdihinnang selle kohta, kuidas projekt seostub praeguse ja kavandatud maakasutuse ning maakasu- tuse planeerimisega. Peale selle hinnatakse tehiskesk- konna objekte ja kaugust nendeni.

Projektipiirkonnast kuni umbes 5 kilomeetri kaugusel.

Maastik ja kultuuri- keskkond

Eksperdihinnang projekti seosest lähikonna maasti- kuga (eelkõige puhkemajadega) ja maastikuga üldi- selt. Tehakse kindlaks kultuurikeskkonna objektid.

Projektipiirkonnast um- bes 5 kilomeetri kaugu- sel.

Liiklus

Arvutuslik hinnang selle kohta, kui palju muudavad projektiga kaasnevad muudatused liiklustihendust ja kuidas mõjutab transport liiklusohutust. Hindamisel uuritakse eraldi kasutatud tuumkütuse transportimise meetodeid ja riske.

Projektialale viivad teed kuni Loviisas asuva põ- himaanteeni nr 7. Peale selle ka kasutatud tuumkütuse transpordi- teede lähiümbrus.

Müra ja vibratsioon

Eksperdihinnang projekti eri etappidest ning transpor- dist tingitud müra ja vibratsiooni ning nende keskkon- nas hajumise kohta.

Projektiala ja selle lä- hiümbrus kuni umbes 3 km raadiuses ja transporditeid ümbrit- sevad alad.

Õhukvaliteet

Eksperdihinnang tavapäraselt projekti tulemusena õhku paisatavate heitmete kohta.

Tavapärane ehitustöö- dest, demonteerimisest ja transpordist ning te- gevuse jätkamisest tin- gitud õhusaaste umbes 1–2 km raadiuses.

Pinnas, aluspõhi ja põhjavesi

Kavandatud ehitustööde ja lõpliku ladestamise meet- mete alusel koostatav eksperdihinnang.

Projektipiirkond.

Pinnavesi

Jahutusvee mudeldamine ja sellele tuginev eksperdi- hinnang merealale avaldatava mõju kohta. Veesüstee- mide, tehnilise vee sissevõtu ning reovee käitlemise ja keskkonda laskmise mõju eksperdihinnang. Peale selle uuritakse saasteaineid ja tehakse aluspõhja setete profiilianalüüs.

Projektipiirkonnast um- bes 5 kilomeetri kaugu- sel.

Kalad ja kalapüük Kalastiku-uuringute ja pinnavee mõjuhinnangu alusel koostatakse eksperdihinnangud.

Projektipiirkonnast um- bes 10 kilomeetri kau- gusel.

Taimestik, loomastik ja kaitsealad

Looduskeskkonnale ja kaitsealadele avaldatava mõju eksperdihinnang. Peale selle tehakse KMH käigus lin- nustiku-uuring.

Projektipiirkonnast um- bes 10 kilomeetri kau- gusel, keskendudes peamiselt merealale.

Inimeste elamistin- gimused, heaolu ja tervis

Arvutuslike ja kvalitatiivsete hinnangute alusel koosta- tav eksperdihinnang muude mõjude (sh piirkondlik majandus, müra, heitmed, liiklus ja maastik) kohta.

Elektrijaama lähiümb- rus ja transporditeed. Elanike küsitlus viiakse läbi 20 km raadiuses.

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Komponent Hindamismeetodid Vaadeldav ala

Peale selle korraldatakse elanikkonna küsitlus ja küsit- lused väikestes rühmades.

Piirkondlik majandus Piirkondliku majanduse uuring, võttes aluseks olemas- oleva olukorra analüüsi ja ressursivoogude mudelda- mise.

Soome.

Radioaktiivsete ai- nete õhkupaiska- mine ja kiirgus

Eksperdihinnang projekti tulemusena õhku ja merre sattuvate radioaktiivsete heitmete kohta. Loviisa elekt- rijaama lähistel esinevat kiirgust seiratakse kehtiva seirekava kohaselt ja hindamise aluseks võetakse sei- reandmed. Heitkogustest tingitud kiirgusdoose hinna- takse arvutuslikult.

Keskkonna kiirgusseire umbes 10 km raadiu- ses, kiirgusdoosi arvu- tamine 100 km raadiu- ses.

Loodusvarade kasu- tamine

Eksperdihinnang näiteks õhatud kivimite kasutamise kohta ning tuumkütuse tootmisahela mõju kirjeldus.

Tuumkütuse toot- misahel üldiselt. Muu kohalik või piirkondlik kasutus (nt mineraalne täitematerjal).

Jäätmed ja kõrval- saadused

Eksperdihinnang eri etappides liikuvate jäätmevoo- gude kohta ning nende töötlemise, kõrvaldamisvõima- luste ja lõpliku ladustamise kohta. Kasutatud tuumkü- tuse lõpliku ladustamise ja transpordi mõju kirjeldami- seks kasutatakse varem koostatud aurandeid (sh Po- siva 2008).

Kasutatud tuumkütus Loviisa elektrijaamast Eurajokisse (sh trans- porditeed). Muud koha- likult või piirkondlikult.

Madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete hoidla pi- kaajaline ohutus

Hõlmab ohutusuuringu peamisi tulemusi ning eksper- dihinnangut elektrijaama tegevuse jätkamise pikaajali- sele ohutusele avaldatava mõju kohta ja mujalt Soo- mest (v.a Loviisa jaamast) pärinevate radioaktiivsete jäätmete kohta.

Elektrijaama lähiümb- rus.

Energiaturud ja energiavarustus- kindlus

Eksperdihinnang projekti eri variantide korral võima- like muutuste kohta energiaturul.

Soome.

Kliimamuutused Arvutuslik hinnang süsinikdioksiidi (CO2) õhku paiska- mise kohta ja selle mõju kohta Soome koguheitele.

Soome riigi tasandil.

Hädaolukorrad ja õnnetusjuhtumid

Sellise kujuteldava suure reaktoriõnnetuse mudelda- mine, mille tulemusena paisatakse õhku 100 TBq nuk- liidi Cs-137. Mudeldamise tulemusena saadakse õhku paisatud radioaktiivse sademe kogus ja kiirgusdoos. Mõju eksperdihinnang.

1000 km.

Koondmõju

Koondmõju eksperdihinnang seoses teiste piirkonnas tegutsejate ja seotud projektidega.

Projektipiirkonna lä- hiümbrus ja projekti- dega seotud omavalit- sused.

Piiriülene mõju Üle Soome piiride ulatuda võiva projektimõju mudel- damise ja eraldi uuringute alusel koostatakse hinnang.

1000 km.

5.6Kahjuliku mõju leevendamine ja seire Keskkonnamõju hindamise käigus uuritakse ka võimalusi, kuidas projekti võimalikku kahjulikku mõju ka- vandamise ja teostusmeetoditega ära hoida või leevendada. Kahjuliku mõju ennetamise ja leevendamise meetodid kantakse KMH aruandesse.

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Mõjuhindamine hõlmab ka seda, kas projektiomanik peaks olemasolevaid keskkonnamõju hindamiseks va- jalikke seirekavasid ajakohastama. Loviisa elektrijaam seirab mõju ümbritseva mereala seisundile muu hul- gas kvalitatiivse ja bioloogilise mereseire abil (merepõhja loomastik, fütoplankton, veetaimestik) ning ka mõju kutselisele ja harrastuskalapüügile. Peale selle seiratakse ulatuslikult keskkonna kiirgustaset.

6. SOOMES PROJEKTI JAOKS NÕUTAVAD LOAD, PLAANID JA OTSUSED

6.1Tuumaenergiaseaduse kohased litsentsid ja load Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama reaktoritel on tuumaenergiaseaduse kohased tegevusload vastavalt 2027. ja 2030. aasta lõpuni. Madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete lõppladustamispaiga tegevusluba keh- tib 2055. aasta lõpuni. Elektrijaama tegevuse jätkamiseks tuleb reaktoritele hankida uued tegevusload. Jaama reaktorite sulge- mise jaoks on vaja sulgemisluba. Tegevus- ja sulgemisloa annab valitsus. Nii elektrijaama tegevuse jätkamise kui ka sulgemise korral oleks madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete hoidlas vaja tegutseda kauem kui selle praegune tegevusluba võimaldab. Seega on selle jaoks vaja uut tegevusluba. Peale selle ei hõlma madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete hoidla olema- solev tegevusluba kõiki kavandatud kasutusviise. Nendega saab uue tegevusloa taotlemisel arvestada. Teistele autonoomseks tehtavatele jaamaosadele on vaja jaama kommertstegevuse lõppedes tegevus- luba. Nende tegevusluba aegub sulgemisloa kehtima hakkamise hetkel. Projekti elluviimiseks on vaja ka teisi tuumaenergiaseaduse kohaseid lubasid.

6.2Muud load Kohaliku detailplaneeringu kohaselt on lubatud jaama alal teha muudatusi, ehitada lisarajatisi ja -hooneid ning jaam sulgeda. Peale selle on projektil vaja maakasutus- ja ehitusseaduse (132/1999) kohaseid lubasid (nt ehitusluba) ning võib-olla ka keskkonnakaitseseaduse (527/2014) ja veeseaduse (587/2011) kohaseid lubasid (nt keskkonnaluba ja veeluba).