EN EN

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Brussels, 17.9.2026 COM(2026) 475 final

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND

THE COUNCIL

44th Annual Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council

on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of Trade

Defence Instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2025

{SWD(2026) 277 final}

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This is the 44th Report on the European Union’s (EU) trade defence activity. It covers the

EU’s anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard activities, third countries’ trade defence

activities with respect to goods imported from the EU and the Hearing Officer’s activities in

2025. It is accompanied by a Commission Staff Working Document providing more detailed

information and statistics.

The year 2025 was another important year for the EU’s trade defence activity with continued

high demand for action to protect European industry from both dumped, subsidised and

surging imports. 2025 witnessed the imposition of a rarely used safeguard measure on ferro

alloys. Just slightly below the record high of the previous year, the Commission initiated 32

new investigations. The increased demand for trade defence is an indicator of the rise in

unfair trade practices harming EU industry and the gravity of the situation, in particular in the

chemical sector, which was again evident in 2025, given that it accounted for over a third of

the new cases initiated in 2025. This persistent high level of activity continues to exert

pressure on the trade defence services. Yet, the commitment to defend industry against unfair

trade practices remained steadfast.

In 2025, the EU increased the number of measures in place from 199 at the start of the year to

232 measures protecting over 637 000 direct manufacturing jobs by year’s end. While the iron

and steel sector accounts for almost a third of the measures, unsurprisingly the chemical

sector is also prevalent accounting for almost a quarter of the measures.

In 2025, the effectiveness of trade defence measures continued to be a high priority for the

Commission as it is crucial to the strength of the instruments. The retroactive application of

measures in three cases showed the Commission’s resolve in providing early protection for

industry where legally justified. This was facilitated by the automatic registration of imports

in all new anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations which enabled precise tracking of

trade flows. Monitoring import levels and market developments in association with industry

and acting against circumvention also continued throughout the year. Furthermore, to enhance

the monitoring of trade flows of products subject to company-specific measures, the

Commission developed a new exporter reporting and consignment tracking tool in 2025

which became effective at the start of 2026 to monitor a price undertaking accepted

concerning imports of battery electric vehicles. Circumvention remains a challenge, with

evasion of measures by practices such as transhipment via third countries involving minimal-

value assembly operations increasing. One anti-circumvention investigation in 2025 resulted

in the extension of anti-dumping measures on monosodium glutamate from China to Malaysia

to tackle exactly such a practice.

2025 saw a marked increase in the number of Court actions challenging trade defence

measures, with 18 new cases lodged, up from 10 in 2024. However, these include six

challenges to the countervailing duties on Chinese electric vehicles imposed in 2024. At the

same time, out of eight rulings delivered by the General Court in 2025, the Commission won

seven. Some important legal principles were confirmed, including the right to proceed with

investigations even after industry withdraws a complaint, the methodology for determining

normal value where domestic sales data is lacking and the assessment of likelihood of

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continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury in expiry reviews with safeguard measures

in place. While the recent jurisprudence underscores the robustness of the EU’s trade defence

measures, the increased legal scrutiny highlights the need for the Commission to apply the

legislation correctly from complaint stage through to the imposition of measures.

In 2025, the EU played a proactive and assertive role in the WTO’s trade defence committees,

robustly defending its measures, while challenging unfair practices and specific investigations

by some trading partners which impact EU exporters. The EU’s commitment to the work of

these Committees is crucial to reinforce and uphold the rules-based trading system while

ensuring that European industries are protected against unfair competition in a legally sound

manner. In the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Committee, the EU stressed the urgent

need for greater transparency given the poor level of reporting of market-distorting subsidies

by many WTO Members.

There were 181 trade defence measures in force by third countries against EU exports at the

end of 2025, 14 more than at the start of the year. On the other hand, the number of new

investigations initiated in 2025 targeting the EU and its Member States showed a slight

decrease from 34 in the previous year to 30. While China’s investigations on imports of

brandy, pork and dairy from the EU involved numerous Commission interventions at all

levels, from technical to political, China persisted in applying measures despite the

weaknesses of these cases. Nevertheless, the Commission continues to explore how to pursue

these and other unwarranted trade defence actions impacting EU exporters. Such efforts have

resulted in some successes such as the closing of the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy

investigations by Australia which have long targeted Italian exports of tomatoes including the

imposition of ant-subsidy measures against programs under the Common Agricultural Policy

(CAP) which were not countervailable.

Arising out of the increased demand for trade defence in 2025, the Commission met with

many industry representatives at company, sectoral and national association level to exchange

views on the instruments, manage expectations and hear proposals on how the instruments are

used going forward. One clear message to industry in the current difficult climate is to act fast

by reacting earlier and preparing better to avoid that negative trends become negative results.

This approach can help the Commission help industry and continue to make good on

President von der Leyen’s promise in her State of the Union address in September 2025 that

“...we will always protect our industry from unfair competition”.

Finally, the report includes a separate section describing the import surveillance task force,

announced in April 2025, to monitor harmful trade diversion, where goods might be

redirected to the EU due to high tariffs elsewhere. The task force tracks imports and identifies

potentially damaging imports and, in conjunction with industry, uses the data to identify risks

and, if necessary, take appropriate action.

This evidence driven approach has strengthened the EU’s capacity to protect its open market

from unfair competition from imports, However, since spring 2025, the trade landscape has

changed due to the notable de-escalation of US tariffs, resulting in a diminished incentive to

divert trade. Concurrently, the primary concern voiced by EU industry has shifted from short-

term trade diversion to the broader, longer-term import pressure driven by global

overcapacities, particularly originating in China. To address these concerns, the Commission

will introduce a methodology during 2026 to capture sustained, longer-term increases in

imports, rather than identifying short-term changes caused by tariff driven trade diversion.

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I APPLICATION OF TRADE DEFENCE INSTRUMENTS (TDI) IN 2025

1. INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITY

1.1. General overview

At the end of 2025, the EU had 232 (provisional and definitive) trade defence measures in

force, composed of 159 anti-dumping (AD) measures, 39 extensions of anti-dumping

measures following anti-circumvention investigations, 25 anti-subsidy (AS) measures, 7

extensions of anti-subsidy measures following anti-circumvention investigations and 2

safeguard (SFG) measures. These measures protect over 637 000 direct jobs in the EU.

In 2025, the Commission worked on 32 new investigations and 21 reviews initiated, as well as

67 investigations which were ongoing at the start of the year. The Commission concluded 26

new investigations and 29 reviews during the year.

This report is accompanied by a Commission Staff Working Document which provides more

information and statistics and includes annexes for the sections below.

1.2. Anti-dumping (AD) and anti-subsidy (AS) investigations (see Annexes A to I)

In 2025, the Commission initiated 32 new investigations (30 AD and 2 AS). This almost

equals the record number of investigations of 33 new investigations initiated in 2024. This

level of activity represents a very significant increase when compared to the previous

historical annual average of 12 new cases a year. The chemical sector continued to dominate

the new cases initiated, accounting for over a third of initiations. Iron and steel products also

featured with 9 cases initiated concerning products in that sector.

The Commission initiated 21 reviews in 2025, which was a drop compared to 30 reviews

initiated in 2024. The majority (18) of these were expiry reviews with the remaining

initiations comprising 1 interim review, 1 anti-circumvention investigation and 1 re-opening.

The number of expiry reviews is linked to the 5-year lifecycle of measures.

In total, 53 new and review investigations were initiated, which was a decrease on the 63

investigations opened the previous year. This is however due to a decrease in the number of

reviews.

The Commission imposed 27 provisional measures (all AD) and concluded 26 investigations

(23 AD and 3 AS) by imposing definitive measures. The Commission terminated 3 AD

investigations without imposing measures.

In 2025, 18 expiry reviews were concluded with the extension of the duties being confirmed.

No measures expired automatically at the end of a 5-year period of imposition.

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1.3. Safeguard investigations

There were no safeguard (SFG) investigations initiated in 2025. There was a functioning

review of the steel safeguard completed in 2025 and one safeguard measure imposed on ferro-

alloys in 2025.

Functioning review - SFG measure concerning certain steel products

On 25 March 2025, the European Commission introduced adjustments to the functioning of

the EU steel safeguard to ensure the continued effectiveness of the measure. The

investigation, initiated in November 2024 following a request from several Member States,

showed that it was necessary to adjust the management of the measure. It was needed to bring

short-term relief to EU steel industry, which was under significant import pressure due to

growing global overcapacity, increasing third country trade measures, the subsequent risk of

additional trade diversion into the Union coupled with a contraction in Union demand for

steel.

Previously, market expectations were that global demand for steel would increase and, as a

result, quotas had been liberalised by more than 25% since the imposition of measures in

2019. At that time, this was in the overall interest of the European Union, particularly to

benefit users and accommodate the expected increases in demand.

However, the functioning review investigation revealed that, between 2021 and 2024,

consumption significantly declined (by 14%), and the Union industry was facing significant

import pressure across many categories. In view of these market conditions, the Commission

considered it necessary and appropriate to introduce adjustments to the functioning of the EU

steel safeguard to ensure its effectiveness. The liberalisation rate was reduced from 1% to

0.1%, limiting the amount of steel that can be imported into the EU tariff-free. Additionally,

the possibility for countries to use the entire volumes of unused quotas of other countries,

including those of Russia and Belarus, was removed. The 'carry-over' mechanism, which

allowed countries to roll over unused quotas to the next quarter, was also eliminated for

categories with high import pressure and low consumption. Finally, as in previous review

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

2021 - 2025 TDI Activity

New investigations Reviews Definitive measures

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investigations, the Commission updated the list of developing countries exempted from the

application of the measure.

Due to the adjustments introduced to category 17 ('Angles, Shapes and Sections') of the steel

safeguard as part of the functioning review concluded in March 2025, the duty-free export

volumes accessible to the UK and Türkiye became lower than their historical export volumes

to the EU. At the same time, the EU’s intention has been to implement the safeguard measure

in a way that preserves such traditional trade flows. The UK raised this matter in the context

of the EU-UK summit of 19 May. In order to reach a mutually beneficial and balanced

outcome of the summit, the Commission indicated its preparedness to address this issue.

Consequently, on 1 August 2025, an Amending Regulation entered into force, which

reinstated the country-specific quotas of the UK, Türkiye and Korea in category 17.

SFG investigation concerning imports of manganese and silicon-based alloying elements

On 19 December 2024, the Commission opened a safeguard investigation on imports of

certain silicon and manganese based alloying elements following a request from several

Member States. On 18 November 2025, following an in-depth investigation into market

disruptions affecting Union producers, the Commission adopted a definitive safeguard

measure on imports of certain ferro-alloys. The measure responds to a sustained increase in

imports that placed significant pressure on the EU ferro-alloy industry and resulted in serious

economic injury.

The investigation examined imports of silicon and manganese-based alloying elements over

the period 2019–2024, with additional data assessed up to mid-2025. After a detailed product

and market analysis, silicon and calcium-silicon were excluded from the scope, as the relevant

criteria to include them were not met at the time. As a result, the final measure applies to

certain ferro-alloys used primarily in the steel industry.

The Commission found that imports of ferro-alloys increased both in absolute terms and

relative to Union production and consumption, particularly from 2021 onwards, thereby

adversely affecting EU producers. Imports consistently entered the EU market at prices below

domestic production costs, leading to price suppression, loss of market share, declining

production and capacity utilisation, significant employment reductions, and financial losses

across the Union industry. The Commission also established a clear causal link between the

increased imports and the serious injury suffered by Union producers. Other potential

contributing factors, including high energy costs and reduced export performance, were

examined in detail but were found not to attenuate this causal link.

After assessing the broader Union interest, the Commission concluded that the adoption of

safeguard measures was justified and proportionate. Ferro-alloys constitute strategically

important inputs for key downstream sectors, including steel, automotive, construction,

defence and aerospace. Maintaining a viable EU ferro-alloy industry is essential for industrial

resilience, employment, and strategic autonomy.

At the same time, the Commission sought to ensure continued availability of supply for users.

The safeguard measure was therefore designed in the form of product-specific tariff-rate

quotas (TRQs), allowing substantial volumes of imports to enter the Union duty-free,

combined with a variable out-of-quota duty aimed at preventing injurious low-priced imports.

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The measure is set to apply for a period of three years and is subject to progressive

liberalisation and regular review. 1.4. Verifications in investigations

The Commission ensures that the information used in trade defence investigations is accurate

and complete to ensure legally sound decisions and the correct imposition of measures.

In 2025, the Commission verified data from 296 companies, 243 within the EU and 53 in

third countries. All these verification visits took place on site at the companies. In addition,

the Commission verified data remotely for nine companies. This process was introduced in

2020 to cope with COVID-19 travel restrictions but is being used increasingly less.

2. ASSERTIVE AND EFFECTIVE APPLICATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF TDI

2.1. Commitment to Assertive use of trade defence instruments

In her State of the Union address in September 2025, President von der Leyen again asserted

that “Europe will always remain open. We like competition. But we will always protect our

industry from unfair competition”. Throughout the year, the Commission continued its firm

use of the trade defence instruments, demonstrated, not only by the high number of new

investigations initiated but also, in some cases, applying measures retroactively where

necessary. The Commission also maintained its commitment to enhanced monitoring of

measures, taking action against circumvention practices as well as defending measures in the

judicial system.

2.2. Registration of imports

Introduced in October 2024 to strengthen the trade defence instruments, the Commission

continued to automatically register imports in all new anti-dumping and anti-subsidy

investigations initiated in 2025 to enable the retroactive collection of duties, if justified and

where specific legal conditions are met. In each investigation, the Commission makes a

decision whether to collect retroactively at the definitive stage and taking into account the

criteria under the basic regulations. The registration of imports provides the Commission with

precise information about the source and quantities of imports of the product under

investigation, as well as broader market developments. In three of the 26 definitive measures

imposed in 2025, the criteria for retroactive application of measures were met. The cases were

erythritol, multi-layered wood flooring and screws without heads, all originating in China. In

all other cases, the development of import volumes and prices during the registration period

did not warrant the retroactive collection of measures.

2.3. Monitoring, surveillance and enforcement of measures (see Annexes J, K, M, Q)

The credibility and effectiveness of the Union’s trade defence instruments rely on their full

and correct application. When economic operators attempt to evade measures, the integrity of

the system is weakened. For this reason, systematic monitoring of import flows following the

imposition of duties is crucial to ensure that measures achieve their intended effect.

To enhance trade flow monitoring of products subject to company-specific measures, the

Commission developed a new exporter reporting and consignment tracking tool. The new tool

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was introduced early in 2026 in relation to the implementation of the undertaking covering

battery electric vehicles, described below.

To further expand the scope of trade flow monitoring activities relating to products subject to

trade defence measures, the Commission shares, on request, import statistics with parties

involved in the investigations that led to these measures being imposed. After assessing the

admissibility of such requests, the Commission provided information in an aggregated and

non-confidential format in 38 cases in 2025. This enabled these parties to monitor trade flows

independently, supporting their efforts to track compliance with the imposed measures.

Circumvention of measures remains a problem. Where credible indications that it is

happening are identified, whether through the Commission’s own analysis or information

provided by industry, the Commission responds promptly and decisively. Circumvention is a

modification in trade patterns between third countries and the Union that results from

practices, processes, or operations lacking sufficient cause or economic justification, other

than avoiding the payment the trade defence duty.

The Commission continues to tackle a variety of such practices. While transhipment through

third countries has traditionally been the most common method, increasingly complex forms

of circumvention have emerged. Notably, assembly or completion operations, conducted both

outside and within the Union, are being used to hide the true origin of goods. These

operations typically involve limited industrial activity, altering the product’s classification or

appearance while adding negligible value. Such practices enable operators to import goods

under a different Combined Nomenclature (CN) heading, thereby avoiding the duties in place.

These developments demand constant vigilance, the adaptation of enforcement strategies, and

increasingly sophisticated expertise and in-depth analysis during the investigations.

It should be noted that, while the WTO agreements contain no formal provisions on

circumvention, the issue has become a matter of growing concern among many WTO

members. The Commission participated in the informal WTO anti-circumvention group,

which serves as a platform for exchanging experiences, identifying best practices, and

addressing common challenges. The EU’s approach has attracted particular interest, as the

Commission is widely recognised as one of the most experienced in conducting anti-

circumvention proceedings. Over time, the Commission has developed sophisticated

procedures, tools, and methodologies to detect and address circumvention effectively,

reinforcing the Union’s role as a global leader in this field.

In July 2025, the Commission launched an anti-circumvention investigation concerning

malleable tube fittings from China, based on alleged circumvention practices involving

assembly/completion operations of Chinese parts in the EU. Also in July 2025, the

Commission concluded one anti-circumvention investigation by extending the anti-dumping

measures on imports of monosodium glutamate from China to imports of the product from

Malaysia. In that investigation, the Commission found the product was being transhipped via

Malaysia and the measures were being circumvented via further processing activities with

limited added value in that country.

In 2025, there was continued cooperation on the proper implementation of TDI measures,

both at the level of the relevant Commission services (DGs Trade, TAXUD and Budget), the

European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO), the European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF), and

the Member States. As regards the latter, the cooperation includes the publication of targeted

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risk alerts via the EU’s common customs risk management system to national customs

authorities and law enforcement authorities. In addition, there were regular exchanges with

the Union industry to keep track of market developments and identify appropriate follow-up

actions, where needed.

The effective implementation of trade defence instruments relies on close cooperation

between DG TAXUD and DG TRADE. Continuous coordination ensures the correct

classification of the goods concerned, while the prompt integration of newly adopted TDI

measures into TARIC (the Integrated Tariff of the European Union) following their

publication in the Official Journal of the European Union enables customs authorities across

all Member States to apply those measures consistently and without delay.

Whenever the European Commission receives reports of irregularities, whether through

formal complaints or requests from EU industries, it informs the European Anti-Fraud Office

(OLAF). OLAF publishes an annual report outlining its activities for further details.

In 2025, the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) also requested the Commission’s

expertise regarding specific measures under its criminal investigation.

In addition to stakeholder engagement described below in Section 8, the Commission attended

regular meetings of the TAXUD Customs Experts Group. Furthermore, implementation issues

were regularly discussed in a dedicated closed interest group, which comprises experts from

the Commission and Member States.

DG BUDG oversees the proper and timely collection of EU revenue, including anti-dumping

and countervailing duties, by Member States’ customs authorities. To support this, DG

TRADE collaborated by providing interpretative guidance on trade defence legislation

particularly in relation to the preparation of inspections in Member States related to TDI

matters and contributed to the legal assessment in individual cases with significant financial

implications.

Monitoring of undertakings also forms part of the enforcement activities, given that

undertakings allow for the suspension of AD or AS measures. The Commission accepts such

undertakings when it is satisfied that they can effectively eliminate the injurious effects of

dumping or subsidisation and regularly checks the exporters’ compliance with the

undertakings.

In 2025, there were 8 companies with undertakings in force concerning the countervailing

measures in place on imports of biodiesel from Argentina. Regular monitoring of these

undertakings showed that the exporting producers were complying in full.

In December 2025, the Commission initiated, ex-officio, an interim review to examine an

undertaking offer made by Volkswagen (Anhui) Automotive Co., Ltd in the context of the

anti-subsidy measures imposed on battery electric vehicles in October 2024 and concerning

one model, the CUPRA Tavascan. Following an investigation, the Commission accepted the

price undertaking in February 2026 from Volkswagen (Anhui) Automotive Company Ltd.,

and its related party in the EU, SEAT S.A., Martorell, Spain. The undertaking was considered

appropriate to eliminate the injurious effect of the subsidies and also practicable. The

investigation found that the price floor proposed by Volkswagen (Anhui) for the CUPRA

Tavascan would not be injurious to EU industry. Also, SEAT’s commitments included

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standardising its sales channels, the limitation of export to the Union to one model of the

product concerned and extensive reporting obligations. As a result, the Commission

considered that there are sufficient mitigating measures to address the risk of cross-

compensation. In addition to Volkswagen (Anhui) also committed to investing in significant

BEV-related projects in the EU with clearly defined milestones, supporting the EU’s

industrial strategy and incentivising compliance with EU climate transition goals.

There were no other undertaking offers made in anti-dumping or anti-subsidy investigations

concluded in 2025 that could, after legal assessment, be accepted by the Commission.

2.4. Judicial review by EU Courts (Annex S)

In 2025, the General Court and the Court of Justice issued 13 judgments and orders in cases

concerning trade defence measures. The General Court issued 10 rulings out of which two

orders following a withdrawal of an action. The Court of Justice decided on two appeals and

one request for a preliminary ruling.

More new court proceedings concerning trade defence measures were lodged in 2025 (18 in

total) compared to the previous year (10 in total in year 2024). 14 actions for annulment were

lodged before the General Court out of which six concern countervailing duties on imports of

new battery electric vehicles originating in the People’s Republic of China and two concern

duties imposed on imports of mobile access equipment originating in the People’s Republic of

China. In addition, two appeals concerning breach of undertakings and two requests for a

preliminary ruling were lodged in 2025 before the Court of Justice.

Out of eight cases adjudicated before the General Court in 2025, the Commission prevailed in

all but one, which concerned countervailing duties imposed on imports of certain rainbow

trout originating in Türkiye. The Commission (and Fertilizers Europe) won two appeals

concerning the initiation of an expiry review of measures on ammonium nitrate.

The Courts provided important clarifications regarding several points such as:

• the possibility to continue an investigation following the withdrawal of a complaint by

the Union industry.

• the establishment of the normal value in the absence of domestic sales.

• the discretion enjoyed by the Commission when deciding about requests for individual

treatment, in cases where sampling is applied.

• the assessment of likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury in

expiry reviews with safeguard measures in place.

Further information regarding some of these judgements can be found in the Staff Working

Document.

3. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS IN TDI

For over eight years, the EU’s trade defence legislation reflects the EU’s commitment to high

social and environmental standards. With changes introduced in 2017 and in 2018, social and

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environmental standards are examined in certain aspects of investigations, where warranted

and appropriate.

When selecting a representative country to determine an undistorted normal value in

investigations concerning countries where there are significant state distortions, the

Commission may consider social and environmental standards as part of its evaluation

process. This is necessary to have an undistorted normal value when calculating dumping

using the significant distortions methodology. In these cases, where the Commission is

presented with more than one possible representative country, it may select the one with an

adequate level of social and environmental protection.

In 2025, the Commission used the significant distortions methodology to calculate dumping

margins in all 16 cases concerning China. In those cases, the Commission had no need to

examine the level of social and environmental standards in any potential representative

country as, in each of the cases, there was only one potential representative country with the

appropriate available data.

An aspect where social and environmental standards can play an important part in

determining the level of measures to be imposed is in the calculation of the injury margin.

Since 2018, the Commission can include in the EU industry’s costs of production, the cost of

compliance with multilateral environmental agreements and International Labour

Organisation Conventions during the lifetime of any measures. For example, additional future

costs associated with complying with the EU Emissions Trading System, can be added. The

addition of such costs can increase the non-injurious prices1 and hence the injury margins.

The impact is felt where duties imposed are based on injury, rather than dumping margins.

These costs featured in eleven anti-dumping cases completed in 2025 and increased the level

of measures imposed in four investigations where duties were based on injury margins –

erythritol and choline chloride from China, polyvinyl chloride from Egypt and hot rolled flat

steel products from Japan.

While social and environmental standards can also be considered when examining

undertaking offers, there were no undertakings agreed in 2025.

4. ACTIVITIES OF THE HEARING OFFICER

The Hearing Officer plays a crucial role in ensuring that interested parties affected by

procedures and measures under EU legislation concerning international trade can exercise

their procedural rights, including the right to be heard. The Hearing Officer continued to

follow the established practice of encouraging parties to raise their concerns with the

Commission services responsible for the investigation before requesting a hearing. This

approach allowed most parties to resolve their concerns directly with the investigation teams,

with the Hearing Officer closely monitoring the process and remaining available to address

any further issues.

In 2025 the function of the Hearing Officer underwent a transitional period as the long-

standing Hearing Officer retired after the first half a year, and was followed by an interim

1 The price which the industry is expected to have charged under normal circumstances i.e. in the absence of

dumped or subsidised imports

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appointment until, as of November, the newly appointed Hearing Officer assumed the

position.

In 2025 the Hearing Officer received 23 requests for intervention, all concerning trade

defence proceedings, and held two hearings with the interested parties. On two occasions the

Hearing Officer issued proceeding-specific recommendations to the services without a

hearing. In 2025, the Hearing Officer did not grant any extensions of the deadlines.

Entities requesting intervention represented all types of interested parties - users, exporting

producers, Union industry representatives, a third-country government, importers and parties

not registered as interested parties in proceedings.

The concerns raised by the requesting parties involved additional disclosure or objections to

facts and findings, selection of representative country, confidentiality, right to be recognized

as an interested party, and objections to procedural decisions.

Regarding two recommendations issued by the Hearing officer regarding the rights of parties,

the Trade Defence services implemented one recommendation promptly and followed up on

another. In all other proceedings concerned by the intervention requests, the Hearing Officer

found that the procedural rights of all parties had been respected. Detailed account of the

activities of the Hearing Officer can be found in the Annual Report of their activities.

5. DEALING WITH TRADE DEFENCE ACTIVITY AGAINST THE EU

In an increasingly unpredictable trading environment, adhering to and advocating for the

rules-based system are key in the Commission’s monitoring of third country trade defence

investigations that impact EU exporters. Predictable and legally sound investigations and

procedures are crucial so that EU exporters can properly exercise their rights of defence while

maintaining market access. Defending the offensive interests of EU producers is a

collaborative effort and works best when all stakeholders, i.e. companies concerned, Member

States and the Commission are involved and share a common interest.

Improper and unjustified use of the instruments causes additional harm in increasingly

complex global trading conditions hence the importance of monitoring these cases. In 2025,

China continued the inappropriate use of the instruments with its investigations regarding

imports of brandy, pork and dairy. Despite numerous Commission interventions at all levels,

from technical to political, China persisted and definitive measures on imports of brandy were

imposed in July 2025, on pork in December 2025 and provisional measures on dairy in

December 2025. The Commission is analysing the strengths and weaknesses of any possible

WTO challenge to decide what further steps to take to best defend the interests of the EU

exporters.

The positive outcome of the Commission’s interventions in 2025 is reflected in the following

examples:

Indian anti-dumping investigation on Para Nitrotouluene (PNT)

• In June 2025, the Indian authorities initiated an anti-dumping investigation concerning

imports of PNT from the European Union. In response to a request submitted by a

German company, the European Commission firmly defended EU exports valued at

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€5.4 million. On 11 December 2025, the Indian investigating authority terminated the

investigation without imposing any anti-dumping duties.

Indonesian safeguard review investigation on imports of apparel and clothing accessories

• The Indonesian Safeguard Committee initiated an investigation on 7 November 2024

to examine a possible extension of safeguard measures on imports of apparel and

clothing accessories. In view of the substantial EU economic interest, amounting to

€76 million, and in close cooperation with EU industry stakeholders, the Commission

intervened decisively at the initiation stage. The review investigation was

subsequently terminated without the imposition of measures on 29 September 2025.

Australian anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations on Tomatoes (prepared or

preserved)

• These investigations were initiated by Australia in October 2024. In light of the

significant EU economic (estimated at €63 million) and systemic interests involved, ,

the Commission, in close cooperation with the Italian Government and industry,

intervened strongly from the pre-initiation stage through consultations and detailed

written submissions. The case has been particularly challenging, as the Australian anti-

subsidy investigation targeted support under the EU Common Agricultural Policy

(CAP). However, on 12 November 2025, Australia issued its preliminary report,

acknowledging that CAP support does not constitute a countervailable subsidy.

Subsequently, on 27 January 2026, the investigations were partially terminated with

respect to several Italian tomato producers and on 2 February 2026, the investigation

was terminated for all companies.

Argentinian anti-dumping investigation into Certain Boilers

• Argentina imposed antidumping measures on imports of certain boilers from Italy in

2020, with duties ranging from 24% to 57%. In March 2025, the Argentinian

authorities initiated an expiry review. The Commission supported the Italian exporters

by submitting arguments showing that the continued imposition of measures was not

warranted. Among other reasons, the main complainant had withdrawn cooperation.

The measure was eventually terminated by the Argentinian authorities in November

2025.

In 2025, 30 new investigations were initiated targeting the EU and its Member States, a slight

decrease compared to 2024 when 34 new investigations were initiated. The most used

instrument remains anti-dumping accounting for 17 of those new investigations with the rest

being safeguards.

The most prolific users in 2025 were India with 7 new investigations, Turkey with 6 followed

by the US and Egypt with 3 each and Brazil, South Africa and Thailand with 2 each. Canada,

the Dominican Republic, South Korea, Madagascar and the Philippines initiated 1 new

investigation each.

As regards new measures imposed, 2025 showed a significant increase with 30 new measures

imposed compared to 17 in 2024. Most of these measures were safeguards (17) with 11 anti-

13

dumping measures and 2 anti-subsidy measures. China and US imposed 4 new measures each

followed by Turkey, India and Egypt with 3 each.

At the end of 2025, there were 181 measures in force against EU exports, an increase of 14

measures compared to 2024. As regards measures in place against the EU and/or Member

States, the US leads with 45 measures, followed by Turkey and China with 25 and 19

measures respectively. Other users which stand out are Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and

Madagascar each with 10 measures in place. India and South Africa each have 6 measures

followed by Morocco with 5 measures. Furthermore, Australia, Egypt, Thailand and Mexico

have 4 measures each and Argentina has 3 measures in place. Korea, New Zealand,

Philippines and United Kingdom have 2 measures each and Colombia, Ghana, Gulf

Cooperation Council (GCC), Jordan, Pakistan, Southern African Customs Union, Tunisia and

Vietnam have each 1 measure in force. More information on third country actions affecting

the EU exports is summarised in the Staff Working Document.

The 181 total measures in force include 49 safeguard measures, which is the highest number

of the last 10 years. The most frequent users of safeguards are Indonesia and Madagascar with

10 measures in force each, followed by Turkey with 8. While the measures by Indonesia and

Madagascar have less impact on EU exports, the measures by Türkiye have a significant

impact and concern mainly the steel, textiles and paper sectors.

6. WTO-RELATED ACTIVITIES

Twice a year, in spring and autumn, the WTO convenes meetings of the Subsidies and

Countervailing, Anti-dumping, and Safeguards Committees. These Committees serve as

platforms for WTO members to consult and discuss matters pertaining to the implementation

of the relevant agreements by the investigating authorities. Alongside these formal

Committees, the WTO also hosts subsidiary groups concerned with trade defence issues.

There is an Anti-dumping Working Group on Implementation, where members exchange

information on the practical application of anti-dumping investigations and an Informal Group

on Anti-circumvention to discuss how members address circumvention, given the absence of

such provisions in the Anti-dumping Agreement. Additionally, informal sessions for ‘Friends

of Safeguards Proceedings’ facilitate discussions on specific elements of the safeguard

instrument and its application. These Committees and sub-groups enable WTO members to

highlight concerns about specific cases and practices of others while defending their own

investigations, practices, and measures.

During the October 2025 Committees week, the EU participated in an informal meeting of the

Heads of Trade Remedies Investigating authorities hosted by Australia’s Anti-Dumping

Commission (ADC) and Canada’s Border Services Agency. Very useful discussions focussed

on identifying ways of improving transparency and strengthening collaboration through

information exchange, particularly in subsidy investigations where cooperation from

exporters or foreign governments is limited. There was an exchange of views on how

authorities are adapting to keep pace with rapidly changing market conditions as well as the

challenges posed by increasingly complex circumvention practices.

At the April 2025 meeting of the Special Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing

Measures, members continued reviewing the subsidy notifications made in 2023 while

commencing the review of notifications made in the context of the 2025 exercise at the

October meeting. Compliance with notification obligations under the Agreement on Subsidies

14

and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) remains notably poor, with only half of the members

notifying by October 2025 for the latest exercise, despite the June 2025 deadline. The EU

highlighted this issue, urging members to adhere to their obligations and enhance

transparency regarding subsidies, given their distortive impact on global trade.

During the spring session of the regular Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing

Measures, the EU defended the countervailing measures imposed in October 2024 on battery

electric vehicles against strong criticism from China. In the autumn meeting, Egypt addressed

the EU’s expiry review of measures on glass fibre reinforcements, suggesting the case be

terminated in light of the WTO Dispute settlement proceeding on countervailing duties on

Stainless Steel Cold-Rolled Flat Products from Indonesia, which tackled the issue of cross-

border subsidies. The EU argued these cases were unrelated. The EU continued to raise

concerns over Australia’s anti-subsidy investigation into canned tomatoes from Italy, noting

that Italian tomato producers have been targeted since 1992 when Australia first imposed AD

and AS measures, and addressed China's investigation into dairy products from the EU.

Discussions continued, under the regular agenda item ‘Subsidies and overcapacity’, on the

detrimental effect of subsidies in creating global overcapacity and the ensuing damage to

global trade.

In the Anti-dumping Committee, the EU highlighted concerns regarding the UK’s anti-

dumping investigation into engine oil from Lithuania, the US's administrative review on pasta

from Italy, as well as reiterating previously expressed concerns about Australia’s investigation

into canned tomatoes from Italy and China’s investigations on brandy and pork products from

the EU. The EU urged China not to utilise trade defence instruments as retaliatory tools but to

adhere to WTO rules. In these meetings, the EU responded to concerns raised about its anti-

dumping investigations on hot rolled flat steel products from Egypt and Japan, optical fibre

cables from India, and a review into urea ammonium nitrate from Russia. The EU also

responded to both Türkiye and Japan, who criticised the EU’s investigation into cold-rolled

flat steel products, mentioning the 'particular market situation' aspects. China criticised the EU

for what it perceives as an increasingly protectionist stance, citing references to trade defence

in several sectoral Communications adopted by the EU. The EU emphasised that its actions

are complaint-driven and the increase is symptomatic of an unprecedented level of allegedly

unfairly traded imports from China. Regarding the industrial policy documents, the EU

stressed these reflect its unwavering commitment to addressing unfair trade practices that

harm European industries in line with WTO rules.

In the Anti-dumping Working Group on Implementation, the EU engaged in discussions

concerning interim and changed circumstances reviews, case filing systems, handling of

documents, sampling, and the implications of non-cooperation in investigations.

At the October 2025 meeting of the Informal Group on Anti-circumvention, discussions

centred around updates by members to their legal frameworks on circumvention and the

implementation of anti-circumvention procedures. The group also explored emerging trends

and challenges encountered in such investigations.

During the Safeguards Committee meeting, the EU addressed queries about the steel measure

proposed by the European Commission on 7 October 2025, explaining that the measure aimed

to mitigate the adverse effects of global overcapacity on the EU’s steel market. The EU

clarified that, as the proposed measure was not a safeguard measure, the Safeguards

Committee was not the appropriate forum for its discussion. The EU also responded to

15

inquiries concerning the ongoing safeguard investigation into ferro-alloys. Since May 2025,

the WTO’s online tool called “Online Safeguard Action Notification Portal” has been fully

operational, which the EU finds user friendly.

The WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies came into force in September 2025, having

attained the required two-thirds ratification threshold. WTO negotiations continued on

outstanding issues to forge a comprehensive agreement on fisheries subsidies.

The EU, along with other like-minded WTO members, persevered with subsidy-related work

under the WTO Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform initiative and the Trade and Environmental

Sustainability Structured Discussions.

Informal WTO deliberations on Trade and Industrial Policies also continued, with eight

sessions conducted in 2025. The EU co-hosted two sessions: in February 2025 on subsidies

transparency, and in September 2025 on below-market financing provided by state banks.

7. SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES (SMES)

To assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in overcoming their limited resources if

impacted by or in need of the trade defence instruments, the European Commission extends

comprehensive support and guidance to SMEs, whether they are EU producers, exporters, or

importers.

In 2025, the Commission continued its outreach programme aimed at raising awareness about

these instruments. To maximise audience reach, the Commission used existing networks by

presenting trade defence information at Access2Market (A2M) events in March and

December 2025 as well as Market Access Day event in Romania. These well attended events

receive positive feedback.

Despite challenges presented by limited resources, SMEs were actively involved in some new

and completed cases in 2025. Among the newly launched investigations in 2025, the AD

investigations opened on cast iron articles and welding wire both concerning China, featured

SMEs. Of the completed cases in 2025, SMEs featured in such cases as screws without heads,

hardwood plywood and candles, all concerning China.

8. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES/ BILATERAL CONTACTS

Against a background of increasing demand for trade defence action coupled with complex

global supply chains, improving transparency and engaging with stakeholders is crucial to

foster greater understanding of the needs, obligations and limitations relating to the trade

defence instruments. In that vein, the Commission participated in various information sharing

activities in 2025.

The Commission engaged throughout the year with many stakeholder and national industry

associations including Business Europe, AEGIS Europe, France Industrie, the steel industry,

Europe Aluminium, CEFIC, German Chemical Industry Association and France Chimie to

hear the views and concerns of interested parties. The many contacts with the chemical

industry are indicative of the increasing pressure in that sector and the trade defence services

are also participants in the Critical Chemical Alliance set up in October 2025. There was also

engagement with Civil Society Dialogue on trade defence issues in November 2025. In

16

addition, the Commission also participated in a few TDI related initiatives in the European

Parliament (EP) including addressing a study commissioned by INTA on the EU’s trade

defence instruments as well as participating in July at an EP FORUM Roundtable:

Strengthening the EU Trade Defence Toolbox, an event organised by the EP in conjunction

with AEGIS.

The Commission attended the Seoul Economic Trade Remedies Forum, in June 2025, which

is an annual gathering of Heads of Investigating Trade Remedies Authorities. This included a

general conference, where trade remedy cooperation and technical aspects were discussed

followed by several bilateral meetings with partner countries. In December 2025 there were

further exchanges with the Director-General for Multilateral Trade and Legal Affairs, from

the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Resources (MOTIR) of the Republic of Korea on the

EU’s TDI policy and cases involving Korean companies as well as exchange of views on the

proposal for the EU new steel measure.

In September 2025, at the request of the Icelandic authorities, the Commission explained AD

and AS investigations. This was prompted by an application by industry to the Icelandic

authorities for anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations. DG TRADE delivered targeted

training covering all the key elements for conducting such investigations.

II EU IMPORT SURVEILLANCE TASK FORCE

1. Background

With EU trading partners imposing an increasing number of restrictive measures, there is

growing concern that goods originally destined for non-EU markets are redirected to the

EU. When such shifts happen at significant levels, the increase of imports may have

detrimental consequences for EU industry and the EU internal market.

To address these challenges, on 7 April 2025, European Commission President Ursula von der

Leyen announced the creation of an import surveillance task force. The primary role of this

task force is to inform decisions and actions to protect the EU internal market. To ensure that

action to address potential harmful effects of trade diversion is proportionate, targeted and

evidence based, the task force uses a data-driven approach to quickly identify surges in

imports, and complements the findings with relevant information - notably from EU industry,

but also Member States and experts - to understand their implications.

2. Methodology

The data analysis relies on an automated tool developed by Commission experts2, utilising

data from the customs surveillance system3. It monitors import trends on a monthly basis at

the very detailed level of 8-digit codes in the combined nomenclature. The tool considers

imports from all origins because the complexity of the measures and counter-measures

imposed may result in surges from unexpected origins. The analysis compares import

2 Participating DGs were the Directorates-General for Trade and Economic Security (DG Trade), Taxation and

Customs Union (DG Taxud), and Joint Research Centre (JRC) supported by Internal Market, Industry,

Entrepreneurship and SMEs (DG GROW) and Agriculture and Rural Development (DG AGRI). 3https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/online-services/online-services-and-databases-customs/surveillance-

system_en

17

volumes starting from early 2025 with historic trends and flags codes exhibiting “surges”, i.e.

atypically high increases in comparison to what is expected. The tool then applies additional

criteria to select product codes which may be at risk of harmful import increases. Product

codes presenting surges appear in the results (“hits” list) if, compared to the same period of

the previous year, there is a significant increase in imports at reduced prices, specifically for

products produced within the EU. These criteria balance the need to identify relevant results

with avoiding an overflow of insignificant data.

However, identifying these surges is just the first step. To activate the EU's trade defence

instruments, there must be evidence that these imports are causing injury to EU industries.

Therefore, for any trade defence investigation to be initiated, the collaboration of EU

industries is required as they can provide crucial data needed for action.

3. Results

Results are published monthly together with an explanatory note providing context. The

analysis is dynamic due to seasonal patterns, historical variation, and in certain cases,

revisions of import data. Furthermore, the ever-changing trade measures continually alter the

factors driving trade diversion. Therefore, it is important to focus on trends rather than short-

term fluctuations.

The initial report was released in June 2025, providing an analysis of data up to April 2025.

Each subsequent monthly report incorporated data for an additional month; for instance, the

ninth report, published in February 2026, included data up to and including December

2025(4).

Textiles and apparel, chemicals, and the interrelated categories of machinery and metals are

the most prevalent sectors, accounting for 21%, 14% and 12 and 10% of the codes included in

the results, respectively.

The results are also summarised in a heatmap, which presents the frequency of ‘hits’ per

industry sector and key trading partner (or group of partners5). Again, chemicals, machinery,

and textiles (both specifically from China and worldwide) are the sectors most frequently

flagged.

4. Industry feedback and outreach

Engagement and cooperation with EU industry are essential to complement the results of the

monitoring and show whether imports harm EU industries. DG Trade facilitated the collection

of relevant information, through a dedicated questionnaire and a functional mailbox where

stakeholders can request and submit information. Furthermore, the import surveillance task

force actively reached out to EU and national industry associations to explain the results, and

Results prior to 6th edition adjusted to include only “hits” that conformed to limit for average weekly value of

EUR 200.000 EUR, applicable as of that edition 5 For technical reasons, the Commission limited the (groups of) origins displayed to: ASEAN, Canada, China,

EFTA, India, Japan, Mercosur, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Türkiye, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United

States.

18

to inform about the possibilities and conditions for trade defence action. Industry stakeholders

have welcomed the monitoring, and some have provided further information for the

Commission services to assess.

5. Next steps

The import surveillance task force provided insights into import trends and identified

potentially harmful import surges for certain products. It initiated discussions with industry,

raised awareness and enhanced knowledge of the EU's trade defence toolbox and its

procedures and legal requirements.

The task force’s results are not a ready-made list of products on which the Commission would

take trade defence actions. To meet the legal requirement of injury to the EU industry caused

by imports and qualify for protection, EU industry must actively cooperate with the

Commission and complement the Commission’s analysis with their market knowledge and

injury data. In this spirit, the task force has continuously engaged with stakeholders and

sought to refine the methodological approach where needed.

Exchanges with industry and Member States show that stakeholders’ concerns have shifted

from short-term trade diversion to the broader, longer-term import pressure driven by global

overcapacities, notably from China. The initial focus on short term surges was justified by the

immediate risk of trade diversion created by tariff increases after “liberation day” announced

by President Trump. The subsequent de-escalation of tariffs should have eased the incentive

to divert trade to EU and reduced import pressure. Yet, industry stakeholders report of

increasing import pressure driven by overcapacities abroad. However, as opposed to abrupt

surges, this import pressure is broad-based, and mounts gradually across several sectors. To

identify such import pressures causing potential harm to EU industry, the Commission will

adapt the methodology during 2026 to capture continuous, longer-term increases in imports,

rather than focusing on short term surges caused by tariff driven trade diversion.

EN EN

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Brussels, 17.9.2026 SWD(2026) 277 final

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

Accompanying the document

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND

THE COUNCIL

44rd Annual Report from the Commission to European Parliament and the Council on

the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of Trade

Defence Instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2025

{COM(2026) 475 final}

1

Table of Contents

1. OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION ............................................................................................................. 3

1.1. Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy ........................................................................................... 3

1.1.1. The international framework ............................................................................................. 3

1.1.2. The EU legislation ............................................................................................................. 3

1.2. Safeguards .............................................................................................................................. 4

1.2.1. The international framework ............................................................................................. 4

1.2.2. The EU legislation ............................................................................................................. 4

2. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING, ANTI-SUBSIDY AND SAFEGUARD INVESTIGATIONS AND

MEASURES ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

2.1. Measures in place .................................................................................................................. 5

2.2. New investigations ................................................................................................................. 5

2.3. Review investigations ............................................................................................................ 6

3. OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2025 ........................................................................................................... 7

3.1. New investigations ................................................................................................................. 7

3.1.1. Initiations ........................................................................................................................... 7

3.1.2. Provisional measures ........................................................................................................ 8

3.1.3. Definitive measures ......................................................................................................... 10

3.1.5. New investigations terminated without measures ............................................................ 30

3.2. Review investigations .......................................................................................................... 30

3.2.1. Expiry reviews ................................................................................................................. 30

3.2.2. Interim reviews ................................................................................................................ 41

3.2.3. New exporter reviews ...................................................................................................... 46

3.2.4. Anti-absorption investigations ......................................................................................... 46

3.2.5. Anti-circumvention investigations ................................................................................... 47

3.3. Safeguard investigations ..................................................................................................... 48

4. ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES ................................................... 49

4.1. Follow-up of measures ........................................................................................................ 49

4.2. Monitoring of undertakings ............................................................................................... 49

5. REFUNDS ..................................................................................................................................................... 50

6. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS ................................. 50

7.1. Overview of the judicial reviews in 2025 ........................................................................... 51

7.2. Cases pending ...................................................................................................................... 51

7.3. New cases .............................................................................................................................. 51

7.4. Selection of court decisions ................................................................................................. 51

8. ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU ..................................................................... 58

9. ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO .................................................................................. 62

2

9.1 Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence ................................................................ 62

9.2 Meetings of the WTO Anti-dumping, ASCM and Safeguards Committees. ................. 65

3

1. OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION

1.1. Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy

1.1.1. The international framework

Unfair trading practices such as dumping and the granting of subsidies were identified as a threat to open

markets as early as 1947, when the first GATT agreement was signed. The agreement contained specific

provisions allowing GATT members to act against these practices if they caused material injury to the domestic

industry of a GATT member. Today's globalised trade environment is characterised by quicker and cheaper

communication and transportation, as well as the coexistence of different models of economic governance. In

such a world, trade defence instruments are more relevant than ever as trade distortions that underlie the

application of these instruments are widespread.

Since the beginning of the GATT in 1947, considerable efforts have been made to harmonise the rules relating

to trade defence instruments. During the last GATT round (the « Uruguay Round »), which led to the creation

of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the detailed Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements, much

of the attention has been focused on the procedural and material conditions to be fulfilled before measures can

be adopted. The EU played an active role in the negotiation of these agreements, which are reflected in its own

legislation. In this sense, the EU applies its anti-dumping (AD) and anti-subsidy (AS) legislation in a rigorous

and consistent manner. Unfortunately, many WTO Members lack this type of restraint, thereby affecting

negatively also EU operators. The role that the EU plays as a prudent but determined user has therefore also

an exemplary function at WTO level. Against this backdrop, the EU continues to play a leading active role in

any efforts to update the WTO rulebook.

1.1.2. The EU legislation

The EU’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy legislation was first enacted in 1968 and has since been modified

several times. The current basic texts, which form the legal basis of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy

investigations in the EU, entered into force in March 1996 and October 1997 respectively. These are in line

with the Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements adopted during the GATT/WTO negotiations. These

texts were codified in 2016 to reflect changes previously made. The basic texts are:

– Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council on protection

against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Union – Codified

Version1, – Regulation (EU) 2016/1037 of the European Parliament and of the Council on protection

against subsidised imports from countries not members of the European Union – Codified

Version2.

These regulations will overall be referred to as the "basic anti-dumping (AD) Regulation" and the “basic anti-

subsidy (AS) Regulation”. Both regulations were last modified by Regulation (EU) 2017/2321 of 12 December

20173, Regulation (EU) 2018/825 of 30 May 20184 and Regulation (EU) 2020/1173 of 4 June 20205.

The EU's legislation contains a number of provisions aimed at ensuring a balanced application of the EU’s

anti-dumping and anti-subsidy rules on all interested parties. These provisions include the “EU interest test”

and the “lesser duty rule”, which go beyond the Union's WTO obligations.

The EU interest test is a public interest clause and provides that measures cannot be applied if it is established

that they are contrary to the overall economic interest of the EU. This requires an analysis of all the economic

interests involved, including those of the EU industry and its suppliers, downstream users, consumers and

traders of the product concerned.

The lesser duty rule used to require that the measures imposed by the EU be always lower than the dumping

or subsidy margin, if a lower duty rate was sufficient to remove the injury suffered by the EU industry. Such

1 OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.21. 2 OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.55. 3 OJ L 338, 19.12.2017, p.1. 4 OJ L 143, 07.06.2018, p.1. 5 OJ L 259, 10.08.2020, p. 1.

4

a “no-injury” rate is usually determined by comparing import prices under investigation with the cost of

production of the EU industry and a reasonable profit margin. Since the 2018 amendments to the basic

Regulations, the lesser duty rule does not apply, in principle, in anti-subsidy investigations, which means anti-

subsidy measures will fully offset the subsidies that an exporter has received. Also, since 2018, in anti-dumping

investigations, the application of the lesser duty rule may be modulated under certain conditions relating to

evidence of significant raw material distortions in the exporting country.

This practice reflects the increased attention of the EU to tackle unfair and injurious subsidisation and artificial

distortions by third countries. The EU is one of the few investigating authorities on a worldwide level that

applies the lesser duty rule in such a coherent and comprehensive way. The Commission presented a review

and evaluation of the modulation of the lesser duty rule to the Council and the European Parliament in 20236.

1.2. Safeguards

1.2.1. The international framework

The principle of liberalisation of imports was set under the GATT 1947 and strengthened under the 1994 WTO

Agreements. As safeguard measures consist of the unilateral withdrawal or suspension of a tariff concession

or of other trade liberalisation obligations formerly agreed, they must be considered as an exception to this

principle. Article XIX GATT 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Safeguards do not only impose strict

conditions for the application of this "escape clause", but also put in place a multilateral control mechanism

under the WTO Committee on Safeguards.

Under WTO rules, safeguard action must be viewed as a temporary defence measure that applies to all imports

of the product covered by a measure, irrespective of origin. As regards non-WTO members, safeguard

measures may be selective and apply to products originating in a specific country. WTO Accession Protocols

may also provide for such selective safeguard mechanisms, as was the case in the Protocol of Accession of the

People’s Republic of China (PRC), although the provision has now expired.

Definitive WTO safeguards should only be adopted after a comprehensive investigation that provides evidence

of the existence of a) unforeseen developments leading to b) increased imports, c) the existence of a serious

injury or a threat of injury for EU producers and d) a causal link between the imports and the injury.

Moreover, FTAs concluded by the Union with third countries often include a ‘bilateral safeguard clause’, i.e.,

a provision that allows for the temporary suspension of tariff concessions made under the FTA.

1.2.2. The EU legislation

The above-mentioned WTO principles are reflected in the relevant EU regulations, except for the “unforeseen

development requirement” (which is not found explicitly in the EU legislation nor in the WTO Agreement on

Safeguards but has been confirmed as a self-standing condition by WTO jurisprudence, as per Article XIX of

GATT 1994). Additionally, the adoption of measures in the EU requires an analysis of all interests concerned,

i.e., the impact of the measures on producers, users and consumers. In other words, safeguard action can only

be taken when it is in the EU’s interest to do so. The current EU safeguard instruments are covered by the

following regulations:

- Regulation (EU) 2015/478 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2015 on

common rules for imports (codification);7

- Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on

common rules for imports from certain third countries (recast);8

- Regulation (EU) 2019/287 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 February 2019

implementing bilateral safeguard clauses and other mechanisms allowing for the temporary

withdrawal of preferences in certain trade agreements concluded between the European Union and

third countries;9

6 COM/2023/294 final

7 OJ L 83, 27.3.2015, p.16. 8 OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p.33. 9 OJ L 53, 22.2.2019, p.1.

5

- Regulation (EU) 2015/936 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 June 2015 on common

rules for imports of textile products from certain third countries not covered by bilateral agreements,

protocols or other arrangements, or by other specific EU import rules (recast).10

The first two regulations are referred to as the “basic safeguard Regulation(s)”.

2. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING, ANTI-SUBSIDY AND SAFEGUARD INVESTIGATIONS AND

MEASURES

The number of new investigations initiated in 2025 remained close to the record number initiated the previous

year, with 32 initiations compared to 33 in 2024.

The number of measures imposed in 2025 was significantly more than the previous year. The Commission

imposed 26 definitive measures in new cases compared to 7 in 2024.11 At the same time, 3 new investigations

were terminated without the imposition of measures.

As to the reviews initiated during 2025, the total was lower than in 2024, with 21 initiations compared to 30

the previous year. These included 18 expiry reviews, 1 interim review, 1 other review and 1 anti-circumvention

investigation. The Commission concluded 26 reviews in 2024. Below are details on new investigations and

review investigations.

2.1. Measures in place

At the end of 2025, the EU had 220 definitive trade defence measures in place. These were composed of 147

anti-dumping measures (which were extended12 in 39 cases) and 25 countervailing measures (extended in 7

cases)13 and 2 safeguard measures. The anti-dumping measures cover 105 products from 19 countries (see

Annex O). The countervailing measures cover 19 products from 8 countries (see Annex P).

Regarding the definitive anti-dumping measures in force at the end of 2025, the countries and territories

concerned were the PRC (121 measures), Russia (13 measures), Indonesia (8 measures), and India and US (6

measures each) and Korea (5 measures), Egypt, Taiwan, Türkiye (4 measures each), Thailand (3 measures)

Belarus, Brazil and Japan (2 measures each), Iran, Malaysia, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad & Tobago,

Vietnam (1 measure each).

Regarding the anti-subsidy measures in place, the countries concerned were the PRC (14 measures), India and

Indonesia (5 measures each), Egypt (3 measures), US (2 measures) and Argentina, Morocco, and Türkiye (1

measure each).

2.2. New investigations

In the 5-year period between 2021 and 2025, the Commission initiated 96 new investigations on imports from

17 countries including one erga omnes safeguard investigation.

The main sectors concerned were chemicals with 32 investigations and iron and steel with 26 investigations

and. A breakdown of the sectors concerned is in Annex B (A).

The countries concerned by initiations are the PRC – 51; India – 8; Türkiye – 5; Korea – 4; Egypt, Indonesia,

Taiwan and Vietnam – 3 each, Brazil, Japan, Morocco, Russia, Thailand and USA - 2 each; Bahrain, Mexico

and Saudi Arabia - 1 each and the safeguard investigation being erga omnes. A table showing all the

investigations initiated over the last 5 years broken down by country of export is available at Annex B (B).

Table 1 below provides statistical information on the developments regarding new investigations for the years

2021-2025.

TABLE 1

10 OJ L 160, 25.6.2015, p.1. 11 Not including safeguard measures. 12 Measures were extended to other third countries or products if circumvention was found. 13 The measures are counted per product and country concerned.

6

Evolution of new anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard investigations

during the period 1 January 2021 - 31 December 2025

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

New investigations initiated during the period 14 5 12 33 32

New investigations concluded :

- by imposition of definitive duty or

acceptance of undertakings

- terminations14

12

1

11

1

6

1

7

1

27

3

Total new investigations concluded during the

period

13 12 7 8 30

Provisional measures imposed 10 3 5 10 27

2.3. Review investigations

Anti-dumping measures, including price undertakings, may be subject, under the basic AD Regulation, to five

different types of reviews: expiry reviews (Article 11(2)), interim reviews (Article 11(3)), newcomer

investigations (Article 11(4)), absorption investigations (Article 12) and anti-circumvention investigations

(Article 13). The Commission also carries out “other” reviews consisting in re-opening of investigations to

implement court rulings.

Anti-subsidy measures may also be subject, under the basic AS Regulation, to five different types of reviews:

expiry reviews (Article 18), interim reviews (Article 19), absorption investigations (Article 19(3)), accelerated

reviews (Article 20) and anti-circumvention investigations (Article 23). In addition, here also, the Commission

can re-open investigations to implement court rulings.

Reviews continue to represent a major part of the work of the Commission's TDI services. In the period from

2021 to 2025, the Commission initiated 152 review investigations. These reviews represented 61% of all anti-

dumping and anti-subsidy investigations initiated in that period.

In 2025, the Commission initiated 21 reviews. These comprised 18 expiry reviews (compared to 21 in 2024),

1 interim review, 1 other review and 1 anti-circumvention investigation (counted per product and country of

alleged circumvention practice). At the same time, the Commission concluded 25 reviews – 18 of which were

expiry reviews.

An overview of the review investigations in 2025 can be found in Annexes F to K. Table 2 below provides

statistical information for the years 2021 – 2025.

TABLE 2

Reviews of anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard investigations

during the period 1 January 2021 - 31 December 202515

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

Reviews initiated during the period

28 41 31 31 21

Expiry reviews concluded:

• by confirmation of measures

15 18 23 11 18 • by termination3 / repeal of measures

1 0 1 0 0

Other types of reviews concluded:

• by confirmation / amendment / re-imposition / extension

of measures (dependent on kind of review)

3 13 16 9 7

• by termination3 / repeal of measures

2 8 2 6 0

Total reviews concluded during the period16

21

39 42 26 25

14 Investigations might be terminated for reasons such as the withdrawal of the complaint, de minimis dumping or

injury, lack of causal link etc. 15 A case concerning several countries, but the same product is accounted as separate investigation/proceeding per

country involved. The table includes reopenings of investigations (‘other’ reviews). 16 Investigations which were conducted and concluded under the specific provisions of the regulation imposing the

original measures are not counted as there was no publication of the initiation.

7

3. OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2025

3.1. New investigations

3.1.1. Initiations

In 2025, the Commission initiated 30 new anti-dumping and 2 new anti-subsidy investigations. No new

safeguard investigation was initiated. The new investigations included 12 in the chemicals sector, 9 in the iron

and steel sector and 3 initiations concerning plastics and rubber sector, while 2 concerned textiles and 2

concerned wood and paper. The investigations concerned 15 different countries, with 15 of the investigations

concerning imports from the PRC. Details of the investigations are given in Annexes A and B.

The list of cases initiated in 2025 can be found below, together with the names of the complainants. More

information can be obtained from the Official Journals - publications reference in Annex A.

Product

All AD unless indicated as AS or

SFG

Origin Complainant

1,4-Butanediol (BDO)

Saudi Arabia

People's

Republic of

China

United States

of America

INEOS Solvents SA

Adipic acid

People's

Republic of

China

LANXESS Deutschland

GmbH and Radici Chimica

S.p.A

Benzyl Alcohol

People's

Republic of

China

LANXESS Deutschland

GmbH, LANXESS Chemical

B.V. and Vynova Advanced

Organics Maastricht B.V.

Cast iron articles

Türkiye

India Eurofonte

Certain alkyl phosphonic acids and

their sodium salts

People's

Republic of

China

LANXESS Deutschland

GmbH

Cold-rolled flat steel products

(certain)

India

Vietnam

Japan

Turkiye

Taiwan EUROFER

Continuous filament glass fibre

products

Egypt

Thailand

Bahrain Glass Fibre Europe "GFE"

Lightweight thermal paper - AS

People's

Republic of

China

European Thermal Paper

Association

Mobile cranes

People's

Republic of

China

LiebherrWerk Ehingen

GmbH and Liebherr-Werk

Nenzing GmbH , Tadano

Demag GmbH and Tadano

Faun GmbH, Manitowoc

Crane Group Germany

GmbH and Sennebogen

Maschinenfabrik GmbH

8

Passenger car and light lorry tyres -

AS

People's

Republic of

China

Coalition Against Unfair Tyre

Imports

Pea protein

People's

Republic of

China

Ad Hoc Coalition of Union

Pea Protein Producers

PET Spunbond

People's

Republic of

China

Freudenberg Performance

Materials and Johns Manville

Phosphorous acid

People's

Republic of

China ICL Europe Coöperatief U.A

Pneumatic tyres (new), of rubber,

of a kind used on motor cars, buses

or lorries

People's

Republic of

China

The Coalition Against Unfair

Tyre Imports

Polyamide yarns

People's

Republic of

China

Ad Hoc Coalition of

European Producers of Yarns

of Polyamide

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Vietnam PET Europe

Robot lawn mowers (RLM)

People's

Republic of

China

Husqvarna Manufacturing CZ

s.r.o.

Sodium benzoate

People's

Republic of

China LANXESS Chemical B.V

Softwood plywood Brazil

Softwood Plywood

Consortium

Terephthalic acid

Republic of

Korea

Mexico INEOS Aromatics

UREA

Russian

Federation Fertilizers Europe

Welding wire

People's

Republic of

China

ELBOR S.p.a. Electroda

Zagreb d.d., Electro Portugal

Lda., Hermann Fliess & Co.

GmbH, Italfil Spa, Multimet

Sp. z o.o., S.I.A.T. Società

Italiana Acciai Trafilati

S.p.A., and Westfälische

Drahtindustrie GmbH

3.1.2. Provisional measures

In 2025, 27 provisional anti-dumping duties were imposed and no provisional anti-subsidy

measures.17

The list of cases where provisional measures were imposed during 2025 can be found below, together

with the measures imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications

to which reference is given in Annex C.

17 Anti-subsidy investigations often run in parallel to anti-dumping investigations, where the provisional anti-

dumping duty already provides some relief to the Union industry.

9

Product Origin Level of measure

Tinplate

People's

Republic of

China

AD 14,1% - 62,6%

Lysine

People's

Republic of

China

AD 58,3% - 84,8%

Multilayered Wood

Flooring (MWF)

People's

Republic of

China

AD 42,3% - 49,2%

Decor paper

People's

Republic of

China

AD 31% – 34,9%

Epoxy resins

People's

Republic of

China

Taiwan

Thailand

AD 24,2% - 40,8%

AD 10,8% - 11%

AD 32,1%

Glyoxylic acid

People's

Republic of

China

AD 27,2% - 280,3%

Hot-rolled flat steel

products of iron, non-alloy

or other alloy steel, certain

Egypt

Japan

Vietnam

AD 12,8%

AD 6,9% --31,1%

AD 12,1%

Steel Track Shoes (STS)

People's

Republic of

China

AD 62,5%

Hardwood plywood

People's

Republic of

China

AD 25,1% - 62,4%

Screws without Heads

People's

Republic of

China

AD 62,3% - 80,7%

Choline Chloride

People's

Republic of

China

AD 95,4% - 120,8%

Fused alumina

People's

Republic of

China

AD 111,9% - 136,3%

High pressure seamless steel

cylinders

People's

Republic of

China

AD 63,2% – 118%

Sweet corn (prepared or

preserved in kernels)

People's

Republic of

China

AD 37,5% - 54,3%

Barium carbonate

India

People's

Republic of

China

AD 4,6%

AD 72,6% - 83,9%

Valine

People's

Republic of

China

AD 32,2% - 53,9%

10

Candles

People's

Republic of

China

AD 10,6% - 70,9%

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-

Styrene Resins

Republic of

Korea

Taiwan

AD 3,7% - 5,8%

AD 10,8% - 21,7%

Softwood plywood Brazil AD 5,4%

Adipic acid

People's

Republic of

China

AD 26,6% - 46,8%

Phosphorous acid

People's

Republic of

China

AD 122,8%

3.1.3. Definitive measures

During 2025, definitive duties were imposed in 23 anti-dumping, 3 anti-subsidy and 1 safeguard investigations.

The list of cases where definitive measures were imposed can be found below, together with the range of the

duties imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journals referred to in Annex D.

Product Origin Type18 and Level of measure

Titanium dioxide

People's

Republic of

China

AD 11,4% - 32,3%

Mobile access equipment

People's

Republic of

China

AD 6,4% - 54,9%

Polyvinyl Chloride

Egypt

United States of

America

AD 58% - 77%

AD 74,2% - 100,1%

Erythritol

People's

Republic of

China

AD 34,4% - 233,3%

Biodiesel

People's

Republic of

China

AD 10% - 35,6%

Glass fibre yarns

People's

Republic of

China

AD 26,3%

Tinplate

People's

Republic of

China

AD 24,5% - 46,7%

Vanillin

People's

Republic of

China

AD 131,1%

Lysine

People's

Republic of

China

AD 47,7% – 58,2%

Multilayered Wood

Flooring (MWF)

People's

Republic of

China

AD 21,3% - 36,1%

18 AD (anti-dumping) – AS (anti-subsidy) – SFG (safeguard)

11

Epoxy resins

People's

Republic of

China

Taiwan

Thailand

AD 17,3% - 33,%

AD 10,8% - 11%

AD 29,9%

Decor paper

People's

Republic of

China

AD 26,4% - 26,9%

Glyoxylic acid

People's

Republic of

China

AD 29,2% - 124,9%

Hot-rolled flat steel

products of iron, non-alloy

or other alloy steel, certain

Egypt

Japan

Vietnam

AD 11,7%

AD 6,9% - 30%

AD 12,1%

Steel Track Shoes (STS)

People's

Republic of

China

AD 62,5%

Screws without Heads

People's

Republic of

China

AD 54,7% - 72,3%

Hardwood plywood

People's

Republic of

China

AD 43,3% - 86,8%

Choline Chloride

People's

Republic of

China

AD 90% - 115,9%

Aluminium road wheels Morocco AS 31,4%

Mobile access equipment

People's

Republic of

China

AS 7,3% - 14,2%

Optical fibre cables (OFC) India AS 3,7% - 8,1%

Ferro-alloys Erga omnes SFG Tariff quota

3.1.4 Details of individual cases with application of new measures

Certain aluminium road wheels originating in Morocco

On 16 February 2024, the Commission initiated an anti-subsidy investigation regarding imports of certain

aluminium road wheels (‘ARW’) originating in Morocco, following a complaint lodged by the Association of

European Wheel Manufacturers on behalf of the industry of certain aluminium road wheels.

The product concerned was defined as aluminium road wheels of the motor vehicles, whether or not with their

accessories and whether or not fitted with tyres.

The investigation of subsidisation and injury covered the period from 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2023

(‘the investigation period’ or ‘IP’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered

the period from 1 January 2020 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’).

Sampling

Since sampling replies were received from the only two known exporting producers in Morocco sampling was

not necessary.

Three Union producers representing almost 27 % of the total production volume of the known Union producers

of the like product, were sampled at initiation. The sample ensured a good geographical spread.

12

Subsidy

The investigation found that the Moroccan government was supporting its automotive sector through subsidies,

including grants, loans at preferential rates, and tax exemptions/reductions. In addition to the subsidies granted

directly by the Government of Morocco (‘GOM’), the investigation found that one of the Moroccan exporting

producers of the product under investigation (DIKA Morocco Africa S.A. (‘DMA’) and its related companies,

together referred to as the ‘Dicastal group’) also benefited from subsidies in the context of the cooperation

between the GOM and the Government of the People’s Republic of China (‘GOC’) to support investments in

Morocco as a part of the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative.

The investigation confirmed that the conditions for attributing the provision of a financial support by the GOC

to the Dicastal group’s activities in Morocco to the GOM as the government of the country of exports were

fulfilled. This conclusion was based on the fact that through its actions the GOM allowed DMA to benefit

from the GOC’s support in the context of the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. In particular, the investigation

revealed that there was an established cooperation framework between the GOM and the GOC, and that GOM

had mechanisms in place to ensure the provision of the financial support by the GOC and the power to monitor

compliance with the investment agreement. As confirmed by the case law of the Court of Justice, “a subsidy

may take the form of a foreign investment, made by the government of a given third country, in one or more

undertakings established in another third country, provided that the conduct of that government permits the

inference that they granted that financial contribution to that undertaking or those undertakings, by formally

granting it to them or by allowing them in practice to benefit from it”.

In line with such interpretation, the Commission concluded that certain subsidy programmes such as

preferential financing and the direct transfer of funds for the provision of raw materials provided in the context

of the cooperation between GOC and GOM are attributable to the GOM. In particular, the Commission found

that CITIC Dicastal, one of the Chinese entities of the Dicastal group, received support by the GOC in China

in the form of grants and preferential loans received from the GOC and from Chinese banks and financial

institutions acting as a public body. CITIC Dicastal signed an investment agreement with the GOM on behalf

of the GOC to implement the project to build a plant to manufacture aluminium wheels in the context of the

close cooperation between the GOC and the GOM. CITIC Dicastal then provided funding under the investment

agreement to DMA via several intermediate entities thereby controlling that these entities indeed channelled

the funds to DMA and thus acting as the grantor of the financial contribution and ultimately project owner

under the investment agreement with the GOM. The investigation also confirmed that CITIC Dicastal acted as

a public body within the meaning of Article 3(1)(a) read in conjunction with Article 2(b) of the basic

Regulation when providing the financial contributions to DMA via the related entities.

As regards the direct transfer of funds for the provision of raw materials, the Commission found that DMA

procured aluminium ingots, the main raw material for the production of ARW, from one of CITIC Dicastal’s

related entities in China under preferential conditions (i.e., DMA had not bene asked to pay for the ingots

despite exceeding the agreed payment term of 90 days and the price charged was artificially and significantly

lower than the market price). The Commission concluded that CITIC Dicastal, acting as a public body of the

GOC, provided a financial contribution through its related entities to DMA. Additionally, Dicastal group’s

financial institutions GOC owned banks were also found to have acted as a public bodies when providing loans

to CITIC Dicastal.

Injury and causation

Almost all indicators showed a negative trend. Key economic indicators such as profitability, cash flow, return

on investment and market share showed significant deterioration during the period considered. This

deterioration prevented Union industry from raising capital, ultimately hindering its growth and even

jeopardizing its survival.

Import volumes from the country concerned increased substantially during the period considered, with their

market share rising from 2 % in 2020 to 9 % during the investigation period. The average price of the imported

product was approximately 16 % lower than the Union price. This growth in both market share and volume of

imports from the country concerned was particularly significant taken that the imports were already subject to

anti-dumping duties.

During the period considered, even though the average sales price in the Union increased, the average cost of

production rose by 67 % which outweighed the benefits of the price increase. This led to a deterioration in

profitability. Price pressure from subsidised imports at lower prices led to losses starting in 2021, which

worsened throughout the investigation period. Union industry had lost market share, cash flow trends and

return on investments were negative, which undermined the Union industry’s ability to self-finance its

13

operations. The Commission therefore concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury within the

meaning of Article 8(4) of the basic Regulation

The Commission concluded that there was a causal link between the injury suffered by the Union industry and

the Moroccan imports and that other factors, considered individually or collectively, did not attenuate the

causal link between the subsidised imports and the material injury.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission examined if it was in the Union interest to impose countervailing measures by analysing the

various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers, and users. Despite the claims of a

potential negative impact on car manufacturers, measures would still not be disproportionate as the negative

impact would not outweigh the positive effects for the Union producers. The Commission therefore concluded

that there were no compelling reasons that it was not in the Union interest to impose measures on imports of

aluminium road wheels originating in Morocco.

On 14 March 2025, the Commission imposed countervailing duties on imports of aluminium road wheels from

Morocco. The duties imposed range from 5,6% for the exporting producer benefitting purely from the

Moroccan subsidies to 31,4% for the producer benefitting from both Moroccan and Chinese financial

contributions under the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. As the level of cooperation in this investigation was

high, the Commission found it appropriate to set the residual duty rate at a level of the cooperating company

with the highest subsidy rate (i.e., DMA). However, as the situation of DMA was rather unusual and the

Commission did not find any evidence of similar subsidisation by the GOM in cooperation with the GOC or

other third country governments as regards the other sampled cooperating exporting producer, the Commission

also found it appropriate to deduct the subsidy amounts linked to the GOM-GOC cooperation from the residual

duty rate. The result was that the residual duty rate was therefore established at the rate established for the

other sampled cooperating producer (5,6%).

On 29 April 2025, the Commission corrected the level of the residual duty rate. It considered that the current

residual duty rate did not account for the possibility that a new Moroccan exporting producer who would be

subject to that rate could also be benefiting from support provided by the GOC and attributable to the GOM in

the context of the cooperation between the GOC and the GOM. The Commission therefore found it more

appropriate to set the residual duty rate at the level of the whole subsidy amount available in Morocco for such

possible future exporting producer. As a result, the residual duty rate was set at 31,4%.

The countervailing duties come on top of the anti-dumping duties imposed on the same product from Morocco

on 12 January 2023 (the latter ranging from 9% to 17,5%).

Epoxy resins originating in the People’s Republic of China, Thailand and Taiwan

On 1 July 2024, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation regarding imports of epoxy resins

originating in China, Thailand, Korea and Taiwan, following a complaint lodged by the Ad Hoc Coalition of

Epoxy Resin producers on behalf of the European industry of epoxy resins.

The product concerned was defined as products containing more than 35 % by weight of epoxy resins, also

known as epoxide resins or polyepoxides, which are polymers or prepolymers containing reactive epoxy

groups, based on epichlorohydrin and an aliphatic or aromatic alcoholic component (such as BPA), in solid,

semi-solid or liquid forms, having all types of grade, purity, molecule weight or molecular structure, whether

or not containing modifiers, curing agents, or additives, so long as the curing agents have not chemically

reacted so as to cure the epoxy resin or convert it into a different product no longer containing epoxy groups.

Certain products, such as blends of epoxy resins with other materials, were excluded from the product scope.

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 April 2023 to 31 March 2024 (‘the

investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from

1 January 2020 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’).

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of two groups (out of ten companies/groups that came forward)

representing around 80 % of Chinese imports during the investigation period, on the basis of the largest

representative volume of exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated within the time

available. In addition, the Commission selected a sampled of two (out of four) Korean exporting producers

with the largest quantity of exports to the Union. They represented over 90 % of the total export volume from

Korea to the Union during the investigation period. Given that there were only one Thai and two Taiwanese

14

exporting producers known to the Commission at the initiation of the investigation, sampling was necessary

for Thailand and Taiwan.

For Union producers, the Commission selected a sample based on the largest representative production and

sales volume in the Union during the investigation period. The sample consisted of two Union producers,

Westlake and Blue Cube/Olin, accounting for around 60 % of the total Union production.

Only two unrelated importers, Cortex and Comexim, provided the requested information and agreed to be

included in the sample. Therefore, the Commission decided that sampling was not necessary for unrelated

importers.

Dumping

China

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence

of the existence of significant distortions in China for the production of epoxy resins.

The distortions found in the chemical sector in general, and in the epoxy sector in particular. Those distortions

included strong presence and influence of the government as the sector is served to a significant extend by

enterprises operating under the ownership, control or policy supervision or guidance of state authorities. While

information to establish the actual proportion of public and private enterprises was not available, the

Commission found that several producers were directly controlled by the State. In addition, China’s

intervention in its economy in general as well as in the sector of the product concerned showed that prices and

costs of the product concerned, including the costs of raw materials, energy and labour, are not the result of

free market forces because they are affected by substantial government intervention within the meaning of

Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation. The Commission found, for example, members of the CCP acting as

chairman and members of the board of directors of an exporting producer. As a result of the existence of these

distortions, the normal value was constructed based on undistorted prices and costs in a representative country,

which in this case was Thailand.19

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the

undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country. These undistorted

unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of the cooperating

exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing overheads,

expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an undistorted

cost of manufacturing. Finally, readily available SG&A and profit from one Thai producer were applied to the

undistorted manufacturing cost.

The Chinese sampled exporting producers exported to the Union directly to independent customers. Therefore,

the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the

Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on an

ex-works basis. Adjustments were made for transport, customs duty, insurance, handling, loading costs, credit

costs and bank charges.

The dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union frontier price,

duty unpaid, ranged from 17,3% to 33%.

Thailand

The normal value for the majority of product types exported to the Union by the sole exporting producer from

Thailand, Aditya Birla Chemicals (Thailand), was based on actual domestic prices. The Commission

constructed normal value for the remaining types, which were sold in insufficient quantities in the domestic

market.

The Thai exporting producer exported to the Union both directly and through a related importer. The related

importer imported the product concerned and either (i) resold it or (ii) further processed it before reselling it.

For the direct sales, the export price was established on the basis of prices actually paid or payable, in

19 In addition, in the absence of appropriate benchmarks in Thailand, for two factors of production (epichlorohydrin (ECH) and caustic soda), imports into Malaysia were used to establish an undistorted benchmark for China.

15

accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. For exports via related importer in the Union, the export

price was constructed under Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation. For the exports that were processed by the

related importer, in addition to the SG&A costs and for a profit, adjustments were made for processing costs.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producers/groups on an ex-

works basis. Adjustments were made for freight, insurance, handling and loading expenses, packing,

commission, credit costs and bank charges, transport, warehousing costs, customs duties, insurance,

commission, products sold in kits, conversion costs.

The dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union frontier price,

duty unpaid, was established at 32,8%.

Taiwan

For both Taiwanese producers, the normal value for the majority of product types exported to the Union was

based on actual domestic price. Where there were no domestic sales of a product type of the like product,

normal value was constructed based on the companies’ costs, SG&A and profits.

One Taiwanese exporting producer exported to the Union directly, in which case the export price was

established on the basis of prices actually paid or payable, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic

Regulation. The other exporting producer exported to the Union directly and through a related importer located

in the Union. For those exports via a related importer, the export price was constructed on the basis of the price

the imports were first resold to an independent buyer, in accordance with Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producers/groups on an ex-

works basis. Adjustments were made for freight, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary expenses, credit

costs, packing costs, sea freight, sea insurance, custom broker fee, trade promotion fee, customs duty,

commission, and bank charges.

The dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union frontier price,

duty unpaid, ranged from 10,8% to 11%.

Korea

For both Korean exporting producers, the normal value for the majority of product types exported to the Union

was based on actual domestic prices. The normal value for the remaining types was constructed, since no

domestic sale for these product types existed at any of the two sampled exporting producers and no other

information on the prices of the relevant product types was available to the Commission.

Both Korean exporting producers/groups had sales to the Union either directly, or through a related company.

The export price was established in accordance with Article 2(8) for direct sales. As regards the export sales

via the related importer, export prices were determined in accordance with Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation,

based on prices at which the goods were first re-sold to an unrelated customer in the Union.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producers/groups on an ex-

works basis. Adjustments were made for transport, insurance, handling and loading expenses, credit costs, duty

drawback, packing expenses, credit costs, bank charges and commissions.

The Commission found that one of the sampled companies not to be dumping and the other’s margin to be

2,4%. The Commission examined whether the country-wide level of dumping for Korea was found to be above

the de minimis 2 % level as provided in Article 9(3) of the basic Regulation. As explained above, there were

only four Korean producers and the sampled companies accounted for 90% of total exports, the Commission

considered appropriate to extrapolate the results of the sample, including the company with no dumping, to

estimate the level of dumping of the non-sampled companies. The amount of dumping in the sample, expressed

as a percentage of the CIF value of exports of the sample, was below 0 %. Therefore, no countrywide dumping

margin was established for the Republic of Korea.

Injury and causation

The main macro-indicators showed a negative trend during the period considered: Union production volume

dropped by 39 %, capacity utilisation by 34 %, Union sales volume by 31 % and productivity by 40 %. While

the said indicators showed a positive trend in 2021 compared to 2020, they then kept declining dramatically

for the remainder of the period considered.

16

Micro-indicators presented a similar picture. Profitability of sales in the Union was positive between 2021 and

2022 but started declining thereafter, resulting in the Union industry becoming loss-making in 2023 and in the

investigation period. Similarly, cash flow that had been positive between 2020 and 2022 became negative in

2023 and the investigation period. Year-end closing stocks as a percentage of production climbed over 15 %

in the second part of the period considered, when the impact of the increasing imports from the countries

concerned was already felt by the Union industry.

Import volumes by the countries concerned increased more than four times over the period considered. In a

context of a decrease in annual consumption by 43 031 tonnes in the period considered, annual imports from

the countries concerned increased by 44 023 tonnes over the same period, which resulted in the exporters

increasing their combined market share from 3,5 % in 2020 to 16,9 % in the investigation period as their prices

significantly undercut the Union industry’s prices from 2021 onwards. During the investigation period, the

undercutting margins of the exporters from the countries concerned were significant and ranged between 20-

28 %. The low-priced dumped imports from the countries concerned also caused significant price depression

to the Union industry. As a result, the Union industry was unable to sell at prices covering their cost of

production and became loss-making in 2023 and in the investigation period.

Throughout the period considered net investments decreased by 16 % and the return on investment as well as

the cash flow became negative starting from 2023, even though the number of employees increased during the

period considered by 2 %, the productivity decreased by 40 % over the same period, resulting in a higher

labour cost per tonne of epoxy resin produced.

On that basis, the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury within the meaning

of Article 3(5) of the basic Regulation.

On causation, the Commission concluded that the dumped imports from the countries concerned caused

material injury to the Union industry and that the other factors, considered individually or collectively, did not

attenuate the causal link between the dumped imports and the material injury. The injury consisted of reduced

market share, production, production capacity utilisation, productivity, profitability, closing stocks, cash flow

and return on investments, as well as price depression. In this case, the Commission analysed the following

other factors: imports from other third countries including Korea, export performance of the Union producers,

effects of the energy crisis and the increased cost of production, decline in the Union consumption and business

decisions of the Union producers.

Level of measures

The Commission determined the injury margin level on the basis of a comparison of the weighted average

import price of the sampled cooperating exporting producers in the countries concerned as established for the

price undercutting calculations, with the weighted average non-injurious price of the like product sold by the

sampled Union producers on the Union market during the investigation period. Any difference resulting from

this comparison was expressed as a percentage of the weighted average import CIF value.

For all countries concerned, the injury margins were higher than the dumping margins, ranging from 116% to

118,9% for China and 96,5% to 105,8 for Taiwan, and 71% for Thailand. Therefore, all duties were established

at the level of the dumping margins.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission carefully analysed if it was in the Union interest to impose anti-dumping measures by

examining the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers, and users. It

concluded that there were no compelling reasons that it was not in the Union interest to impose measures on

imports of epoxy resins originating in China, Taiwan and Thailand.

On 28 July 2025, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on epoxy resins from People’s

Republic of China, Thailand and Taiwan, and terminated the investigation vis-à-vis Korea. Definitive anti-

dumping duties ranged between 17,3% and 33% for China, 10,8% and 11% for Taiwan and 29,9% for

Thailand.

Registration and retroactive collection

On 25 October 2024 the Commission decided that the imports of the product concerned from China, Taiwan

and Thailand should be made subject to registration for the purpose of collecting duties retroactively, if

definitive duties were imposed and the necessary conditions for retroactive collection were fulfilled. At

17

definitive stage, however, the Commission concluded that dumped imports had not substantially increased

after the initiation of the investigation. Therefore, the retroactive collection of the duties was not justified.

Titanium dioxide imports originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 13 November 2023, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation regarding imports of Titanium

dioxide originating in the People’s Republic of China, based on a complaint lodged on 29 September 2023 by

the European Titanium Dioxide Ad Hoc Coalition.

The product subject to the anti-dumping investigation is titanium dioxide (‘TiO₂’), an inorganic chemical in

the form of fine white powder having the chemical formula TiO₂. The product is used in a range of industrial

and consumer products such as paints, coatings, paper, plastics, rubber, textiles, pharmaceutical products, to

give whiteness, brightness, and/or opacity to the product.

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from from 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023

(‘the investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period

from 1 January 2020 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’).

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of seven companies belonging to two separate corporate groups on the

basis of the largest representative volume of exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated

within the time available. The Commission selected a sample of three known Union producers aaccounting for

50 % of the total production in the Union and 65 % of the sales volume to unrelated customers in the Union.

Only one unrelated importer replied to the questionnaire, so the Commission decided that sampling of

unrelated importers was not necessary.

Two requests for individual examination were received; however, the requesting producers did not fill out the

dedicated questionnaire for the exporting producers within the deadline specified in the Notice of initiation.

Therefore, the requests for individual examination could not be considered.

Dumping

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence

of the existence of significant distortions in China for the production of TiO₂.

The distortions found in the TiO₂ sector included strong presence and influence of the government as the sector

is being served to a significant extend by enterprises operating under the ownership, control or policy

supervision or guidance of state authorities. China’s intervention in its economy in general as well as in the

sector of the product concerned showed that prices and costs of the product concerned, including the costs of

raw materials, energy and labour, are not the result of free market forces because they are affected by

substantial government intervention within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation. The lack,

discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy, corporate or property laws also exists in

the TiO₂ sector in China. In addition, the system of plans applicable in the chemical sector generated distortions

in the sector.

As a result of the existence of these distortions, the normal value was constructed based on undistorted prices

and costs in a representative country, which in this case was Brazil.

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the

undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country. These undistorted

unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of the cooperating

exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing overheads,

expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an undistorted

cost of manufacturing. Finally, readily available SG&A and profit from one Brazilian producer were applied

to the undistorted manufacturing cost.

The sampled exporting producers exported to the Union either directly to independent customers or through

related traders. For those exports of the product concerned directly to independent customers in the Union, the

export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union,

in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on an

ex-works basis. Adjustments were made for transport, insurance, handling, loading costs, customs duty, credit

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costs and bank charges. For one sampled exporting producer, exports to the Union were made via a related

traders located outside the Union. The Commission found that the functions of these traders were similar to

those of an agent working on a commission basis. Consequently, an adjustment under Article 2(10)(i) was

made for sales through the related trading companies.

For the sampled exporting producers, the Commission compared the weighted average normal value of each

type of the like product with the weighted average export price of the corresponding type of the product

concerned. The dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union

frontier price, duty unpaid, ranged from 11,4% to 32,3%.

Injury and causation

All the main injury indicators showed a negative trend during the period considered and, although the situation

of the Union industry temporarily improved in 2021, the injury indicators declined in 2022 and then sharply

declined in the investigation period.

The production volume of the Union industry decreased by 31 % and its sales volume decreased by 25 %

between 2020 and the investigation period. This decrease was more significant than the decrease of the Union

consumption, which decreased by 22 % during the period considered. Consequently, the market share of the

Union industry dropped from 49 % in 2020 to 47 % in the investigation period with a temporary increase in

2021 and beginning of 2022.

Chinese imports increased in volume by 17 % during the period considered and the Chinese market share

increased from 15 % in 2020 to 22 % in the investigation period. Imports from China temporarily dropped by

5 % in volume due to the shipping crisis between 2020 and 2021. Being temporarily shielded from cheap

imports from China, and with increasing demand during the Covid-19 pandemic, the Union industry could

increase its sales quantities and sales prices, achieving unexpectedly high profits in 2021. However, this

positive trend was due to exceptional circumstances, and it was reversed by the investigation period, when the

sales quantities of the Union industry dropped significantly (by 38 percentage points between 2021 and the

investigation period) and its profitability plummeted (from 10 % in 2021 to -12 % in the investigation period).

In addition, the Union industry was faced with a significant increase in the cost of production, which rose by

71 % over the period considered. The increase in cost was driven mainly by higher costs of the principal raw

materials and energy. The Union industry, however, could not increase their sales prices sufficiently to offset

this major cost increase. Their sales prices increased only by 31 % over the period considered. The prices

peaked in 2022, but markedly decreased in the investigation period, despite the costs of production continuing

to rise. As a result, the Union industry became loss making in the investigation period. Similar negative effects

are seen in cash flow and return on investment.

The Commission therefore concluded that, although the extraordinary circumstances in 2021 allowed the

Union industry to perform well, in the shrinking market of 2022 and the investigation period, Chinese imports

were increasing and gaining market share, supressing the Union industry’s prices, while its costs of production

was increasing. This is particularly evident in the investigation period, when the prices of Chinese imports

decreased by one quarter compared to 2022.

On causation, the Commission concluded that the dumped imports from the country concerned caused material

injury to the Union industry and that the other factors, considered individually or collectively, did not attenuate

the causal link between the dumped imports and the material injury. The injury consists mainly of loss of

market share, price undercutting and suppression and falling profitability, return on investment and cash flow.

Level of measures

The complainants provided sufficient evidence that there may be raw material distortions in the country

concerned regarding the product under investigation within the meaning of Article 7(2a) of the basic

Regulation. Therefore, in accordance with Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation, this investigation examined

the alleged distortions to assess whether, if relevant, a duty lower than the margin of dumping would be

sufficient to remove injury.

However, as the margins adequate to remove injury were higher than the dumping margins, this question

became moot as the duties had to be capped by the dumping margins.

Union interest and definitive measures

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The Commission examined if it was in the Union interest to impose anti-dumping measures by examining the

various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers, and users. It was concluded that

the imposition of measures would stop the surge of Chinese imports at very low prices and therefore imposing

measures would be in the interest of the Union industry.

However, to limit any possible serious impact on the users that are heavily dependent on TiO2 in their

production and in order to mitigate the possible serious adverse effects that anti-dumping duties might have

on a large number of such users, while at the same time ensuring protection to the Union industry exposed to

the injurious effects of dumped imports from China, the Commission considered modulation of duties. In

particular, the Commission considered that the imposition of duties in the form of specific duties will soften

the impact of the duties on the users as, in a rising market, the share of duties in the total price of Chinese TiO2

will be less than if duties are imposed as ad valorem duties.

On 9 January 2025, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on titanium dioxide (TiO2) from

People’s Republic of China. The fixed amount of duty (EUR per kg) ranged from 0,25 to 0,74.

Registration and retroactive collection

On 7 June 2024, the Commission made imports of titanium dioxide originating in the People’s Republic of

China subject to registration. At definitive stage, the Commission concluded that there was no sufficient

evidence that the rise in imports exceeded the increase in demand during the post investigation period and no

evidence of stockpiling by the importers was found by or presented to the Commission. Therefore, the

retroactive collection of the duties was not justified.

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel (HRF) originating in Egypt, India,

Japan and Vietnam

On 8 August 2024, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation regarding imports of imports of

certain flat-rolled products of iron, non-alloy steel or other alloy steel originating in Egypt, India, Japan and

Vietnam, following a complaint lodged by the European Steel Association (EUROFER) on behalf of the

European industry of HRF.

The product concerned was defined as flat-rolled products of iron, non-alloy steel or other alloy steel, whether

or not in coils (including ‘cut-to-length’ and ‘narrow strip’ products), not further worked than hot-rolled, not

clad, plated or coated. Certain products, such as products of stainless steel and grain-oriented silicon electrical

steel, were excluded from the product scope.

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 April 2023 to 31 March 2024 (‘the

investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from

1 January 2021 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’).

Sampling

For Union producers, the Commission selected a sample based on the highest representative production and

sales volumes whilst ensuring a geographical spread. The sample consisted of three Union producers located

in three different Member States. It accounted for over 34 % of the estimated total volume of production and

more than 35 % of the total estimated sales of the like product in the Union.

For Egypt, only one group of exporting producers came forward, Ezz Steel Company (‘Ezz Steel’). For

Vietnam, three companies provided the requested information and agreed to be included in the sample, but

only two of them were in fact exporting producers of the product concerned. Therefore, the Commission

decided that sampling was not necessary for either country. With regard to India and Japan, five exporting

producers in each country come forward and agreed to be sampled. One of the Japanese companies, however,

was not an exporting producer of the product concerned. In accordance with Article 17(1) of the basic

Regulation, the Commission selected a sample of two exporting producers in both India and Japan, on the basis

of the largest representative volume of exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated within the

time available.

There was no cooperation from unrelated importers.

Dumping

Egypt

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The normal value was calculated based on the prices paid or payable, in the ordinary course of trade, in the

domestic market. For the product types which were not sold in representative quantities or not sold in the

domestic market, the Commission constructed the normal value based on the company’s cost of production,

SG&A and profit.

The exporting producer exported to the Union directly to independent companies and therefore the export price

was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union, in

accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producer on an ex-works

basis. Adjustments were made for transport, insurance, handling, loading, commissions and ancillary costs,

credit cost and bank charges inland transportation, ocean freight and insurance. In addition, in accordance with

Article 2(10)(j) of the basic Regulation, for the export price, the Commission used the date of contract to

convert the export price from USD into EGP using the rates booked by the company in its audited accounts.

The dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union frontier price,

duty unpaid, was established at 11,7%.

India

The normal value was calculated based on the prices paid or payable, in the ordinary course of trade, in the

domestic market. For the product types which were not sold in representative quantities or not sold in the

domestic market, the Commission constructed the normal value based on the Indian exporting producers’ cost

of production, SG&A and profit.

The sampled exporting producers exported to the Union to independent customers as well as to related

companies. In case of direct exports, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product

concerned when sold for export to the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. In

addition to direct sales, one sampled exporting producer also sold the product concerned to the Union to related

parties, which then further processed the product concerned. For those sales, the export price was also

established in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation because the Commission could verify that

the prices between related parties were at arm’s length and reflected market prices.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producer on an ex-works

basis. Adjustments were made for inland transportation and insurance, handling and loading, credit cost,

packaging costs, inland transportation, ocean freight and insurance, commissions and bank charges.

For the sampled exporting producers, the Commission compared the weighted average normal value of each

type of the like product with the weighted average export price of the corresponding type of the product

concerned. The weighted average dumping margin expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price,

duty unpaid, calculated for the two sampled exporting producers were 0,77 % and 1,76 %, that is, below the 2

% or de minimis. On this basis, the Commission concluded that the country-wide dumping margin was also

below de minimis. In these circumstances, the Commission terminated the investigation on imports of the

product concerned originating in India without the imposition of measures.

Japan

The normal value was calculated based on the prices paid or payable, in the ordinary course of trade, in the

domestic market. For the product types which were not sold in representative quantities or not sold in the

domestic market, the Commission constructed the normal value based on the Indian exporting producers’ cost

of production, SG&A and profit.

Nippon Steel exported to the Union either directly to independent customers or through related companies

acting as an importer, while Tokyo Steel only exported to the Union directly to independent customers. In case

of direct exports, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold

for export to the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. In case the product concerned

was exported via related importers in the Union, the export price was established based on the price at which

the imported product was first resold to independent customers in the Union, in accordance with Article 2(9)

of the basic Regulation. In this case, adjustments to the price were made for all costs incurred between

importation and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profits accruing.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producer on an ex-works

basis. Adjustments were made for inland transportation, ocean freight and insurance, handling, loading and

21

ancillary costs, packing, credit cost, bank charges, discounts and rebates, after-sales costs, commissions and

safeguard duties.

The definitive dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union

frontier price, duty unpaid ranged from 6,9% to 42,1%.

Vietnam

The normal value was calculated based on the prices paid or payable, in the ordinary course of trade, in the

domestic market. For the product types which were not sold in representative quantities or not sold in the

domestic market, the Commission constructed the normal value based on each exporting producers’ cost of

production, SG&A and profit.

The cooperating exporting producers exported to the Union either directly to independent customers or through

a related trader in a third country. Thus, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product

concerned when sold for export to the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producer on an ex-works

basis. Adjustments were made for inland transportation, ocean freight and insurance, and handling and loading,

credit cost and bank charges.

The Commission found that one of the exporting producers had not dumped the product concerned in the

Union. The other company’s dumping margin was established at 12,1%.

Injury and causation

The Commission analysis showed that the Union Industry could not maintain its production and sales volumes

and improve its capacity utilisation rate. The production and sales volumes decreased more than the

consumption on the Union market. In view of the decreasing production, the Union industry took concrete

actions to improve efficiency by keeping a tight grip on cost of production (mainly raw materials and labour

costs) and by increasing the production per employee when the situation of the Union industry started to

deteriorate. Nonetheless, the cost of production increased by 18 % when the unit sales price remained stable

during the period considered, except for 2022. Consequently, the profitability of the Union industry

deteriorated significantly, from 12 % in 2021/2022, when the Union industry benefitted from the recovery of

the economy after the COVID-19 crisis, to loss-making in 2023 and the IP.

The Commission also established a causal link between the dumped imports from Egypt, Japan and Vietnam

and the injury suffered by the Union industry. There was a coincidence in time between the sharp increase in

the volume of dumped imports at continuously decreasing sales prices from Egypt, Japan and Vietnam and the

worsening of the Union's performance, which became evident in 2023. The Union industry had no other choice

but to follow the price level set by the dumped imports to avoid losing further market share. This resulted in a

deterioration of the situation of the Union industry as showed by various macro and micro indicators such as

profitability, sales volume, market share, employment and cash flow. The Commission found that the export

sales performance of the Union producers and the imports from countries other than the countries concerned

might have had an impact on the situation of the Union industry. However, those, considered individually or

collectively, were not sufficient to attenuate the causal link between the dumped imports and the material

injury suffered by the Union industry.

Level of measures

The complainant provided sufficient evidence that there were raw material distortions in India and Vietnam

regarding the product under investigation. During the investigation, the complainant requested the Commission

to extend the application of Article 7(2a) to Egypt and Japan as well. However, the additional request did not

contain sufficient evidence of the distortions listed in Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation and therefore did

not justify an amendment to the Notice of Initiation and subsequent investigation regarding potential raw

material distortions for Egypt and Japan. Considering that and the fact that India’s dumping margin was below

de minimis, the Commission assessed the injury elimination measure under 7(2) for Egypt and Japan, and 7(2a)

for Vietnam.

For Egypt and Japan, the Commission determined the injury margin level on the basis of a comparison of the

weighted average import price of the sampled cooperating exporting producers in the countries concerned as

established for the price undercutting calculations, with the weighted average non-injurious price of the like

product sold by the sampled Union producers on the Union market during the investigation period. Any

22

difference resulting from this comparison was expressed as a percentage of the weighted average import CIF

value.

The injury margins were 18,2% for Egypt and between 29,3% and 30% for Japan.

In the case of Vietnam, the Commission used the same methodology described above to calculate the

underselling to the sampled exporting producer found to be dumping (Formosa Ha Tinh Steel Corporation) at

27%. Since the underselling was higher than the dumping margin (12,1%), the Commission concluded that the

analysis of the raw material distortions had become moot as the anti-dumping duty could not be higher than

actual dumping.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission carefully analysed if it was in the Union interest to impose anti-dumping measures by

examining the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers, and users. It

concluded that there were no compelling reasons that it was not in the Union interest to impose measures on

imports of HRF originating in Egypt, Japan and Vietnan.

On 26 September 2025, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on HRF from Egypt, Japan

and Vietnan, and terminated the investigation vis-à-vis India. One Vietnamese exporting producers was found

not to be dumping and was excluded from measures. Definitive anti-dumping duties ranged between 6,9% and

30% for Japan and were set at 11,7% for Egypt and 12,1% for Vietnam.

Registration and retroactive collection

On 25 October 2024, the Commission decided that the imports of the product concerned from Egypt, India,

Japan and Vietnam should be made subject to registration for the purpose of collecting duties retroactively, if

definitive duties were imposed and the necessary conditions for retroactive collection were fulfilled. At

definitive stage, the Commission concluded that no further substantial rise of imports of the product concerned

took place and, therefore, the retroactive collection of the duties was not justified.

Screws without heads originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 17 October 2024, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation on imports of screws without

heads originating in the People’s Republic of China (‘China’), following a complaint lodged by the European

Industrial Fasteners Institute (‘EIFI’).

The product subject to this investigation was screws and bolts, whether or not with their nuts and washers,

without heads, of iron or steel other than stainless steel, regardless of tensile strength, excluding coach screws

and other wood screws, screw hooks and screw rings, self-tapping screws, and screws and bolts for fixing

railway track construction material, classified under CN codes 7318 15 42 and 7318 15 48.

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 July 2023 to 30 June 2024 (‘the

investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from

1 January 2021 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’).

Imports of screws without heads originating in China were subject to registration as of 31 January 2025.

Sampling and anonymous treatment

The Commission selected a sample of three Union producers which accounted for around 14% of the

production and sales volume of the Union industry. The Union producers represented by EIFI or supporters of

the complaint requested and were granted anonymous treatment by the Commission based on the risk of

retaliation by customers in the Union that also sourced headless screws from Chinese suppliers.

As regards the Chinese exporting producers, one hundred twenty-seven exporting producers in China provided

the requested information and agreed to be included in the sample. The Commission selected a sample of three

exporting producers based on the largest representative volume of exports to the Union which could reasonably

be investigated within the time available. The sample consisted of: Zhejiang Junyue Standard Part Co., Ltd.,

Chinafar Group, and Brother Group.

Similarly, the Commission selected a sample of three unrelated importers based on the largest volume of sales

of the product concerned into the Union during the investigation period.

Dumping

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The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation in view of the sufficient

evidence available at the initiation of the investigation pointing to the existence of significant distortions within

the meaning of point (b) of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation with regard to China.

The Commission’s investigation confirmed that in the headless screws sector, which is part of the downstream

steel sector, a substantial degree of ownership by the Government of China (‘GOC’) persists and that the GOC

is in a position to interfere with prices and costs through State presence in firms. Additionally, policies

discriminating in favour of domestic producers or otherwise influencing the market were in place in the

Chinese steel sector, and these were generally applicable to the product under investigation given that the

screws without heads industry is a sub-sector of the steel sector. The investigation did not reveal any evidence

that the discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy and property laws in the steel

sector or the governmental intervention in the financial system would not affect the manufacturers of headless

screws. Finally, the product sector was also affected by the distortions of wage costs, which affected the sector

both directly (when producing the product under investigation or the main inputs), as well as indirectly (when

having access to inputs from companies subject to the same labour system in China).

Having confirmed the existence of significant distortions affecting the headless screws sector in China, the

Commission constructed the normal value based on undistorted prices and costs in a representative country,

which in this case was Thailand.

The Commission first established the undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in

Thailand. These undistorted unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of

production of the cooperating exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added

manufacturing overheads, expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer

to establish an undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, an SG&A cost and profit based on the data of five

Thai companies were applied to the undistorted manufacturing cost.

All the sampled exporting producers exported directly to independent customers in the Union. Therefore, the

export price was established at the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for

export to the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation.

The Commission then compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on

an ex-works basis. Adjustments were made for freight, insurance, handling loading, as well as packing and

discounts.

For the sampled exporting producers, the dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier

price, duty unpaid, ranged from 54,7% to 72,3%. The weighted average dumping margin calculated for the

non-sampled cooperating exporting producers was 59,8% and the dumping margin for all other companies was

set at 72,3%.

Injury and causation

The Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury within the meaning of Article 3(5)

of the basic Regulation. All main injury indicators showed a negative trend during the period considered.

The investigation confirmed that there was a causal link between the dumped imports and the injury suffered

by the Union industry. The Commission also examined whether other factors of injury other than the dumped

imports from China (export performance of the Union industry, decline in Union consumption, increase of

costs of production) had an impact on the state of the Union industry, but did not find any other factors that

could have had a substantial impact on the injurious situation of the Union industry.

Imports from other third countries originated mainly from the United Kingdom, Taiwan and Turkey. As the

market share from all third countries excluding China decreased during the investigation period while at the

same time the average import prices from those third countries increased, the Commission concluded that

imports from other third countries were not the source of the material injury suffered by the Union industry.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission analysed whether it was in the Union interest to adopt anti-dumping measures. The

Commission analysed the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, unrelated importers

and users. On that basis, the Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons that it was not in

the Union interest to impose measures on imports of headless screws from China.

24

On 23 October 2025, in accordance with the lesser duty rule, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping

measures on imports of screws without heads from China, ranging from 54,7% to 72,3%, for a period of five

years.

Registration and retroactive collection

The Commission registered imports of screws without heads originating in the People’s Republic of China on

30 January 2025. Concerning retroactive collection, the Commission concluded that the conditions for the

retroactive collection of duties set out in Article 10(4) of the basic Regulation were fulfilled. In particular, the

Commission found that there was a substantial rise in imports in addition to the level of imports which caused

injury during the investigation period, and which was considering its timing and volume likely to seriously

undermine the remedial effect of the definitive duties. The retroactive application of the duty, at the level of

the definitive duty, was levied as from 19 March 2025.

Erythritol originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 21 November 2023, the European Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation regarding imports

of erythritol originating in the People’s Republic of China on the basis of Article 5 of the basic Regulation,

following a complaint lodged by Jungbunzlauer S.A, the only producer of erythritol in the European Union.

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023. The

examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2020 to the end

of the investigation period.

The product subject to the investigation was erythritol, a four-carbon sugar alcohol (polyol) sweetener made

from sugar or glucose, in its pure form or contained in blends containing less than 10 % of other products by

weight. Erythritol is a natural, zero-calorie sweetener with zero glycaemic index. It is used mainly as sugar

replacer in food and beverage products, either in its pure form or blended with other ingredients, such as the

natural high intensity sweetener stevia. The main segment is tabletop sweeteners, followed by beverages,

confectionery, bakery, sports nutrition and other food categories.

Sampling

The Commission selected three exporting producers, representing the largest volume of exports. The

Commission did not have to resort to sampling of Union producers, because there was only one producer of

erythritol in the Union. No unrelated importer came forward during the investigation, and therefore no

sampling of unrelated importers was necessary.

Dumping

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation in view of the sufficient

evidence available at the initiation of the investigation pointing to the existence of significant distortions in the

PRC. The investigation confirmed the existence of distortions in the erythritol sector and in the chemical sector

in general, such as substantial government intervention resulting in a distortion of the effective allocation of

resources in line with market principles, substantial degree of ownership and presence by the GOC in firms,

the State’s presence and intervention in the financial markets, as well as in the provision of raw materials,

inputs as well as distortions in wage costs. In addition, the system of plans applicable in the chemical sector

generated distortions in the sector. The investigation confirmed that also privately owned producers in the

sector of the product concerned are prevented from operating under market conditions. Indeed, both public and

privately owned enterprises in the sector are subject to policy supervision and guidance.

As a result of the existence of these distortions, the normal value was constructed based on undistorted prices

and costs in a representative country, which in this case was Colombia. The Commission constructed the

normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the undistorted cost and prices for

each of the factors of production in the representative country Colombia. These undistorted unit costs were

then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of the sampled exporting

producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing overheads, expressed as a

percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an undistorted cost of

manufacturing. Finally, publicly available SG&A and profit from one Colombian producer were applied to the

undistorted manufacturing cost.

None of the sampled exporting producers sold via related importers in the Union. Consequently, for all sampled

exporting producers, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when

sold for export to the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. The Commission then

compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on an ex-works basis.

25

Adjustments were made for transport, insurance, handling and loading, bank charges and credit costs. For the

sampled cooperating exporting producers, the Commission compared the weighted average normal value of

each type of the like product with the weighted average export price of the corresponding type of the product

concerned, in accordance with Article 2(11) and (12) of the basic Regulation.

The definitive dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, ranged

from 34,4 % to 156,7 %. For the cooperating exporting producers outside the sample, the Commission

calculated the weighted average dumping margin of 152,9 %. As the level of cooperation in this case was not

considered high because the total exports of the cooperating exporting producers constituted 74,9 % of the

total imports during the investigation period, the dumping margin for all non-cooperating exporting producers

was established on the basis of the representative sales transactions of the sampled exporting producer with

the highest dumping margin found amounting to 233,3 %.

Injury and causation

The Union industry, composed of one Union producer, performed well at the beginning of the period

considered. However, in the investigation period, several injury indicators such as profitability, cash flow and

return on investments reached significant negative levels. The Union industry faced increasing costs of

production, but it was unable to increase its own prices due to undercutting by low priced dumped imports

from the PRC. Furthermore, the Union industry started losing sales volumes towards the end of 2022, which

translated into loss of market share by 45 % during the period considered. Consequently, the Union industry

was forced to reduce and ultimately almost completely suspend production.

The only injury indicators which did not see significant deterioration during the period considered were

production capacity, sales prices of the Union industry and labour costs. However, this was due to the

completion of previously started capacity expansion at a moment when production was almost completely

suspended, a significant increase in the cost of production and a decision to keep employees temporarily on

stand-by instead of laying them off, respectively.

At the same time the volume of imports from the PRC grew by 36 %, gaining 17 percentage points in market

share while the prices decreased by 15 %, significantly undercutting Union sales prices. This led to the dramatic

reversal of Union industry performance across the injury indicators, culminating in significant losses and an

almost complete suspension of production in the investigation period. The Commission therefore concluded

that the Union industry suffered material injury caused by dumped imports.

Level of measures

The complainant provided sufficient evidence that there may be raw material distortions in the PRC regarding

the product under investigation within the meaning of Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation. Therefore, in

accordance with Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation, this investigation examined the alleged distortions to

assess whether, if relevant, a duty lower than the margin of dumping would be sufficient to remove injury.

However, as the margins adequate to remove injury were higher than the dumping margins, this question

became moot as the duties had to be capped at the level of the dumping margins.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission examined if it was not against the Union interest to impose anti-dumping measures by

examining the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers, and users. The

Commission concluded that the imposition of measures would be in the interest of the Union industry as it

would likely prevent a further surge of imports from the PRC at very low prices and would likely improve

market conditions for the Union producer allowing it to recover lost sales volume and market share while being

able to increase its prices to reach a sustainable profitability. In the absence of any information from importers,

the Commission concluded that it is unlikely that the importers would be affected by the measures. As for the

users, the Commission concluded that measures re-establishing a level playing field on the Union market

would not be expected to have a significant negative impact on users or consumers.

In January 2025, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of erythritol originating

in China. The duties imposed range from 34,4 % to 233,3%.

Registration and retroactive collection

On 6 June 2024, the Commission made imports of erythritol originating in the People’s Republic of China

subject to registration. The Commission concluded that the conditions set out in Article 10(4) of the basic

Regulation for the retroactive application of the definitive anti-dumping duty were met. In particular, there

26

was a further substantial rise in volume of imports in addition to the level of imports which caused injury

during the investigation period whereas import prices continued to fall more than those of the Union producer.

A definitive anti-dumping duty was therefore levied on the product concerned, which was made subject to

registration.

Multilayered wood flooring originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 16 May 2024, the European Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation regarding imports of

Multilayered wood flooring (‘MWF’) originating in the People’s Republic of China on the basis of Article 5

of the basic Regulation, following a complaint lodged by the European Parquet Federation (‘the complainant’),

on behalf of producers representing more than 25 % of the total Union production of MWF.

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2023. The

examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2020 to the end

of the IP.

The product subject to the investigation was assembled flooring panels, multilayer, of wood which is a wood-

based manufactured product comprised of several layers of wood veneers which are glued or bonded together.

Panels of bamboo or with at least the top layer (wear layer) of bamboo, and panels for mosaic floors were

excluded. MWF is mainly used for indoor flooring.

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of three groups of exporting producers based on the largest representative

volume of exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated within the time available. The sample

of exporting producers accounted for 40% of the volume and 27% of the estimated total export quantity of the

product concerned to the European Union during the investigation period reported by all cooperating exporting

producers. The Commission also selected a sample of three Union producers accounting for more than 20% of

the estimated total Union production and more than 20% of the estimated total Union sales of the like product.

As only two unrelated importers cooperated with the investigation no sample was necessary.

19 requests for individual examination were received, but the Commission rejected all of them as none of the

exporting producers requesting individual examination provided the questionnaire reply within the deadline

set by the Commission.

Dumping

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence

of the existence of significant distortions in China for the production of MWF. The investigation confirmed

the existence of significant distortions. First, the production and sale of the product under investigation and its

inputs such as land, energy, capital, raw materials or labour, were affected by significant distortions. Second,

the sector is subject to a number of government industrial guidance policies. The GOC has measures in place

to induce operators to comply with the public policy objectives concerning the sector. Such measures impede

market forces from operating freely. Moreover, the investigation has shown the state presence in firms, in the

MWF and other sectors (such as the financial and input sectors) allowing the GOC to interfere with respect to

prices and costs. The sector was found to be affected by the distortions of wage costs both directly (when

making the product concerned or the main raw material for its production) as well as indirectly (when having

access to capital or inputs from companies subject to the same labour system in China). Furthermore, the lack,

discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy, corporate or property laws also exists in

the MWF sector in China. As a consequence, not only the domestic sales prices of the product concerned are

not appropriate for use within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, but all the input costs

(including raw materials, energy, land, financing, labour, etc.) were also found to be affected by substantial

government intervention.

As a result of the existence of these distortions, the normal value was constructed based on undistorted prices

and costs in a representative country, which in this case was Türkiye.

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the

undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country. These undistorted

unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of the sampled

exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing overheads,

expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each sampled exporting producer to establish an

undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, readily available SG&A and profit amounts based on the financial

27

data published by the Central Bank of Türkiye for companies with activities under NACE – C-162 for 2022

were added to the undistorted manufacturing cost.

The sampled exporting producers exported to the Union either directly to independent customers or through

related companies in the PRC which however performed minimal functions. In view of this, the export price

was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union, in

accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation.

The Commission then compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on

an ex-works basis. An upward adjustment of the normal value has been made in accordance with Article

2(10)(k) of the basic Regulation for the exporting producers subject to VAT for export sales. In order to net

the export price back to the ex-works level of trade, adjustments were made on the account of transport,

insurance, handling and loading, as well as packing. Allowances were made for the following factors affecting

prices and price comparability: credit costs, bank charges and commission. Adjustments were made for

transport, insurance, handling, loading costs, customs duty, credit costs and bank charges. The dumping

margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union frontier price, duty unpaid,

ranged from 21,3% to 36,1%.

Injury and causation

Most injury indicators such as profitability, return on investment and cash flow showed a decisively negative

trend. Closing stocks of finished goods increased which also had a negative impact on cash flow. In 2022, the

dumped imports increased in quantity. In 2023, import prices fell and the Union industry was unable to set

prices to a level that would allow it to cover its costs. Whereas in 2020 and 2021, the Union industry was still

able to make reasonable profits, in 2022 such profits fell below the target profit margin (7,3%) and in 2023

profitability became significantly negative.

The Union industry also suffered a decline in the volume indicators. Production, capacity, capacity utilisation,

sales volume and market share on the Union market all declined over the period considered. Furthermore,

declines were also seen in employment and productivity, which were related to the lower levels of production

and sales volume. The Chinese imports gained market share from 2020 to 2022 but lost some of its gains in

the investigation period. However, in 2023 prices of the Chinese imports fell significantly causing strong

impact on the Union industry’s financial indicators with profitability, return on investment and cash flow all

becoming negative.

The investigation showed that the presence of low-priced dumped imports from China had the effect of

suppressing prices in the Union market. This meant that the price level of the Union industry could not increase

to cover the raw material price increases in these years. Consequently, the profitability of the Union industry

sales fell by 36% in 2022 and became negative in the investigation period.

Significant quantities of Chinese low-priced dumped imports were present in the Union free market. They

represented around two thirds of all imports to the Union market in the investigation period. The investigation

showed that this market penetration also had negative consequences on the Union industry, in particular on

production and sales volumes, which respectively decreased by 31% and 35% over the period considered.

The Commission concluded that the dumped imports from the country concerned caused material injury to the

Union industry.

Level of measures

The complainant provided sufficient evidence that there may be raw material distortions in the country

concerned regarding the product under investigation within the meaning of Article 7(2a) of the basic

Regulation. Therefore, in accordance with Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation, this investigation examined

the alleged distortions to assess whether, if relevant, a duty lower than the margin of dumping would be

sufficient to remove injury. However, as the margins adequate to remove injury were higher than the dumping

margins, this question became moot as the duties had to be capped at the level of the dumping margins.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission examined if it was in the Union interest to impose anti-dumping measures on MWF by

examining the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers, the user industry,

timber industry and consumers. It concluded that the imposition of measures would allow the Union industry

to increase its sales prices and improve its profitability towards sustainable levels, increase investment, and

28

thus maintain a competitive position in their core market. The Union industry would also be able to regain lost

market share by increasing production and sales quantities on the Union market.

As regards importers, the Commission concluded that the impact of measures would not be disproportionate.

The user industry of MWF consisting mainly of retailers, such as DIY stores and also of architects,

entrepreneurs and other operators in the construction and renovation sector did not cooperate in the

investigation. Based on the data available, it could be expected that they would not be disproportionately

affected by the measures as they would not suffer from lack of supply as many other sources of supply exist.

Similarly, based on the data available, the Commission concluded that the impact of measures would not be

disproportionate for the timber industry and consumers.

On this basis, the Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons that it was not in the Union

interest to impose measures on imports of MWF originating in the country concerned.

In July 2025, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of MWF originating in

China. The duties imposed range from 21,3 % to 36,1%.

Registration and retroactive collection

On 25 October 2024, the Commission making imports of multilayered wood flooring originating in the

People’s Republic of China subject to registration. The Commission concluded that the conditions set out in

Article 10(4) of the basic Regulation for the retroactive application of the definitive anti-dumping duty were

met. In particular, there was a substantial increase in import volumes after initiation which has taken place

against a drop in consumption. Absent any other explanation, the Commission concluded that the substantial

increase in import volumes after initiation was indicative of the existence of stockpiling. Such further

substantial rise in volume of imports in addition to the level of imports which caused injury during the

investigation period took place at import prices which were lower than during the investigation period. A

definitive anti-dumping duty was therefore levied on the product concerned, which was made subject to

registration.

Mobile access equipment imports originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 13 November 2023, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation regarding imports of mobile

access equipment (MAE) from the People’s Republic of China, based on a complaint lodged on 29 September

2023 by the ‘Coalition to Restore a Level Playing Field in the EU Mobile Access Equipment Sector’

(‘CMAE’).

The product subject to the anti-dumping investigation is mobile access equipment designed for the lifting of

persons, self-propelled. The product is used for the lifting of people in a vast range of different applications.

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from from 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023

(‘the investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period

from 1 January 2020 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’).

Sampling

Commission selected a sample of four exporting companies on the basis of the largest representative volume

of exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated within the time available.

The Commission selected a sample of three Union producers accounting for 55 % of the estimated total

production in the Union and 52 % of the sales of all Union producers on the Union market. No importer

provided the requested information and cooperated with the investigation.

Dumping

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence

of the existence of significant distortions in China for the production of MAE. The distortions found in the

MAE sector included strong presence and influence of the government as the sector is being served to a

significant extend by enterprises operating under the ownership, control or policy supervision or guidance of

state authorities. China’s intervention in its economy in general as well as in the sector of the product concerned

showed that prices and costs of the product concerned, including the costs of raw materials, energy and labour,

are not the result of free market forces because they are affected by substantial government intervention within

the meaning of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation. The lack, discriminatory application or inadequate

enforcement of bankruptcy, corporate or property laws also exists in the MAE sector in China. The wage costs

29

have been found to be distorted. In addition, the existence of the system of plans generated distortions in the

sector.

As a result of the existence of these distortions, the normal value was constructed based on undistorted prices

and costs in a representative country, which in this case was Brazil.

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works level, by first establishing the

undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country. These undistorted

unit costs and prices were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of the

cooperating exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing

overheads, expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an

undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, readily available SG&A and profit from one Brazilian producer of

a product in the same general category as MAE were applied to the undistorted manufacturing cost.

The sampled exporting producers exported to the Union through related companies. The export price was

established on the basis of the price at which the imported product was first resold to independent customers

in the Union, in accordance with Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation. In this case, adjustments to the price

were made for all costs incurred between importation and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profit.

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers at the

ex-works level of trade. The normal value and the export price were adjusted in order to: (i) net them back to

the ex-works level; and (ii) make allowances for differences in factors which were claimed, and demonstrated,

to affect prices and price comparability. Adjustments were made on the account of customs duty, other import

charges, freight, handling loading and ancillary expenses, as well as packing expenses.

For the sampled exporting producers, the Commission compared the weighted average normal value of each

type of the like product with the weighted average export price of the corresponding type of the product

concerned. The dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union

frontier price, duty unpaid, ranged from 6,4% to 54,6%20.

Injury and causation

The year 2020 which was taken as the reference point for the analysis of trends for injury analysis was strongly

impacted by the pandemic situation. Therefore, the increase of some indicators from 2020 was not an indication

for a growing industry but rather meant a recovery back to previous level of activities. The sales of the Union

industry on the Union market between 2019 and the IP decreased by 14 %.

Despite the important increase (by 122%) during the period considered in Union consumption of the product

under investigation, the Union industry was not able to increase its sales correspondingly nor to maintain its

market share. Due to the dumped Chinese imports during this period the market share of the Union industry

decreased from 52 % to 38 %. In parallel, the volume of the Chinese imports increased substantially, by 226

%, and their market share increased from 37 % to 54 %. In addition, other injury indicators like cash flow,

level of investments and return of investments developed negatively as well. The Union industry suffered

important losses between 2020 and the IP. The Commission considered that the fact that between 2022 and the

IP, losses improved from between [(-15%) to (-10%)] to [(-5%) to (0%)] could not be considered as a sign of

recovery as the Union industry still suffered significant losses which resulted mainly from the price suppression

caused by low priced Chinese imports.

Even though losses decreased from 2022 to the IP, the industry continued to be in a lossmaking situation,

whereas in a booming market of the MAE, under normal market conditions, it should have returned to a

profitable situation. On this basis the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury

within the meaning of Article 3(5) of the basic Regulation.

On causation, the Commission distinguished and separated the effect of all known factors on the situation of

the Union industry from the injurious effects of the dumped imports. The effect of these other factors on the

Union’s industry performance was limited. Therefore, the Commission concluded that dumped imports from

China caused material injury to the Union industry and that the other factors, considered individually or

collectively, did not attenuate the causal link between the dumped imports and the material injury.

20 These rates were defined in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/796 of 24 April 2025 imposing a definitive countervailing

duty on imports of mobile access equipment originating in the People’s Republic of China and amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/45

imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of mobile access equipment originating in the People’s Republic of China.

30

Level of measures

In the present case, the complainant claimed the existence of raw material distortions within the meaning of

Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation. Therefore, this investigation examined the alleged distortions to assess

whether, if relevant, a duty lower than the margin of dumping would be sufficient to remove injury.

However, the Commission established that the conditions for applying Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation

were not met as there was no raw material distortion found for any “single” raw material accounting for no

less than 17 % of the cost of production of the product concerned. Therefore, the Commission compared the

injury margins and the dumping margins. The amount of the duties was set at the level of the lower of the

dumping and the injury margins.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission examined if it was in the Union interest to impose anti-dumping measures by examining the

various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, upstream suppliers, users, distributors and

unrelated importers. It was concluded that the imposition of measures would stop the surge of Chinese exports

at very low prices and therefore imposing measures would be in the interest of the Union industry. The

Commission found that the overall benefits of the measures outweigh the potential negative impact for

importers and users.

Registration and retroactive collection

On 23 May 2024 the Commission decided that the imports of the product concerned from China should be

made subject to registration for the purpose of ensuring that, should the investigation result in findings leading

to the imposition of anti-dumping duties, those duties can, if the necessary conditions are fulfilled, be levied

retroactively. However, at definitive stage the Commission concluded that after the initiation of the

investigation, the volume of imports of the product concerned from China did not increase. Therefore, the

retroactive collection of the duties was not justified.

On 9 January 2025, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on MAE from People’s Republic

of China. The duties ranged from 6,4% to 54,6%.

3.1.5. New investigations terminated without measures

In accordance with the provisions of the respective basic Regulations, investigations may be terminated

without the imposition of measures if a complaint is withdrawn or if measures are unnecessary (i.e., no

dumping/no subsidies, no injury resulting from dumped or subsidised imports, measures not in the interest of

the Union). In 2025, three new anti-dumping investigations were terminated without measures as the complaint

was withdrawn – see table below.

More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex

E.

Product Origin Main reason for termination

Seamless pipes and tubes People's Republic

of China Withdrawal of the AD complaint

Epoxy resins Republic of Korea No dumping found

Hot-rolled flat steel products of

iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel,

certain

India No dumping found

3.2. Review investigations

3.2.1. Expiry reviews

Articles 11(2) and 18 of the basic Regulations provide for the expiry of measures after 5 years, unless an expiry

review demonstrates that if measures were to lapse, it would likely lead to a continuation or recurrence of

dumping or subsidisation and related injury. In 2025, no anti-dumping or anti-subsidy measures expired

automatically. The reference for the measures is available in Annex N.

31

Since the expiry provision of the basic Regulations came into force in 1985, a total of 522 measures have

expired automatically.

3.2.1.1. Initiations

In 2025, the Commission initiated 14 AD expiry reviews and 4 AS expiry reviews. The list of expiry reviews

initiated in 2025 are in the table below.

In 2025, none of the expiry reviews were carried out in parallel with interim reviews. More information can

be obtained from the Official Journal to which reference is available in Annex F.

Product

(Type of investigation: AD or

AS)

Origin Complainant

Ammonium nitrate - AD Russian Federation Fertilizers Europe Citrus fruits (certain prepared or

preserved citrus fruits (namely

mandarins, etc.) - AD People's Republic of China FENAVAL

Ferro-silicon - AD

People's Republic of China

Russian Federation

Euroalliages Glass fibre reinforcements (GFR) Egypt Glass Fibre Europe Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)-

AD People's Republic of China

Egypt Tech-Fab Europe Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF) -

AS People's Republic of China

Egypt Tech-Fab Europe

Heavyweight Thermal Paper - AD Republic of Korea European Thermal Paper Association

(ETPA)

Peroxosulphates - AD People's Republic of China RheinPerChemie GmbH and United

Initiators GmbH Polyvinyl alcohols (certain) (PVA) -

AD People's Republic of China Kuraray Europe GmbH

Solar glass - AD People's Republic of China

Interfloat Group, i.e., Interfloat

Corporation and GMB

Glasmanufaktur Brandenburg

GmbH

Solar glass - AS People's Republic of China

Interfloat Group, i.e., Interfloat

Corporation and GMB

Glasmanufaktur Brandenburg GmbH

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat

products - AD

Taiwan

People's Republic of China

Indonesia EUROFER

Steel road wheels - AD People's Republic of China Association of European Wheel

Manufacturers (EUWA)

3.2.1.2. Expiry reviews concluded with confirmation of duties

In 2025, the Commission concluded 18 expiry reviews (14 anti-dumping and 4 anti-subsidy) with a

confirmation of the duties for a further period of 5 years.

The list of measures, which were renewed during 2025, together with the results of the investigations, can be

found below. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is

given in Annex F.

Product Origin Type21 and level of measure

Tyres for buses or lorries (new

and retreaded)

People's Republic of

China

AD: 48,4% - 42,9%

21 AD: anti-dumping duty; AS: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking.

32

Tyres for buses or lorries (new

and retreaded)

People's Republic of

China

AS: 3,75% - 57,28%

Lever arch mechanisms People's Republic of

China

AD: 54,1% - 70,8%

Bicycles (electric) People's Republic of

China

AD:15,5% - 38,1%

Bicycles (electric) People's Republic of

China

AS: 3,9% - 17,2%

Biodiesel Argentina AS: 25% - 33,4%

Tubes and pipes fittings Malaysia AD: 60,4%

Tubes and pipes fittings Republic of Korea AD: 22,8% - 43,6%

Tubes and pipes fittings Russian Federation AD: 14,6% - 52,2%

Organic coated steel products

(certain)

People's Republic of

China

AD: 12,6% - 61,4%

Organic coated steel products

(certain)

People's Republic of

China

AS: 13,7% - 44,7%

Aluminium foil in rolls People's Republic of

China

AD: 60,4%

Polyethylene terephthalate India AD: 22,8% - 43,6%

Malleable tube fittings (MTF) People's Republic of

China

AD: 14,6% - 52,2%

Malleable tube fittings (MTF) Thailand AD: 12,6% - 61,4%

Tableware and kitchenware

(ceramic)

People's Republic of

China

AD: 24,1% - 35,8%

Bicycles People's Republic of

China

AD: 24,1% - 35,8%

3.2.1.3 Details of some individual cases concluded by confirmation of duty

Organic coated steel products (certain) originating in the People’s Republic of China (AD)

On 30 April 2024, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping measures applicable to

imports into the Union of certain organic coated steel products originating in the People’s Republic of China,

following a request submitted by the European Steel Association (‘the applicant’).

33

The product under review is certain organic coated steel products, i.e. flat-rolled products of non-alloy and

alloy steel (not including stainless steel) which are painted, varnished or coated with plastics on at least one

side, excluding so-called ‘sandwich panels’ of a kind used for building applications and consisting of two outer

metal sheets with a stabilizing core of insulation material sandwiched between them, excluding those products

with a final coating of zinc-dust (a zinc-rich paint, containing by weight 70 % or more of zinc), and excluding

those products with a substrate with a metallic coating of chromium or tin, currently falling under CN codes

ex 7210 70 80, ex 7212 40 80, ex 7225 99 00, and ex 7226 99 70 (TARIC codes 7210 70 80 11, 7210 70 80

91, 7212 40 80 01, 7212 40 80 21, 7212 40 80 82, 7225 99 00 11, 7225 99 00 91, 7226 99 70 11 and 7226 99

70 91 (‘the product under review’).

Following the original investigation, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on OCS from

China. On 2 May 2019, these measures were extended following the last expiry review. The anti-dumping

duties ranged between 0% and 26,1%. There are also countervailing duties applicable to OCS imports from

China. This expiry review investigation concerned the anti-dumping duties.

The investigation of a continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 January 2023 to 31

December 2023 (the review investigation period’ or ‘RIP’). The examination of the trends relevant for the

assessment of the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2020

to the end of the review investigation period (the period considered’).

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of three Union producers. The sampled Union producers accounted for 28

% of the estimated total production of the Union industry and for 26 % of the total sales volume of the Union

industry to unrelated customers in the Union during the review investigation period. No unrelated importers

came forward during the investigation.

Additionally, no Chinese exporting producers came forward. The Commission therefore decided to apply

Article 18 of the basic Regulation and based its findings on continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury

with regard to imports from China on facts available.

Dumping and likelihood of recurrence of dumping

During the review investigation period, imports of OCS from China almost disappeared (0,06% market share).

The Commission therefore concluded that the imports in the review investigation period were not sufficiently

representative to draw valid conclusions concerning the continuation of dumping and investigated the

likelihood of recurrence should the measures be repealed.

In accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation, the findings on the likelihood of recurrence of dumping

were based on facts available.

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic

Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions in the steel

sector. As a result, the Commission concluded that it was not possible to use domestic prices and costs to

establish normal value in this case. Therefore, normal value was calculated based on undistorted prices or

benchmarks from the representative country selected in the case, i.e., Mexico. To construct the normal value,

the Commission first established the undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in Mexico.

The Commission then established the ratio of manufacturing overheads to the total manufacturing and labour

costs based on data provided by a representative Union producer (in accordance with Article 18 of the basic

Regulation). This percentage was then applied to the undistorted value of the cost of manufacturing and labour

costs to obtain the undistorted value of manufacturing overheads. For establishing an undistorted and

reasonable amount for SG&A and profit, the Commission used the financial data of an OCS producer in

Mexico.

The Commission then analysed the production capacity and spare capacity in China, the relationship between

prices in the Union and China, the relationship between export prices to third countries and the normal value

in China, the relation between export prices to third countries and the price level in the Union and the

attractiveness of the Union market.

The export prices to third countries (Thailand, Indonesia, India, South Korea, and Turkey, which were the

main export markets for Chinese OCS) were based on GTA trade statistics. The weighted average import price

per country at CIF level was corrected to ex-works level. On this basis, the Commission concluded that China

exported OCS to the key export markets at a price that was significantly below the normal value of OCS. The

price difference ranged from 118% for India to 173% for Thailand.

34

Based on the above, the Commission concluded that there is a strong likelihood that the expiry of the anti-

dumping measures on imports from the PRC would result in the recurrence of dumping.

Injury, causation and likelihood of recurrence of injury

The Commission found that the Union industry suffered material injury within the meaning of Article 3(1) of

the basic Regulation during the review investigation period. However, the Commission found that such injury

was not caused by dumped Chinese imports of the product under review.

The Commission examined whether there would be a likelihood of recurrence of the injury caused by the

dumped Chinese imports if the measures against such imports were allowed to lapse. In this regard, the

Commission assessed the production capacity and spare capacity in China, the attractiveness of the Union

market and export prices to third country markets, the possible absorption capacity of third country markets,

the likely price levels of imports from China in the absence of anti-dumping measures and their impact on the

Union industry. On this basis, the Commission concluded that the absence of measures would in all likelihood

result in a significant increase of dumped imports from China at injurious prices, and therefore further

aggravate the injurious situation of the Union industry.

Union interests and measures

The Commission concluded that there are no compelling reasons of Union interest against the maintenance of

the definitive anti-dumping measures on imports of OCS originating in China.

The investigation confirmed that that the anti-dumping measures on OCS from China should be maintained.

Expiry Review- Organic coated steel products (certain) originating in the People’s Republic of China-

Anti-subsidy

On 30 April 2024, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-subsidy measures applicable to

imports of certain organic coated steel products originating in the People’s Republic of China, following a

request lodged by the European Steel Association (‘EUROFER’ or ‘the applicant’) on behalf of the Union

industry of organic coated steel products.

The product under review is certain organic coated steel products, i.e. flat-rolled products of non-alloy and

alloy steel (not including stainless steel) which are painted, varnished or coated with plastics on at least one

side, excluding so-called ‘sandwich panels’ of a kind used for building applications and consisting of two outer

metal sheets with a stabilizing core of insulation material sandwiched between them, excluding those products

with a final coating of zinc-dust (a zinc-rich paint, containing by weight 70 % or more of zinc), and excluding

those products with a substrate with a metallic coating of chromium or tin, currently falling under CN codes

ex 7210 70 80, ex 7212 40 80, ex 7225 99 00, and ex 7226 99 70 (TARIC codes 7210 70 80 11, 7210 70 80

91, 7212 40 80 01, 7212 40 80 21, 7212 40 80 82, 7225 99 00 11, 7225 99 00 91, 7226 99 70 11 and 7226 99

70 91 (‘the product under review’).

Following the original investigation, the Commission imposed definitive countervailing duties applicable to

OCS imports from China. On 2 May 2019, these measures were extended following the last expiry review.

There is also a parallel expiry review concerning anti-dumping duties applicable to OCS imports from China.

This expiry review investigation concerned the countervailing duties.

The investigation of a continuation or recurrence of subsidisation will cover the period of 1 January 2023 to

31 December 2023 (‘the review investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment

of the likelihood of a recurrence of injury will cover the period starting on 1 January 2020 to the end of the

review investigation period (‘the period considered’).

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of three Union producers. The sampled Union producers accounted for 28

% of the estimated total production of the Union industry and for 26 % of the total sales volume of the Union

industry to unrelated customers in the Union during the review investigation period. No unrelated importers

came forward during the investigation.

Additionally, no Chinese exporting producers came forward. The Commission therefore decided to apply

Article 28 of the basic Regulation and based its findings on continuation, or recurrence of dumping and injury

with regard to the findings of continuation of subsidisation.

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Likelihood of continuation of subsidy

In view of the lack of cooperation by the Government of China (‘GOC’) and the Chinese exporting producers

in the investigation, the Commission decided to examine whether there was continuation of subsidisation as

follows. First, the Commission examined whether the subsidies countervailed in the first expiry review

continued to confer benefit to the organic coated steel industry. Subsequently, the Commission analysed

whether that industry benefitted from subsidies which were not countervailed in the first expiry review

(‘additional subsidies’). After examination, the Commission concluded that the organic coated steel producers

in China continued to benefit from countervailable subsidies during the review investigation period.

Further to the finding of the existence of subsidisation during the review investigation period, the Commission

investigated the likelihood of continuation of subsidized imports from the country concerned, should the

measures be repealed. The following additional elements were analysed: the production capacity and spare

capacity in China, the availability of other markets, and the attractiveness of the Union market. After analysis

of all those factors, the Commission concluded that there is sufficient evidence that subsidisation of the OCS

industry in the PRC continued during the review investigation period and is likely to continue in the future.

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury

The investigation found that the Union industry showed recovery from past subsidy during 2021 and 2022.

The recovery, however, was due to exceptional circumstances, particularly the boom in the construction sector

caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Once the market situation went back to normal, there was a reverse of this

recovery, concerning the Union industry’s profitability, loss of production, sales volumes and market share.

The Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury; however, it also concluded that

the Chinese imports did not contribute to the material injury to the Union industry, as the level of imports from

China was negligible throughout the period considered, but other factors, such as the increase in cost of

production, the drop in consumption and the increase of imports from other countries, in particular India and

the Republic of Korea, caused that injury.

The Commission then analysed the likelihood of recurrence of injury caused by imports from China should

the measures be repealed. The investigation looked at issues such as the volume of imports from China, China’s

overcapacity concerning the product under review and the importance of the Union as an export destination.

Over the period considered the prices of Chinese imports increased by 97 %, however they applied to minimal

volumes of imports. The investigation concluded that should the measures be repealed, the volume of imports

from China is expected to increase dramatically due to Chinese overcapacity. In particular, because China

faces more and more difficulties accessing other markets than the EU. Between 2018 and 2025 countries such

as USA, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand imposed trade defence

measures that affect OCS originating in China. As to the USA, since April 2025, steel (OCS included)

originating in China is subject to a 125 % tariff. Considering all those factors, the Commission concluded that

the absence of measures would in all likelihood result in a significant increase of subsidised imports from

China at injurious prices, and therefore further aggravate the injurious situation of the Union industry.

Union industry and definitive measures

The Commission examined whether maintaining the existing countervailing measures would be against the

interest of the Union as whole, by examining the various interests involved. The Commission concluded that

there are no compelling reasons of Union interest against the maintenance of the definitive countervailing

measures on imports of organic coated steel originating in China.

On 25 July 2025 the Commission imposed definitive countervailing duties on imports of OCS from China.

Duties ranged from 13,7% to 29,7%.

Bicycles originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 29 August 2024, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping measures applicable to

imports of bicycles originating in the People’s Republic of China, following a request submitted by the

European Bicycle Manufacturers Association (‘EBMA’, 'the applicant') on behalf of the Union industry.

The product subject to this review is bicycles and other cycles (including delivery tricycles, but excluding

unicycles), not motorised, ('the product under review').

On 8 September 1993, the Council imposed a definitive anti-dumping duty of 30,6% on imports of bicycles

from China. Following an anti-circumvention investigation, this duty was extended to imports of certain

36

bicycle parts from China. Since 1993, there have been expiry reviews in 2000, 2011 and 2019. The anti-

dumping duties currently in force (between 19,2% and 48,5%) were imposed on 28 August 2019 following the

last expiry review. The measures were also extended to imports of bicycles consigned from Indonesia,

Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Tunisia to imports consigned from Cambodia, Pakistan and the Philippines, whether

declared as originating in Cambodia, Pakistan and the Philippines.

The investigation of a continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 July 2023 to 30 June

2024 (the review investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood

of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2021 to the end of the review

investigation period (the period considered’).

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of four Union producers representing 40% of the estimated total volume

of production of the product under investigation in the Union. No unrelated importers came forward.

As regards the Chinese exporting producers, only two exporting producers provided a sampling reply. The

Commission selected a sample of two exporting producers which accounted for less than 15% of total bicycle

imports from China to the Union during the review investigation period. The Commission considered this

volume of imports as unrepresentative of overall bicycle imports from China and decided to apply Article 18

of the basic Regulation as regards the findings on the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping.

Dumping and likelihood of continuation of dumping

During the review investigation period, imports from China continued albeit at lower levels (6% market share)

than in the original investigation (30,2% market share). Due to insufficient cooperation of Chinese exporting

producers, the Commission made its findings on the likelihood of continuation of dumping based on facts

available.

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic

Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions in the steel

sector. As a result, the Commission concluded that it was not possible to use domestic prices and costs to

establish normal value in this case. Therefore, normal value was calculated based on undistorted prices or

benchmarks from the representative country selected in the case, i.e., Serbia. To construct the normal value,

the Commission first established the undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in Serbia.

The Commission then established the ratio of manufacturing overheads to the total manufacturing and labour

costs based on data provided by the applicant (in accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation). This

percentage was then applied to the undistorted value of the cost of manufacturing and labour costs to obtain

the undistorted value of manufacturing overheads. Finally, an SG&A cost and profit based on the data of three

Serbian companies were applied to the undistorted manufacturing cost.

The export price was determined based on CIF using Eurostat data corrected to ex-works level. The

Commission then compared the constructed normal value and the export price on an ex-works basis.

Adjustments were made for freight.

Based on the above, the weighted average dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union

frontier price, duty unpaid, was 488%. It was therefore concluded that dumping continued during the review

investigation period.

Further, the Commission concluded that, given the significant spare capacity in China and the attractiveness

of the Union market, repealing the measures would likely lead to the continuation of dumping, with dumped

imports entering the Union market in substantial quantities.

Injury, causation and likelihood of continuation of injury

The Commission found that the Union industry suffered material injury caused by the dumped imports from

China during the review investigation period. Other factors, such as the decreased consumption and imports

from other third countries, may have had an effect on the injurious situation of the Union industry. For this

reason, the Commission assessed whether injury caused by the dumped imports from China would likely

continue if the measures were allowed the lapse. The Commission examined the likely price levels of imports

from China in the absence of anti-dumping measures and their impact on the Union industry, attractiveness of

the Union market, production capacity and spare capacity in China and circumvention practices. It concluded

that the absence of measures would in all likelihood result in a significant increase of dumped imports from

China at injurious prices and material injury would be likely to continue.

37

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons of Union interest against the maintenance

of the existing measures on imports of bicycles from China.

The investigation confirmed that that the anti-dumping measures on bicycles from China should be

Electric bicycles originating in the People’s Republic of China (AD)

On 17 January 2024, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping measures applicable to

imports of electric bicycles, originating in the People’s Republic of China, following a request by the European

Bicycle Manufacturers Association (‘the applicant’) on behalf of the Union industry.

The product subject to this review is cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor (the product

under review’).

The measures in force were definitive anti-dumping duties ranging between 10,3% and 70,1%. There were

also countervailing measures in force on the same product.

The investigation of continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 January 2023 to 31

December 2023 (review investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of the

likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2020 to the end of the

review investigation period (the period considered’).

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of three Union producers representing 23,4% of the estimated total volume

of production of the product under investigation in the Union. No unrelated importers came forward during

the investigation.

As regards the Chinese exporting producers, only two exporting producers provided a sampling reply.

However, these two companies accounted together for significantly less than 0,1 % of the Chinese electric

bicycle industry in terms of (i) exports to the Union; (ii) exports to all other export destinations; (iii) domestic

sales; and (iv) Chinese production capacity in the review investigation period. The Commission therefore

considered that those two companies could not be considered representative for the Chinese electric bicycle

industry for the purpose of the expiry review investigation. The Commission therefore decided to apply Article

18 of the basic Regulation and based its findings on continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury with

regard to imports from China on facts available.

Dumping and likelihood of continuation of dumping

During the review investigation period, imports of electric bicycles from the PRC continued, albeit at lower

levels (4,4% market share) than in the investigation period of the original investigation (i.e. from 1 October

2016 to 30 September 2017) (35% market share).

In accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation, the findings on the likelihood of continuation or

recurrence of dumping were based on facts available, in particular information submitted with the request for

review and information obtained from cooperating parties in the course of the review investigation (namely,

the applicant and the sampled Union producers).

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic

Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions in the steel

sector. As a result, the Commission concluded that it was not possible to use domestic prices and costs to

establish normal value in this case. Therefore, normal value was calculated based on undistorted prices or

benchmarks from the representative country selected in the case, i.e., Turkey To construct the normal value,

the Commission first established the undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in Turkey.

The Commission then established the ratio of manufacturing overheads to the total manufacturing and labour

costs based on data provided by the applicant (in accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation). This

percentage was then applied to the undistorted value of the cost of manufacturing and labour costs to obtain

the undistorted value of manufacturing overheads. For establishing an undistorted and reasonable amount for

SG&A and profit, the Commission relied on the most recent available financial data for 206 Turkish companies

active in the same sector as the product under review.

38

The export price was determined based on CIF using Eurostat data corrected to ex works level. The

Commission then compared the constructed normal value and the export price on an ex-works basis.

Based on the above, the average dumping margin was found to be significant. It was therefore concluded that

dumping continued during the review investigation period.

Further, the Commission concluded that, given the significant spare capacity in China and the attractiveness

of the Union market, there is a strong likelihood that the expiry of the anti-dumping measures on imports from

the PRC would result in the continuation of dumping.

Injury and likelihood of recurrence of injury

The Commission concluded that the Union industry had recovered from past material injury within the

meaning of Article 3(5) of the basic Regulation, caused by dumped imports from China. However, during the

period considered, a number of injury indicators deteriorated, and the Union industry returned to an

economically fragile situation. Therefore, the Commission further examined the likelihood of recurrence of

injury originally caused by dumped imports from China if the measures were to be repealed.

The Commission analysed the production capacity and spare capacity in China, the relation between export

prices to third countries and the price level in the Union and the impact of potential imports and price levels

of such imports from these countries on the Union industry’s situation. On this basis, it was found that the

repeal of the measures would in all likelihood result in a significant increase of dumped imports from the PRC

at injurious price levels.

Union interest and measures

No users or unrelated importers came forward and cooperated in this investigation. The only party that came

forward and provided comments was an ad hoc Group, on behalf of 8 small companies in the Union which

assemble e-bike parts imported from China and other third countries, however their claims were rejected. The

Commission therefore concluded that there were no compelling reasons of Union interest against the

maintenance of the existing measures on imports of the product under review originating in China.

The investigation confirmed that that the anti-dumping measures on electric bicycles from China should be

maintained.

Electric bicycles originating in People’s Republic of China (AS)

Countervailing duties on imports of electric bicycles from China were originally imposed in January 2019 for

five years. On 17 January 2024, the Commission initiated an expiry review following a request lodged by the

European Bicycle Manufacturers Association on behalf of the Union industry.

The product under review is the same as in the original investigation, namely cycles, with pedal assistance,

with an auxiliary electric motor.

The investigation about subsidisation and injury covered the period from 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2023.

The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of

injury covered the period from 1 January 2020 to the end of the review investigation period.

Sampling

Only two exporting producers from the People’s Republic of China provided a sampling reply and sampling

was therefore not deemed necessary. However, the Commission considered that those two companies could

not be considered representative of the Chinese electric bicycle industry for the purpose of the expiry review

investigation.

Accordingly, the Commission concluded that cooperation from electric bicycle producers in the PRC was

insufficient to make representative findings and informed the two companies, as well as the authorities of the

People’s Republic of China, that the Commission intended to apply Article 28 of the basic Regulation and base

its findings on continuation or recurrence of subsidy and injury with regard to imports from the People’s

Republic of China on facts available.

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidization

The Commission examined whether the expiry of the existing measures would be likely to lead to a

continuation of subsidisation.

39

In view of the lack of cooperation the Commission decided to examine under Article 28 of the basic Regulation,

first, whether the subsidies countervailed in the original investigation and which are referred to in the expiry

review request continued to confer a benefit to the electric bicycle industry in the PRC during the review

investigation period and, second, the likelihood of the subsidisation to continue should the measures be allowed

to lapse.

The countervailable subsidies identified included: preferential financing (loans, credit lines), export credit

insurance, the provision of goods for less than adequate remuneration, direct tax exemption and reduction

programmes, and grant programmes.

The Commission concluded that electric bicycle producers in China continued to benefit from countervailable

subsidies at a level exceeding de minimis during the review investigation period.

Further to the finding of the existence of continued subsidisation during the review investigation period, the

Commission investigated the likelihood of continuation of subsidised imports from the country concerned,

should the measures be repealed. The following additional elements were analysed; the production capacity

and spare capacity in the PRC and the attractiveness of the Union market. The Commission concluded that

there is a strong likelihood that the expiry of the countervailing measures on imports of e-bikes from PRC

would result in the continuation of subsidised imports.

Injury and causation

Macro indicators such as Union production, sales and employment steadily increased in the period from 2020

to 2022, as a consequence of an increased demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in the review

investigation period production volumes, capacities, sales and employment decreased, due to increased stock

buildup during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a decrease in demand as a result of the lifting of the

COVID-19 measures and the change in the economic situation in the Union, marked by in particular high

energy costs and inflation.

As regards the microeconomic indicators, the investigation established that the profitability of the sampled

Union producers in period from 2020 to 2022 remained above 7 %. However, in the review investigation

period, the Union industry’s profitability dropped to 5,4 %. Cash flow decreased from 2020 to 2022 and turned

negative in 2023. The return on investments also deteriorated, which made it more difficult for the Union

industry to raise capital and grow.

On the basis of the above, the Commission concluded that the Union industry had recovered from past material

injury within the meaning of Article 8 of the basic Regulation, caused by subsidized imports from the PRC.

However, during the period considered, several injury indicators deteriorated, and the Union industry returned

to an economically fragile situation. Therefore, the Commission further examined the likelihood of recurrence

of injury originally caused by subsidized imports from the PRC if the measures were to be repealed.

The Commission analysed the following elements to establish the likelihood of recurrence of injury should the

measures be repealed: the production capacity and spare capacity in the PRC, the relation between export

prices to third countries and the price level in the Union and the impact of potential imports and price levels

of such imports from these countries on the Union industry’s situation. The conclusion is that the repeal of the

measures would in all likelihood result in a significant increase of subsidized imports from the PRC at injurious

price levels. As a consequence, the viability of the Union industry would be at serious risk.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons of Union interest against the maintenance

of the existing measures on imports of the product under review originating in the PRC.

On 23 January 2025, the Commission extended the measures in place on imports of electric bicycles from

China for another five-year period.

Expiry review -AD - Tyres for buses or lorries originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 20 October 2023, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping measures applicable to

imports of certain pneumatic tyres originating in the People's Republic of China, following a request submitted

by the Coalition against unfair tyres imports (‘the applicant’) on behalf of the Union industry.

The product subject to this review is certain pneumatic tyres, new or retreaded, of rubber, of a kind used for

buses or lorries, with a load index exceeding 121 (‘the product under review’).

40

The measures in force were definitive anti-dumping duties imposed by Commission Implementing Regulation

(EU) 2018/1579, as amended. The anti-dumping duties range between 0 and 35,74 euro per item. There were

also countervailing measures in force on the same product, which were imposed by Commission Implementing

Regulation (EU) 2018/1690.

The investigation of a continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 July 2022 to 30 June

2023 (‘the review investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of the

likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2020 to the end of the

review investigation period (‘the period considered’).

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of six Union producers representing more than 25% of the estimated total

volume of production and sales of the product under investigation in the Union. Only one unrelated importer

made itself known so the Commission did not find it necessary to select a sample.

As regards the Chinese exporting producers, only three exporting producers provided a sampling reply. The

Commission selected a sample of two groups of exporting producers based on the largest representative volume

of exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated within the time available. The sampled

exporting producers accounted for around 50 % of the total volume of imports of tyres from China into the

Union during the review investigation period.

Segmentation into three tiers of the Union market for tyres

As during the original investigation, the Commission found that the Union market for bus and lorry tyres is

segmented in three tiers or segments. Tier 1 tyres cover premium new tyres with the flagship brand of main

manufacturers. Tier 2 tyres cover most non-premium tyres, both new and retreaded tyres, with prices ranging

between approximately 65 % and 80 % of the price of tier 1 tyres. Tier 3 tyres cover both new and retreaded

tyres with lower mileage performances and very limited retreadability, if any.

Dumping and likelihood of continuation of dumping

During the review investigation period, imports of the product under review from China continued albeit at

lower levels than in the investigation period of the original investigation (i.e. from 1 July 2016 to 30 June

2017). Imports accounted for about 5,4 % of the Union market in the review investigation period compared to

21,3 % market share during the original investigation.

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic

Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions in the steel

sector. As a result, the Commission concluded that it was not possible to use domestic prices and costs to

establish normal value in this case. Therefore, normal value was calculated based on undistorted prices or

benchmarks from the representative country selected in the case, i.e., Turkey. To construct the normal value,

the Commission first established the undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in Turkey.

These undistorted unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production

of the cooperating exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing

overheads, expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an

undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, an SG&A cost and profit based on the data of two Turkish

companies were applied to the undistorted manufacturing cost.

The sampled exporting producers exported directly to the Union either directly to independent customers

and/or through related companies acting as an importer. Therefore, the export price was established at the price

actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union, in accordance with

Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation or based on the price at which the imported product was first resold to

independent customers in the Union, in accordance with Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation.

The Commission then compared the constructed normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting

producers on an ex-works basis. Adjustments were made for freight, customs duties, quantity discounts credit

costs and bank charges.

Based on the above, the weighted average dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union

frontier price, duty unpaid, was in the range of around 7 % to around 22 % for the sampled cooperating

producers. It was therefore concluded that dumping continued during the review investigation period.

41

The Commission then also examined the likelihood of continuation of dumping should the measures be

repealed. The investigation showed that the imports from China continued to enter the Union market in high

volumes (compared to the size of the market) at dumped prices during the review investigation period. The

spare capacity in China was significant in comparison with the Union consumption during the review

investigation period. Moreover, the attractiveness of the Union market in terms of size and prices pointed to

the likelihood that Chinese exports would be directed towards the Union market, should the measures lapse,

and spare capacity would also be used to increase production and exports to the Union. The Commission

therefore concluded that the expiry of the anti-dumping measures would likely to lead to a continuation of

dumping.

Injury and likelihood of recurrence of injury

The investigation found that the Union industry suffered material injury within the meaning of Article 3(1) of

the basic Regulation during the review investigation period. The Commission concluded that the dumped

imports from China contributed to the material injury to the Union industry during the review investigation

period, but also that other factors (in particular the cost increase and imports from other countries) were capable

of putting into question the genuine relationship between the dumped imports and the effects on the Union

industry. The Commission therefore decided to further assess whether injury caused by the dumped imports

from China would likely recur if measures were allowed to lapse in accordance with Article 11(2) of the basic

Regulation.

The Commission analysed the production capacity and spare capacity in China, attractiveness of the Union

market and export prices to third country markets and relationship between prices in the Union and China,

possible absorption capacity of third country markets, likely price levels of imports from China in the absence

of anti-dumping measures, and their impact on the Union industry, including undercutting and injurious level

and increase of Chinese imports following temporary annulment of the anti-dumping duties. On this basis, the

Commission concluded that should the measures lapse, it is likely that this will result in a significant increase

of dumped imports from China at injurious price levels, and therefore further aggravating the injurious

situation of the Union industry.

Union interest and definitive measures

No importers or users cooperated with the investigation. In the original Regulation, the Commission received

comments from treads suppliers, but in the absence of new evidence, the Commission concluded that, like in

the original investigation, the measures would be in the interest of treads suppliers. The Commission therefore

concluded that there were no compelling reasons under Article 21 of the basic Regulation that it would not be

in the interest of the Union to maintain the existing measures on imports of tyres originating in China.

The investigation confirmed that that the anti-dumping measures on tyres from China should be maintained.

Expiry review - AS - Tyres for buses or lorries originating in the People’s Republic of China

Countervailing duties on imports of tyres for buses and lorries from China were originally imposed in

November 2018 for five years. On 10 November 2023, the Commission initiated an expiry review following

a request lodged by the Coalition against unfair tyres imports on behalf of the Union industry.

The product under review is the same as in the original investigation, namely certain pneumatic tyres, new or

retreaded, of rubber, of a kind used for buses or lorries, with a load index exceeding 121. The product under

review covers both new and retreaded pneumatic tyres for buses or lorries which share the same essential

physical, chemical and technical characteristics. Both types of the product concerned are made of the same

input (even if the technology involved may differ) and have a similar structure. The variance in raw materials

and structure impart different performance characteristics.

The investigation of continuation or recurrence of subsidisation covered the period from 1 July 2022 to 30

June 2023. The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or

recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2020 to the end of the review investigation period.

Sampling

The sample of six Union producers accounted for more than 25% of the total volume of production and sales

of the like product in the Union.

The Commission selected a sample of two groups of exporting producers on the basis of the largest

representative volume of exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated within the time

42

available. The cooperating exporting producers accounted for around 50 % of the total volume of imports of

tyres from the PRC into the European Union and accounted for less than 2 % of the total production of tyres

in the PRC.

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidization

The Commission examined whether the expiry of the existing measures would likely lead to a continuation or

recurrence of subsidisation of the product concerned originating in the PRC.

The Commission decided that, in view of the findings confirming the existence of continued subsidisation with

respect to the subsidies countervailed in the original investigation, as well as the existence of new additional

subsidies (namely bank acceptance notes), there was no need to investigate all subsidies alleged to exist by the

applicant. Indeed, pursuant to Article 18 of the basic Regulation, the Commission should examine whether

there is evidence of continued subsidisation, regardless of its amount.

The countervailable subsidies identified included: preferential lending (loans, credit lines, bank acceptance

drafts), export credit insurance, the provision of inputs at less than adequate remuneration, direct tax exemption

and reduction programmes, indirect tax and import tariff programmes, and grant programmes.

Subsidy rates expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, averaged at the level of

[4 – 8]% countrywide. It was therefore concluded that the subsidy schemes investigated were in force during

the review investigation period.

Further to the finding of the existence of subsidisation during the review investigation period, the Commission

investigated, in accordance with Article 18(2) of the basic Regulation, the likelihood of continuation of

subsidisation, should the measures be repealed.

In this context, the Commission investigated the following elements: the production capacity and spare

capacity in the PRC, the relation between export prices to third countries and the price level in the Union, and

the attractiveness of the Union market.

Injury and causation

The investigation found that the Union industry as a whole showed recovery from past subsidisation during

2021. Between 2022 and the review investigation period, there was a reverse of this recovery.

This is particularly evident in the Union industry’s decreased profitability, loss of market share and inability

to increase prices in line with rising costs. In addition, indicators related with the profitability, such as cash

flow and return of investment, also deteriorated. This was especially observed among tier 3 producers, who

are particularly exposed to price pressure from low-priced imports, which in turn adversely affects the higher

tiers through the reverse-cascading effect described in the original investigation.

Based on the above, the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury within the

meaning of Article 8(5) of the basic Regulation during the review investigation period.

The Commission concluded that the subsidised imports from China contributed to the material injury to the

Union industry during the review investigation period; however, other factors in particular the cost increase

and imports from other countries, were capable of putting into question the genuine relationship between the

subsidised imports and the effects on the Union industry. Thus, the Commission decided to further assess

whether injury caused by the subsidised imports from China would likely recur if measures were allowed to

lapse. In this respect the following elements were analysed by the Commission: the production capacity and

spare capacity in China, attractiveness of the Union market and export prices to third country markets and

relationship between prices in the Union and China, possible absorption capacity of third country markets,

likely price levels of imports from China in the absence of anti-subsidy measures, and their impact on the

Union industry, including undercutting and injurious level and increase of Chinese imports following

temporary annulment of the anti-dumping duties.

The Commission concluded that should the measures lapse, it is likely that this will result in a significant

increase of subsidised imports from China at injurious price levels, and therefore further aggravating the

injurious situation of the Union industry.

Union interest and definitive measures

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The Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons under Article 31 of the basic Regulation

that it would not be in the interest of the Union to maintain the existing measures on imports of tyres originating

in the People’s Republic of China.

On 15 January 2025, the Commission extended the measures in place on imports of tyres for buses or lorries

from the PRC for another five-year period.

3.2.1.4. Expiry reviews concluded by termination

In 2025, the Commission concluded no expiry reviews by termination.

3.2.2. Interim reviews

Article 11(3) and Article 19 of the basic Regulations provide for the review of measures during their period of

validity on the initiative of the Commission, at the request of a Member State or, provided that at least one

year has lapsed since the imposition of the definitive measure, following a request containing sufficient

evidence by an exporter, an importer or by the EU producers. In carrying out the investigations, the

Commission examines, inter alia, whether the circumstances regarding dumping/subsidisation and injury have

changed significantly and whether these changes are of a lasting nature. Reviews can be limited to

dumping/subsidisation or injury aspects.

During 2025, the Commission initiated one interim review of an anti-subsidy measure. There were four interim

reviews concluded with amendment of the duties. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal

publications to which reference is given in Annex G.

3.2.2.1 Details of individual cases concluded with amendment of duty.

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 6 August 2024, the Commission initiated a partial interim review of the anti-dumping measures applicable

to imports of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) from the People’s Republic of China, following a request

lodged by ERCROS S.A. and Electroquímica de Hernani S.A. on behalf of the Union industry of TCCA. The

interim review was limited in scope to the examination of dumping.

The product under review is trichloroisocyanuric acid and preparations thereof and is used as a broad-spectrum

organic chlorine disinfectant and bleacher in a variety of applications such as water treatment in swimming

pools, cooling towers or drinking water for emergency cases.

The investigation of dumping covered the period from 1 July 2023 until 30 June 2024 (review investigation

period or RIP).

Sampling

Two exporting producers, representing 72 % of the total volume of TCCA exports in the RIP, provided the

requested sampling information and agreed to be included in the sample. In view of the low number of

cooperating exporting producers, the Commission decided that sampling was not necessary. No unrelated

importer provided the requested sampling information.

Dumping

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence

of the existence of significant distortions in China for the production of TCCA. Consequently, Indonesia was

selected as representative country. The normal value was exclusively constructed based on costs of production

and sale reflecting undistorted prices or benchmarks. The Commission constructed the normal value per

product type on an ex-works basis in accordance with the basic Regulation.

Some exporting producers exported directly to independent customers in the Union. For them the export price

was constructed using the price actually paid or payable for the product under review when sold for export to

the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. Other exporting producers exported to the

Union through a related trader for all their exports. For these exports an adjustment under Article 2(10)(i) was

performed as the Commission found that the related trader performed functions similar to those of an agent

working on a commission basis.

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Adjustments were made on the account of costs related to transportation, insurance, handling and loading,

credit costs and bank charges.

The Commission calculated the dumping margin by comparing the weighted average normal value of each

type of the like product with the weighted average export price of the corresponding type of the product

concerned. The dumping margins, expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid,

ranged between 164,2% and 201,3%.

Change of circumstances

The Commission established that the volume of TCCA exports from China to the EU increased from by around

47% between the original investigation period (1 April 2003 to 31 March 2004) and the review investigation

period of this review. The Commission further noted that the data since the imposition of the original measures

has shown a significant increase in Chinese capacity, spare capacity and in the number of TCCA producers in

China. The Commission determined that the TCCA industry was subject in China to policies guiding the

functioning of the sector that aim at the increase of production capacity. All these elements led the Commission

to the conclusion that these policies distorted the costs of the Chinese exporting producers. Therefore, the

Commission concluded that the requirement of the basic Regulation, i.e. the ‘existing measure is … no longer,

sufficient to counteract the dumping’ was met. This change of circumstances was considered by the

Commission of a lasting nature.

Anti-dumping measures

Pursuant to Article 11(3) of the basic Regulation and in accordance with Article 9(4) of the basic Regulation,

an anti-dumping duty should be imposed on imports of the product concerned originating in China at the level

of the lesser of the injury margin on which the measures in force are based and the dumping margins found in

the current interim review. As the current investigation is limited in scope to the examination of dumping, the

injury margin was not re-examined. Being at a level below the dumping margins described under the point

“dumping” above, the injury margins determined the level of the definitive anti-dumping duties which ranged

between 62,6% and 78,9%.

Continuous filament glass fibre (GFR) originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 30 August 2024, the European Commission initiated a full interim review of the anti-dumping measures

applicable to imports of GFR originating in the People’s Republic of China imposed by Commission

Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1452. The investigation was initiated following a request by Glass Fibre

Europe on behalf of the Union GFR industry containing sufficient evidence that the circumstances based on

which the existing measures were imposed have changed and that these changes are of a lasting nature. The

applicants claimed the existing measures would no longer be sufficient to counteract the dumping nor to offset

the effects of injurious dumping.

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 July 2023 to 30 June 2024. The examination

of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2021 to the end of the review

investigation period.

The product subject to the review was chopped glass fibre strands, of a length of not more than 50 mm; glass

fibre rovings, excluding glass fibre rovings which are impregnated and coated and have a loss on ignition of

more than 3 % (as determined by the ISO Standard 1887); and mats made of glass fibre filaments excluding

mats of glass wool (‘GFR’). GFR is the raw material most often used to reinforce thermoplastic and thermoset

resins in the composites industry. The resulting composite materials (filament glass fibre reinforced plastics)

are used in a large number of industries: automotive industry, electric/electronics, wind mill blades,

building/construction, tanks/pipes, consumer goods, aerospace/military, etc.

Together with the full interim review concerning dumping, the Commission also initiated a partial interim

review, limited to injury, of the anti-subsidy measures applicable to imports of GFR originating in China. The

review request was made by the same applicant, Glass Fibre Europe, and containing evidence of changes of a

lasting nature in the structure of the Union GFR industries as well as resulting material injury that was sufficient

to justify the initiation of the investigation.

Sampling

The Commission selected a sample of three Union producers based on the largest volume of production and

sales. The sample accounted for more than 60 % of the estimated total volume of production and more than 69

% of the estimated total volume of sales of the like product in the Union. The Commission also selected a

45

sample of exporting producers consisting of the two groups of exporting producers representing 98 % of the

volume of exports from the PRC to the Union. The Commission decided that sampling of unrelated importers

was not necessary as no unrelated importer provided the requested information.

Changes of lasting nature

The Commission concluded that since the original investigation there were changes in circumstances of a

lasting nature, both with regard to the structure of the Chinese GFR industry and market and the structure of

the Union industry and market. The investigation confirmed significant increases in production capacity and

production volume of the product under review reported by all sampled cooperating exporting producers

leading to persistent overcapacity in China, coupled with aggressive pricing. Union producers have only

managed limited capacity increases by optimising existing facilities. Furthermore, the Commission established

that structural changes have occurred in Union energy markets leading to higher energy prices in the Union.

Finally, the Commission concluded that the decline in Union composites demand for which GRF is used,

coupled with increased world-wide production and increased imports from third countries, represented a

lasting change in market circumstances.

Dumping

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence

of the existence of significant distortions in China for the production of GFR.

In particular, the investigation confirmed that the three largest producers in the GFR sector, representing

around 70 % of Chinese glass fibre production capacity are either fully state-owned or the State holds a

controlling stake. Both public and privately owned enterprises in the glass fibre sector are subject to policy

supervision and guidance. Furthermore, policies discriminating in favour of domestic producers or otherwise

influencing the market in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), third indent of the basic Regulation are in place in the

GFR sector. In sum, the GOC has measures in place to induce operators to comply with the public policy

objectives of supporting encouraged industries, including the production of GFR. Such measures impede

market forces from operating freely. The product under investigation is also affected by the distortions of wage

costs.

In sum, the evidence available showed that prices or costs of the product under investigation, including the

costs of raw materials, land, energy and labour, are not the result of free market forces because they are affected

by substantial government intervention within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation, as

shown by the actual or potential impact of one or more of the relevant elements listed therein.

As a result of the existence of these distortions, the normal value was constructed based on undistorted prices

and costs in a representative country, which in this case was Türkiye.

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the

undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country. These undistorted

unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of the sampled

exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing overheads,

expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each sampled exporting producer to establish an

undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, readily available SG&A and profit amounts based on the on the

financial data for 2023 for Şişecam Elyaf were added to the undistorted manufacturing cost.

The sampled exporting producers exported to the Union either directly to independent customers or through

related companies. For the exporting producers that exported the product concerned directly to independent

customers in the Union, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when

sold for export to the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. For indirect sales, the

export price was established on the basis of the price at which the imported product was first resold to

independent customers in the Union, in accordance with Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation. The Commission

noted that the trader related to the exporting producers located in Hong Kong was incurring costs normally

born by an importer, including those related to invoicing unrelated customers located in the Union. Therefore,

an adjustment under Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation for these costs (SG&A costs) and a nominal profit

was warranted.

The Commission then compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on

an ex-works basis. In order to net the export price back to the ex-works level of trade, adjustments were made

on the account of: customs duty, other import charges, freight, insurance, handling loading and ancillary

46

expenses. Allowances were made for the following factors affecting prices and price comparability: credit cost,

bank charges and commissions.

The dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union frontier price,

duty unpaid, ranged from 23% to 33,2%.

Injury

Almost all injury indicators showed an overall negative trend throughout the period considered: production,

production capacity, capacity utilisation, profitability, return on investments all deteriorated, in line with

decreased sales volumes and market share. Union industry was lossmaking during the entire period considered

except for the year 2022. In 2022 the demand for GFR increased in the wake of the lifting of the COVID-19

measures and the Union industry was able to increase its prices and achieve a profitable situation. However,

in 2023 and in the review investigation period, the difference between the Union industry sales prices and

import prices of GFR from the PRC increased as they followed opposite trends - while prices of the Union

industry increased, prices of imports from the PRC decreased. As a result, the Union industry lost market share

to the imports from the PRC even while selling at loss. Consequently, its overall situation deteriorated further

translating into increased losses. The lossmaking situation of the Union industry coincided with an increase of

imports from the PRC at prices below the Union industry’s average sales prices and costs of production. On

this basis, the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury caused by dumped and

subsidised imports from China.

Union interest and definitive measures

The Commission concluded that the level of the measures in place during the review was no longer sufficient

to counteract the dumping which is causing injury to the Union industry and that there were no compelling

reasons that it was not in the Union interest to amend measures on imports of GFR originating in China. In

particular the Commission concluded that the amendment of measures would be in the interest of Union

industry as it would allow it to maintain and regain its market share, increase production and capacity

utilisation, increase prices to cover cost of production and achieve a level of profitability which would be

expected under normal conditions of competition. At the same time there was no evidence contradicting the

conclusion that any negative impact of the measures on unrelated importers and users is expected to be limited

and will not outweigh the positive effect of measures on Union producers.

Level of measures

As the investigation established that the dumping margins were lower than the injury margins, anti-dumping

duties were imposed at the level of the dumping margins. The full interim review of anti-dumping measures

was conducted at the same time as the partial interim review of countervailing measures of GFR limited to

injury. In order to avoid double counting, the Commission first imposed the definitive countervailing duty

(between 5,8% and 10,2%). The countervailing duties remained unchanged, with exception of the

countervailing duty of one company whose duty was set at the level of the injury margin in the original

investigation whereas now it was set at the level of subsidy margin established in the original investigation.

This was followed by the remaining definitive anti-dumping duty, which corresponded to the relevant dumping

margin reduced by the amount of the countervailing duty. Since the dumping margin was reduced with the

entire amount of subsidisation, there was no double counting issue. The amended definitive anti-dumping duty,

which was imposed in November 2025, ranged between 17,2% and 23%.

Melamine originating in the People’s Republic of China

On 20 December 2023, the Commission initiated a partial interim review of the anti-dumping measures

applicable to imports of melamine originating in the People’s Republic of China, following a request lodged

by LAT Nitrogen Linz GmbH and LAT Nitrogen Piesteritz GmbH (together, LAT Nitrogen, OCI Nitrogen

BV and Grupa Azoty Zaklady Azotowe Pulawy SA on behalf of the Union industry. The interim review was

limited to the form of the measures. In particular, the applicants requested that the form of the current measures

be changed from a fixed duty and MIP to ad valorem duties on the grounds that the circumstances justifying

the form of the original duties have changed in a significant and lasting manner.The product under review was

melamine which is a white crystalline powder produced predominantly from urea and is used mainly for

producing laminates, resins, wood adhesives, moulding compounds and paper/textile treatments.

The review investigation covered the period from 1 October 2022 until 30 September 2023. The period

considered lasted from 1 January 2020 until the end of the review investigation period.

Change of circumstances

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The Commission established that several circumstances changed since the original investigation, notably

regarding the cost of production incurred by the Union industry, as a result of which the injury caused to the

Union industry by the dumped Chinese imports could no longer be effectively prevented by the minimum

import prices (MIP) and the specific duty applicable to all other companies. The Commission concluded that

the circumstances have changed since the original investigation and that these changes were of a lasting nature

Injury

The Commission examined if the applicable MIP and fixed duty were causing serious and sustained injury to

the Union industry.

All injury indicators showed negative trends over the period considered. Imports from China increased

exponentially over the period considered which led to a significant increase in market shares during the review

investigation period, at the expense of the Union industry market share. Furthermore, the imports from China

were made at decreasing and undercutting prices which caused the Union industry material injury. Due to the

price suppression the Union industry was unable to increase its prices during the review investigation period

in line with the increase in its costs which resulted in significant losses. Other factors, such as gas prices, which

were the main cause of a rise of production costs beyond sales prices likewise contributed to that injury but

did not attenuate the causal link found.

The Commission concluded that the design of the MIP essentially allowed Chinese producers to increase

export volumes at lowered prices, which in turn caused material injury to the Union industry. Imports from

third countries did not attenuate the causal link found between the imports from China and the material injury

of the Union industry.

Connection between injury and changed circumstances

The Commission investigation concluded that the circumstances changed since the original imposition of the

measures and that the current form of the measures were insufficient to protect the Union industry from the

injury suffered by the Chinese imports at undercutting prices.

Union interest and measures

The Commission examined whether changing the form of the measures would be against the interest of the

Union as whole, by examining the various interests involved. The Commission concluded that there were no

compelling reasons showing that it was not in the Union interest to change the form of the measures on imports

of melamine originating in China.

Change of the form of the measure

The Commission considered that the current form of the anti-dumping measures on melamine originating in

the People’s Republic of China is no longer adequate to remove injury caused by dumped imports.

On 19 February 2025, the Commission decided to reinstate the ad valorem duties to all companies and imposed

definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of melamine originating in the People’s Republic of China ranging

from 49% to 12%, being the residual duty 65,2%.

3.2.3. New exporter reviews

As far as anti-dumping measures are concerned, Article 11(4) of the basic AD Regulation allows for a

"newcomer" review to be carried out in order to determine individual margins of dumping for new exporters

located in the exporting country in question, which did not export the product during the investigation period

(“IP”).

Parties must show that they are genuine new exporters, i.e., that they are not related to any of the exporters or

producers in the exporting country, which are subject to the anti-dumping measures, and that they have actually

started to export to the EU following the IP, or that they have entered into an irrevocable contractual obligation

to export a significant quantity to the EU.

When a review for a new exporter is initiated, the duties are repealed for that exporter. However, its imports

become subject to registration under Article 14(5) of the basic AD Regulation to ensure that, should the review

result in a determination of dumping for that exporter, anti-dumping duties may be levied retroactively to the

date of the initiation of the review.

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As far as anti-subsidy measures are concerned, Article 20 of the basic AS Regulation allows for a review

(accelerated review) to be carried out to promptly establish an individual countervailing duty rate. Any exporter

whose exports are subject to a definitive countervailing duty but who was not individually investigated during

the original investigation for reasons other than a refusal to co-operate with the Commission can request such

review.

In 2025, the Commission initiated no newcomer review (Annex I) nor completed any such reviews.

3.2.4. Anti-absorption investigations

Where there is sufficient information showing that, after the original IP and prior to or following the imposition

of measures, export prices have decreased or that there has been no or insufficient movement in the resale

prices or subsequent selling prices of the imported product in the EU, an absorption review may be opened.

This examines whether the measure had an effect on the export prices. The duty may be increased to take

account of such lower export prices. The provisions regarding absorption reviews are included in Articles 12

and 19(3) of the basic AD and AS Regulations respectively.

In 2025, there were no anti-absorption investigation initiated or completed (Annex J).

3.2.5. Anti-circumvention investigations

Investigations can be opened in circumstances where evidence is brought to show that measures are being

circumvented pursuant to Articles 13 and 23 of the basic AD and AS Regulations respectively.

Circumvention is defined as a change in the pattern of trade between third countries and the EU that stems

from a practice, process or work for which there is insufficient cause or economic justification other than the

imposition of the duty. The duties may be extended to imports from third countries of like products, or parts

thereof, if circumvention is taking place. Duties may also be extended to imports of a slightly modified like

product from the country subject to the measures.

In 2025, the Commission initiated one anti-circumvention investigation concerning anti-dumping measures.

One anti-circumvention investigations were concluded with an extension of duty to other exporting countries.

More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex

K.

3.2.5.1 Details of one individual cases concluded by extension of duty.

Imports of monosodium glutamate originating in the People’s Republic of China – Measures extended

to Malaysia

Anti-dumping duties on imports of monosodium glutamate (‘MSG’) originating in the People’s Republic of

China were imposed in December 2008. In April 2021, following an expiry review, the Commission extended

the existing measures. In July 2024, the European Commission initiated an anti-circumvention investigation

following a complaint by Ajinomoto Foods Europe (sole EU producer of MSG) that the duties on imports of

MSG were being circumvented through assembly and completion operations in Malaysia.

Change in the pattern of trade

The investigation period for the analysis of trade patterns covered from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2024. During

this period, there was an increase of MSG imports into the Union from Malaysia. The volume increased by

more than eighteen times, while Malaysia saw a significant increase in its imports of MSG (from 11 188 tonnes

in 2020 to 23 923 tonnes in 2023) and glutamic acid (‘GA’) (14 367 tonnes in 2021 to 18 286 in 2023), a

precursor for MSG from the People’s Republic of China.

Practice to avoid the duties

The practise that was investigated consisted of importing precursor of MSG such as GA from the People’s

Republic of China and processing them by a chemical reaction with soda ash in an aqueous solution applying

heat producing MSG. The result from the chemical reaction was freed from impurities using powdered

activated carbon (‘PWAC’) imported only from the PRC.

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The information provided by the investigated Malaysian producer, Ajinoriki was found to contain serious

inconsistencies regarding the stocks of own-produced MSG that they could not explain. Using the data

provided by the company, the Commission concluded that the producer, during a production downtime due to

the expansion of the storage and packaging facilities, also exported to the EU, MSG that had previously been

imported from the PRC by its related trading company.

These operations began after the initiation of the original anti-dumping investigation and increased

substantially following the imposition of the original anti-dumping duties on imports from the PRC.

The combined value of GA and PWAC represented more than 60% of the total value of all parts of the

assembled product in the reporting period but yielded less than a 25% added value of the total manufacturing

cost during the assembly process, thereby suggesting a limited economic contribution.

The European Commission's inquiry found these operations were primarily used to sidestep the imposed

duties, as there was insufficient due cause or economic justification for such a change in trade patterns outside

of avoiding the duties imposed on the PRC.

Undermining the remedial effect of the measures and evidence of dumping / subsidization

The imports of MSG from Malaysia into the EU increased, representing around 10% of the Union consumption

during the reporting period. In terms of prices, the investigation found that the imports from Malaysia in the

reporting period undercut the Union prices. The Commission also found evidence of dumping. In addition,

there was evidence of undermining of the remedial effect of the original duties. The data therefore confirmed

the existence of circumvention for Malaysia.

Extension of the measures

In April 2025, the European Commission extended the anti-dumping duties on imports of MSG to include

those consigned from Malaysia, whether declared as originating in Malaysia or not, due to the identified

circumvention practices. It imposed a duty rate of 39,7% on MSG imports, being the same level as the duty

established in the original investigation for direct imports from the People’s Republic of China. No exemption

could be granted as the Malaysian company, Ajinoriki that had requested that requested an exemption, was

found to be engaged in circumvention practices.

3.2.6. “Other” reviews (reinvestigations or re-openings)

These investigations focus on the implementation of court rulings. In 2025, the Commission initiated and

concluded one such review. It concerned the countervailaing measures on rainbow trout originating in Turkiye

and the implementation of the General Court’s judgment in case T-122/23. The Commission reinstated the

measures as regards the exporting producers concerned in October 2025 – Annex H.

3.3. Safeguard investigations

The Commission applies safeguard measures rarely. They are only used where it is clear that such measures

are necessary and justified because, due to unforeseen circumstances, there has been a surge in imports and

this has caused or threatens to cause serious damage to the EU industry. Unlike anti-dumping and anti-

subsidy measures, safeguards do not focus on whether trade is fair or not, so the conditions for imposing them

are more stringent.

Not all safeguard measures adopted by the EU constitute safeguards within the meaning of the WTO

Agreement on Safeguards. Some of these measures are called ‘safeguards’ under particular regimes, such as

bilateral safeguards or the safeguard investigations under the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP).

No safeguard (SFG) investigations were initiated in 2025. One safeguard investigation on ferro-alloys was

completed in November 2025 and a functioning review of the steel safeguard was completed in March 2025.

3.3.1. Details on safeguard cases

Functioning review of the SFG measure concerning certain steel products

On 25 March, the European Commission introduced adjustments to the functioning of the EU steel safeguard

to ensure the continued effectiveness of the measure. The investigation had shown that it was necessary to

adjust the management of the measure, in order to bring short-term relief to EU steel industry, which is under

50

significant import pressure due to growing global overcapacity, increasing third country trade measures, the

subsequent risk of additional trade diversion into the Union, coupled with a contraction in Union demand for

steel. Previously, market expectations were that global demand for steel would increase. As a result, quotas

have been liberalised by more than 25% since the imposition of measures in 2019. At that time, this was in

the overall interest of the European Union, particularly to benefit users and accommodate the expected

increases in demand.

However, the functioning review investigation has revealed that, over the same period, consumption has

significantly declined (by 14%), and the Union industry is now facing significant import pressure across many

categories. In light of the current market conditions, the Commission considered it necessary and appropriate

to introduce adjustments to the functioning of the EU steel safeguard to ensure its effectiveness.

Due to the adjustments introduced to category 17 ('Angles, Shapes and Sections') of the steel safeguard as part

of the functioning review concluded in March 2025, the duty-free export volumes accessible to the UK and

Türkiye became lower than their historical export volumes to the EU. At the same time, the EU’s intention has

always been to implement the safeguard measure in a way that preserves such traditional trade flows. The UK

raised this matter in the context of the EU-UK summit of 19 May. In order to reach a mutually beneficial and

balanced outcome of the summit, the Commission indicated its preparedness to address this issue.

Consequently, on 1 August 2025, an Amending Regulation entered into force, which reinstated the country-

specific quotas of the UK, Türkiye and Korea in category 17.

SFG investigation concerning imports of manganese and silicon-based alloying elements

On 18 November 2025, the Commission adopted a definitive safeguard measure on imports of certain ferro-

alloys, following an in-depth investigation into market disruptions affecting Union producers. The measure

responds to a sustained increase in imports that placed significant pressure on the EU ferro-alloy industry and

resulted in serious economic injury.

The investigation, initiated on 19 December 2024 at the request of several Member States, examined imports

of silicon- and manganese-based alloying elements over the period 2019–2024, with additional data assessed

up to mid-2025. After a detailed product and market analysis, silicon and calcium-silicon were excluded from

the scope, as the relevant criteria to include them were not met at the time. The final measure therefore applies

to certain ferro-alloys used primarily in the steel industry.

The Commission found that imports of ferro-alloys increased both in absolute terms and relative to Union

production and consumption, particularly from 2021 onwards, thereby adversely affecting EU producers.

Imports consistently entered the EU market at prices below domestic production costs, leading to price

suppression, loss of market share, declining production and capacity utilisation, significant employment

reductions, and financial losses across the Union industry. The Commission also established a clear causal link

between the increased imports and the serious injury suffered by Union producers. Other potential contributing

factors, including high energy costs and reduced export performance, were examined in detail but were found

not to attenuate this causal link.

After assessing the broader Union interest, the Commission concluded that the adoption of safeguard measures

was justified and proportionate. Ferro-alloys constitute strategically important inputs for key downstream

sectors, including steel, automotive, construction and aerospace. Maintaining a viable EU ferro-alloy industry

is essential for industrial resilience, employment, and strategic autonomy.

At the same time, the Commission sought to ensure continued availability of supply for users. The safeguard

measure was therefore designed in the form of product-specific tariff-rate quotas (TRQs), allowing substantial

volumes of imports to enter the Union duty-free, combined with a variable out-of-quota duty aimed at

preventing injurious low-priced imports. The measure is set to apply for a period of three years and is subject

to progressive liberalisation and regular review.

3.4. Verification activities

Based on Articles 16 and 26 of the basic AD and AS Regulations respectively, in the course of investigations,

the Commission normally carries out visits to examine the records of companies or associations with the aim

of verifying the information provided during the proceedings.

In 2025, the Commission verified data from 296 companies, 243 within the EU and 53 in third countries. All

these verification visits took place on site at the companies. In addition, the Commission verified data remotely

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for nine companies. This process was introduced in 2020 to cope with COVID-19 travel restrictions but is

being used increasingly less.

4. ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES

During 2025, the Commission continued to ensure that measures imposed were effective and not undermined

by practices by economic operators designed to evade duties. In this context, there was continued cooperation

between the TDI services, other Commission services (DG TAXUD), relevant EU agencies (OLAF) and

enforcement-oriented national authorities (customs authorities in Member States), as well as regular exchanges

with the Union industry.

More information on the Commission’s monitoring and enforcement activities can be found in the main body

of the Report.

4.1. Follow-up of measures

The follow-up activities concerning measures in force are centred on four main areas: (1) to pre-empt fraud,

by defining risk-related areas, alerting customs authorities and assessing the feedback from customs and

economic operators; (2) to monitor trade flows and market developments; (3) to improve the effectiveness with

the appropriate instruments (new investigation, interim review, newcomer review, contact with national

administrations) and (4) to react to irregular practices by enhancing the co-operation with enforcement-related

services (OLAF and national customs) and by initiating anti-absorption or anti-circumvention investigations.

Regular exchanges take place with DG TAXUD regarding the classification of goods subject to trade defence

instruments (TDI). In addition, as soon as the relevant legislation is published in the Official Journal, DG

TAXUD promptly incorporates the corresponding measures into TARIC (the integrated Tariff of the European

Union). This ensures the uniform application of TDI measures, as TARIC data is automatically transmitted

daily to the import systems of the Member States.

4.2. Monitoring of undertakings

Monitoring of undertakings forms part of the enforcement activities, given that undertakings allow for the

suspension of AD or AS measures. The Commission accepts such undertakings if it is satisfied that they can

effectively eliminate the injurious effects of dumping or subsidisation and regularly checks the exporters'

compliance with the undertakings.

During 2025, 8 undertakings were monitored. These related to countervailing measures on biodiesel from

Argentina. Monitoring showed that the exporting producers were complying in full.

There was one undertaking offered concerning the anti-subsidy measures on battery electric vehicles. The

Commission initiated a partial interim review investigation in December 2025 to examine the undertaking

offer. The undertaking was accepted in February 2026.

4.3. OLAF activity

The Commission has developed a range of activities addressing prevention and detection of fraud, and this

includes close cooperation with the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), through annual meetings, day-to-

day contacts, or exchange of case information, via a special OLAF liaison officer within the Directorate–

General for Trade.

By mutual agreement between the Commission and OLAF, the Commission provides OLAF with any

information and evidence relating to possible cases of fraud, or any other illegal activity related to TDI.

Circumvention of TDI measures can occur in the form of false declaration of product origin; misclassification

under product codes outside measures; assembly operations; channelling via companies with no or low duty

rates or undervaluation of imported products.

The Commission and OLAF react whenever they have indications of any of the above practices. These

manifest themselves through (i) subsequent to the imposition of measures, a significant decrease in imports

from the country concerned into the EU which is entirely or partially offset by an increase in imports of,

products from another third country, or products classified under a product code outside measures, or parts of

the product which are not subject to measures; (ii) subsequent to the imposition of measures, imports from the

52

country concerned into the EU are coming from a company with a low or a zero duty at the expense of imports

from a company with a higher duty; or (iii) where low amount of duties was collected by Member States’

customs authorities.

Whenever the Commission receives information on irregularities occuring from the Union industry, either on

an ad-hoc basis or in the framework of formal complaints, it informs OLAF. In the same vein, the Commission

maintains regular contacts on these matters with Member States’ customs authorities, for example, by

publishing specialised risk warnings in the EU common customs risk management system. However, given

that investigations by OLAF or Member States’ law enforcement authorities into above practices are

confidential, no further information can be given. OLAF publishes an annual report presenting its activities of

the previous year, as well as statistics of its investigative performance and examples of cases.

5. REFUNDS

Articles 11(8) and 21(1) of the basic Regulations allow importers to request the reimbursement of the relevant

collected duties where it is shown that the dumping/subsidy margin, on the basis of which duties were paid,

has been eliminated or reduced to a level below that of the duty in force.

78 new refund requests were submitted during 2025. At the end of that year, 3 refund investigations were still

on-going, covering 64 requests. Moreover, the Commission adopted 0 Implementing Decisions granting partial

refund requests and 0 Implementing Decisions rejecting refund requests. More details on these decisions and

on the status of refund investigations can be found at https://tron.trade.ec.europa.eu/investigations/refund.

6. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS

Against a background of increasing demand for trade defence action coupled with complex global

supply chains, improving transparency and engaging with stakeholders is crucial to foster greater

understanding of the needs, obligations and limitations relating to the trade defence instruments. In

that context, the Commission participated in various information sharing activities in 2025.

The Commission engaged throughout the year with many stakeholders and national industry

associations including Business Europe, AEGIS Europe, France Industrie, the steel industry, Europe

Aluminium, CEFIC, German Chemical Industry Association and France Chimie and others to hear

the views and concerns of interested parties.

The many contacts with the chemical industry are indicative of the increasing pressure in that sector

and the trade defence services are also participants in the Critical Chemical Alliance set up in October

2025. There was also engagement with Civil Society Dialogue on trade defence issues in November

2025. In addition, the Commission also participated in some TDI related initiatives in the European

Parliament (EP) including addressing a study commissioned by INTA on the EU’s trade defence

instruments as well as participating in July at an EP FORUM Roundtable: ‘Strengthening the EU

Trade Defence Toolbox’, an event organised by the EP in conjunction with AEGIS.

The Commission also attended the Seoul Economic Trade Remedies Forum in June 2025, which is

an annual gathering of Heads of Investigating Trade Remedies Authorities. This included a general

conference, where trade remedy cooperation and technical aspects were discussed followed by several

bilateral meetings with partner countries. In December 2025, there were further exchanges with the

Director-General for Multilateral Trade and Legal Affairs, from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and

Resources (MOTIR) of the Republic of Korea on the EU’s TDI policy and cases involving Korean

companies as well as exchange of views on the proposal for the EU new steel measure.

In September 2025, at the request of the Icelandic authorities, the Commission explained AD and AS

investigations. This was prompted by an application by industry to the Icelandic authorities for anti-

dumping and anti-subsidy investigations. DG TRADE delivered targeted training covering all the key

elements for conducting such investigations.

7. JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT

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7.1. Overview of the judicial reviews in 2025

In 2025, the General Court (GC) and the Court of Justice (CJ) rendered 13 judgments and orders in TDI cases.

The GC handed down 10 rulings whereas the CJ decided on two appeals and one request for a preliminary

ruling.

7.2. Cases pending

At the end of 2025, 18 cases were pending before the GC and 6 before the CJ. A list of the cases is given in

Annex S.

7.3. New cases

In 2025, 18 new court cases were lodged in the field of trade defence. 14 actions for annulment were lodged

before the GC and two appeals and two requests for preliminary rulings lodged before the Court of Justice.

7.4. Selection of court decisions

COURT OF JUSTICE

Joined Cases C‑554/23 P and C‑568/23 P – Fertilizers Europe and Commission v Nevinnomysskiy Azot

and NAK "Azot"

On 30 April 2025, the Court of Justice upheld the appeals brought by Fertilizers Europe and the European

Commission against the judgment of the General Court in case T‑126/21 Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK

‘Azot’ v Commission in the joined cases C‑554/23 P and C‑568/23 P.

The judgment of the General Court in question annulled the expiry review regulation imposing measures on

imports of ammonium nitrate from Russia on the grounds that the initiation of the expiry review was vitiated

by an error. According to the General Court, the is not able to make up for or remedy the absence of sufficient

evidence in the request lodged within the legal time limit, or to replace the missing or otherwise deficient

aspects of that request with new information. Therefore, the General Court concluded that the Commission

erred when initiating the expiry review on the basis of the additional information provided by the Union

industry the three-month period preceding the expiry of the measures.

Contrary to the General Court, the Court of Justice considered that Article 11(2) of the basic Anti-Dumping

Regulation permits the Commission to take into account all evidence that was produced, at its request, by EU

producers within the three-month period preceding the expiry of anti-dumping measures when deciding

whether it is appropriate to carry out an expiry review of those anti-dumping measures.

Accordingly, the standard of the sufficiency of the evidence for the initiation is binding on the Commission

only at the time when a decision to initiate a review is taken. Therefore, Article 11(2) of the basic Anti-

Dumping Regulation cannot be understood as meaning that EU producers are required to provide such

evidence three months prior the expiry of measures.

Furthermore, the interpretation that the General Court had adopted would oblige the Commission, where it has

more recent evidence, to reject that request, even though it may still decide to carry out a review procedure of

its own motion to the detriment of effectiveness of the procedures without, however, altering their outcome,

i.e. a legitimate decision to initiate an expiry review.

The case is referred back to the General Court as the General Court did not examine the allegation that the

consolidated review request did not contain sufficient evidence justifying initiation. The General Court will

now have to adjudicate that plea in case T-126/21 RENV.

GENERAL COURT

T-122/23- Ege İhracatçıları Birliği and Others v Commission

On 5 February 2025, the General Court annulled Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/2390 of

7 December 2022 amending the definitive countervailing duty imposed on imports of certain rainbow trout

originating in Türkiye, in so far as it concerns Ege İhracatçıları Birliği and the other applicants mentioned in

the annex to the judgment. The annulment referred only to the pleas alleged by the parties concerning the

benefit received by way of ‘exhibition support’ and to the benefit received by way of ‘Aegean Exporters’

Association support’. The action was dismissed as to the remainder.

54

The General Court did not annul the measures with respect to the exporting producers Özpekler İnșaat Taahhüt

Dayanıklı Tüketim Malları Su Ürünleri Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd Șirketi and Selina Balık İșleme Tesisi İthalat

İhracat Ticaret AȘ.

In particular, the General Court found that the Commission made a manifest error of assessment when

allocating the benefit received by Gümüșdoğa under the scheme entitled ‘Exhibition Support Income’ and

under the scheme ‘Aegean Exporters’ Association support’.

Under the first scheme, ‘Exhibition Support Income’, funds from the Government of Türkiye which

Gümüșdoğa recorded as revenue were considered by the Commission, first, a financial contribution, within

the meaning of Article 3(1)(a)(i) of Regulation 2016/1037, that was export contingent, since they were

intended for the promotion of exports through trade fairs abroad and, second, a benefit, within the meaning of

Article 3(2) of Regulation 2016/1037, on account of the amount of revenue received.

Under the second scheme, ‘Aegean Exporters’ Association support’, the exporting producers could benefit

from funds intended to cover air cargo transport costs.

The General Court found that the Commission did not substantiate their allegations with sufficient evidence

and reminded the Commission that pursuant to Regulation 2016/1037 the burden of proof is on the

Commission and not on the applicants, in particular the Court held that it is for the Commission, as the

investigating authority, to establish that the product in question has been subsidised, that there has been injury

and that there is a causal link between the subsidised imports and the injury.

T-356/22 - LG Chem, Ltd. v European Commission

On 19 March 2025, the General Court dismissed the action for annulment brought by the Korean exporting

producers LG Chem, confirming the legality of the Commission’s findings. LG Chem submitted four claims

challenging the regulation imposing anti-dumping duties on imports of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) from

Korea. In short LG Chem challenged the Commission’s injury, causation/attribution analysis and claimed

breach of its right of defence and of the principle of good administration.

In support of its action, LG Chem claimed that the methodology used by the Commission in the contested

regulation had infringed Article 3(3) and Article 9(4) of the basic Regulation and that the Commission

committed manifest errors of assessment and infringed the applicant’s rights of defence when analysing the

price effect of imports from the Republic of Korea.

The Court recalled that Article 9(4) of the basic Regulation lays down the ‘lesser duty rule’, and under that

provision the amount of the anti-dumping duty must be lower than the margin of dumping established if that

lesser duty is adequate to remove the injury caused to the Union industry. In the present case, the Commission

applied Article 7(2c) of the basic Regulation and calculated the injury margin by comparing the price of the

dumped imports with a target sales price of the Union industry. That price represented the price the Union

industry could reasonably expect to charge in the EU market in the absence of the dumped imports. In that

regard, the Court found that the Commission has discretion in choosing the methodology for calculating the

injury margin. In addition, the Court noted that the price-undercutting method used is legitimate and codified

in EU law and that the target price approach properly accounted for price depression caused by dumped

imports.

LG Chem also alleged incorrect injury assessment claiming that the Commission misjudged the economic

injury suffered by the EU producers and argued that other factors such as imports from Japan and Türkiye,

pricing formulas and investments costs caused the injury rather than the Korean imports. Regarding those

claims, the Court found that LG Chem failed to prove that the factors mentioned by the applicant, significantly

caused the injury. Therefore, the Court concluded that the Commission did not wrongly attribute injury to the

Korean imports.

Concerning injury calculations, LG Chem also argued that the Commission used an improper product control

number (PCN) when calculating the injury margin and failed to provide adequate explanations of the

calculations. The General Court found that the applicant had failed to demonstrate that the Commission’s

choice to regroup the products into broader categories (i.e., the simplified PCN) could have a significant impact

on costs or prices, with the result that that such simplified PC used by the Commission to calculate the price

undercutting would be manifestly inappropriate. The General Court therefore dismissed this claim.

Finally, LG Chem claimed that the Commission conducted the investigation in a manner that infringed the

applicant’s rights of defence and the right to sound administration. The Court found no violation of procedural

rights or defence rights.

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T‑110/24 - Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional et Lusosider-Aços Planos v Commission

On 12 November 2025, the General Court (GC) dismissed the action for annulment brought by the Brazilian

exporting producer Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) and its related company (importer/user) in

Portugal Lusosider-Aços Planos S. A. (the applicants). The court confirmed the legality of all Commission’s

findings. The applicants submitted four claims challenging the regulation imposing anti-dumping measures on

imports of HRF from Brazil.

First, the applicants argued the Commission went beyond the scope of Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation

(BR) (expiry reviews) by excluding Ukraine from measures and disregarding the fundamental change of

circumstances since the original measures. In particular, LG claimed that the Commission had failed to take

into account the impact of the war between Russia and Ukraine, the sanctions against Russia and the safeguard

imposed on imports of steel products. According to the applicants, because of those changes of circumstances

since the imposition of the original, the Commission should have self-initiated an interim review under Article

11(3) combined with an Article 11(2) expiry review.

Contrary to the applicants’ claim, the GC found Article 11(2) to be the correct legal basis since the original

measures were due to expire. The Court rejected the applicants’ argument that the Commission should have

initiated a combined interim and expiry review, noting that the legal framework did not obligate the

Commission to start an interim review without a formal request. The Court noted that the applicants essentially

alleged a failure to initiate an interim review and therefore the argument put forward did not concern the

legality of the contested regulation, but the Commission’s failure to act and that did not fall within the scope

of an action for annulment. It concluded the applicants had not shown that the absence of an interim review

was likely to affect the legality of the contested regulation.

Second, the applicants claimed that the Commission’s assessment of the conditions to extend the original

measures, in particular in relation to the likelihood of recurrence of injury, was based on manifest errors of

assessment of the relevant facts that vitiated the contested regulation. The Court, however, upheld the

Commission's assessment noting that Brazilian imports had significantly increased, even with limited spare

capacity. The GC agreed with the Commission that sanctions and safeguard measures were temporary and not

definite barriers against the recurrence of dumping, thus not precluding the need for anti-dumping measures.

This finding confirmed the correctness of Commission’s practice of not taking into account the existence of

sanctions and safeguard in its assessment of likelihood of continuation/recurrence of dumping/injury.

Third, the applicants claimed that the Commission’s asymmetric assessment of Brazilian captive and non-

captive sales with EU non-captive sales artificially inflated the market share of Brazilian products in the EU.

In doing so, the Commission unjustifiably discriminated against Brazilian products and products manufactured

by the EU producers. Disagreeing with the applicants, the GC noted that the captive sales of the EU industry

were not exposed to any external competition as long as they remained internal and thus escaped the impact

of imports, while imports, whether captive or not, were in direct competition with the free sales of the EU

industry and might cause injury to them, as each import represented a potentially lost sale. Therefore, the

difference in treatment consisting in excluding captive sales of the EU industry from the calculation of

consumption while including purchases made by related companies in the volume of imports was justified by

the very logic of anti-dumping investigations.

Finally, the applicants claimed that the contested regulation fell short of the standards of reasoning set out in

Article 296 TFEU. The Court found that the Commission provided sufficient reasoning and that its

explanations in the contested regulation were deemed adequate to allow the applicants to ascertain the reasons

for the decision and for the Court to conduct its review.

T-165/23- Arkema France v Commission

On 2 July 2025, the General Court rejected the action for annulment brought by Arkema against the

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/111 of 18 January 2023 imposing a definitive anti-dumping

duty on imports of fatty acid originating in Indonesia.

Arkema France alleged, but failed to establish, a manifest error of assessment of the facts resulting in the

continuation of the investigation after the withdrawal of the complaint due to the failure to take into account

all the interests of the Union and the opposition of the various actors in the investigation. The General Court

recalled that according to the case law it follows from the provisions of the basic anti-dumping regulation that,

where a complaint is withdrawn, the institutions have the option – and not the obligation – of terminating the

procedure, it being understood that they may not do so if the interest of the Union precludes it. Consequently,

the Commission is not required to rely on the fact that the continuation of the procedure is in the interest of the

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Union. This provision expressly requires the Commission to take account of the interests of the Union only

where it intends to close the procedure following the withdrawal of the complaint. In addition, the Court

insisted that it is settled case-law that the legality of a regulation imposing anti-dumping duties must be

assessed in the light of the rules of law (the provisions of the basic regulation) and not on the basis of alleged

past decision-making practice.

With regard to the alleged breach of the general principles of equal treatment and protection of legitimate

expectations resulting from the difference in handling of the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations on

fatty acid after the withdrawal of the complaints on which those investigations were based, the General Court

recalled that the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy proceedings did not have the same subject matter and were

governed by a separate legal framework, therefore the two procedures do not constitute similar situations

within the meaning of the case-law. The Court also considered that the economic operators are not justified in

having a legitimate expectation that an existing situation which is capable of being altered by the EU

institutions in the exercise of their discretion will be maintained. That is particularly so in the sphere of

measures to protect trade, where the Commission enjoys a broad discretion by reason of the complexity of the

economic, political and legal situations which it has to examine. The Commission’s previous practice alone

could not therefore give rise to a legitimate expectation that the anti-dumping proceeding would be terminated

following the withdrawal of the complaint.

When it comes to the alleged absence of injury caused by dumping and a manifest error of assessment, the

Court recalled that according to well-established case-law, the determination of injury to the Union industry

involves the assessment of complex economic issues. Consequently, the Commission has a broad discretion.

The judicial review of such an appraisal is limited to verifying whether the relevant procedural rules have been

complied with, whether the facts relied on have been accurately stated and whether there has been a manifest

error of assessment or a misuse of powers. The Court concluded that the Commission’s previous decision-

making practice and the withdrawal of the complaint are irrelevant for determining whether the relevant

economic factors and indices required by the basic regulation to characterise the existence of injury and a

possible manifest error of assessment in that regard were present in this case.

T-176/23- PT Musim Mas v Commission

On 2 July 2025, the General Court rejected the action for annulment brought by the Indonesian exporting

producer Musim Mas against Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/111 of 18 January 2023

imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of fatty acid originating in Indonesia.

Musim Mas alleged that the Commission infringed the obligation to state reasons because of the lack of

explanation why it continued the anti-dumping investigation after the withdrawal of the complaint, whereas it

took the contrary decision to terminate the anti-subsidy investigation. The Court recalled that according to the

case-law, it is apparent from the provisions of the basic anti-dumping regulation that, where a complaint is

withdrawn, the institutions have the option – but not the obligation – to terminate the proceeding, although

they may not do so if it would be contrary to the Union interest. That provision obliges the Commission to take

account of the Union interest only if it envisages terminating the procedure further to the withdrawal of the

complaint. Therefore, the Commission was not required to set out the reasons why it had continued the anti-

dumping proceeding. In any event, the Court found that those reasons were stated in the contested regulation.

Musim Mas alleged infringement of the principle of sound administration, based on an alleged inconsistency

between the imposition of anti-dumping measures and the termination of the anti-subsidy investigation. The

Court recalled that the lawfulness of the contested regulation must be assessed on the basis of the legal rules

(the provisions of the basic regulation) and not on the basis of the decision-making practice.

Musim Mas submitted that the assessment of the Union interest is vitiated by a manifest error of assessment,

since the Commission has not proven that the imposition of anti-dumping duties was in the interest of the

Union industry and nor in the users’ interest. The Court recalled that the assessment of the Union interest

involves a complex economic situation and in this situation the Commission has a broad discretion. The judicial

review is restricted to verifying that the procedural rules have been complied with, that the facts on which the

contested choice is based are accurate, and that there has not been a manifest error of assessment or misuse of

powers. The Court found that Musim Mas has failed to adduce evidence establishing the implausibility of the

Commission’s assessment of the facts which led it to conclude that the imposition of anti-dumping duties

served the Union industry interest and would not have a disproportionate effect on users.

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Musim Mas contested also the construction of normal value22 by the Commission for two product types which

it exported to the European Union but did not sell in representative quantities on the Indonesian domestic

market. The General Court found that the Commission acted accordingly with both the provisions of the basic

regulation and of the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement when using actual data pertaining to sales made23 on the

domestic market of Indonesia, to determine the amounts corresponding to profits. The fact that these profit

margins are high does not in itself constitute an indication that they are unreasonable. The Court addressed

Musim Mas wrong interpretation that the profits used for the construction of the normal value should be similar

to the target profit for Union producers24. The Court upheld the Commission practice and recalled that when

the product under investigation is devised in types for the purposes of the investigation, the basic regulation

requires the Commission to calculate the profit margin for the product types using domestic sales of those

product types and not of the product as a whole.

In its final plea Musim Mas alleged a manifest error of assessment resulting from the application of an incorrect

exchange rate for 11 transactions25. The Court recalled that according to settled case-law, the legality of a

contested measure falls to be assessed on the basis of the elements of fact and of law available to the

Commission at the time when the measure was adopted. The missing transactions information on which the

incorrect exchange rate was applied should have been provided by Musim Mas. Not only Musim Mas did not

provide it, but did even not correct it once the Commission has “deduced it” itself from other information

provided by Musim Mas and provided it with all data used in the dumping calculation to Musim Mas for

verification. The General Court concluded that Musim Mas has not established that, during the administrative

procedure, the Commission had been made aware of all factual elements that would have enabled it to avoid

making the alleged error. In accordance with the case-law, Musim Mas was barred from alleging such an error

of fact for the first time in the action. Nor, therefore, may it allege a manifest error of assessment arising from

that error of fact.

T-187/23 - PT Permata Hijau Palm Oleo and PT Nubika Jaya v Commission

On 2 July 2025, the General Court rejected the action for annulment brought by the Indonesian exporting

producers PT Permata and PT Nubika (the applicants or Permata Group) against Commission Implementing

Regulation (EU) 2023/111 of 18 January 2023 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of fatty

acid originating in Indonesia.

The applicants, who were not part of the sample of exporting producers on the basis of whose data the

Commission determined the dumping margins, alleged a manifest error of assessment, inasmuch as their

request to get an individual margin of dumping calculated on the basis of their own data verified by the

Commission was rejected by the Commission on the ground that it would be unduly burdensome26. The

applicants submitted that the legal criterion (complexity) applied to reject their request for an individual

examination is incorrect as it is not referred to in the basic anti-dumping regulation. Permata Group also

considered that the Commission committed a manifested error by rejecting their request as there has still been

sufficient time (four and a half months) until the conclusion of the investigation. The Court found that on the

one hand the complexity of an investigation relates to both the substantive questions and the procedural

obligations, and an individual examination request must be assessed on a case-by-case basis having regard to

the resource and time constraints of the investigation. The Court rejected the argument for a restrictive

interpretation of the possibility of refusing requests for an individual examination and recalled that the

reference to past cases is irrelevant for the determination of a manifest error of assessment. The Court also

recalled that in this case its review is limited to the manifest error of assessment and does not extend to the

manner in which the Commission uses its available resources to carry out all of the administrative tasks relating

to the investigation.

Permata Group also claimed an error of law was committed by the Commission in rejecting its request for

individual examination because they considered that if there is only one request for individual examination

there is no room for discretion and the Commission is under an obligation to grant that sole request 27. The

Court rejected the claim by considering that the relevant criterion is not the large number of requests for

22 Musim Mas considered that the profit margins that the Commission has used in the construction of the normal value

were unreasonable. 23 Sales made in the ordinary course of trade. 24 The target profit is defined in article 7.2c of the basic anti-dumping regulation and was introduced with the

modernisation of TDI in 2017. 25 According to Musim Mas the application of the incorrect exchange rate led to the imposition of an anti-dumping duty

exceeding the margin of dumping as it should have been established. 26 The Commission based its decision on two criteria: 1) the complexity of the investigation, the structure of the two groups of exporting producers not

included in the sample and that of the two groups of exporting producers selected for that sample; 2) the remaining investigation time. 27 Permata Group considered that Unilever Indonesia had not maintained its request for individual examination following the final disclosure.

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individual examination, but rather the scope and complexity of the individual examinations and all the other

relevant factors forming part of the investigation28.

Permata Group contested the fact that the investigation was continued, and measures imposed whereas the

complaint was withdrawn. The Court recalled that according to the basic regulation where a complaint is

withdrawn, the Commission has the option – but not the obligation – to terminate the procedure, although it

may not do so if it would be contrary to the Union interest. The Court noted that according to the WTO Anti-

dumping agreement the obligation to terminate the investigation applies not when the complaint is withdrawn,

but when there is insufficient evidence of dumping and resulting injury. In the present case, the sole, laconic

ground for withdrawal of the complaint, namely ‘the influence from stakeholders’, does not establish the

presence or absence of dumping or resulting injury. The Court recalled that, where assessment of a complex

economic situation is involved, as in the present case, the Commission has a broad discretion and the Court

must restrict its review to verifying whether the procedural rules have been complied with, whether the facts

are accurate or whether there has been a manifest error of appraisal or a misuse of powers. The Court found

that Commission did not contradict itself in deciding to continue the anti-dumping investigation and to

terminate the separate subsidy investigation and the alleged previous decision-making practice is irrelevant for

examining the lawfulness of this point of the contested regulation.

Permata further submitted that the continuation of the investigation and the imposition of measures resulted in

an infringement of the basic regulation, since the existence of material injury was not established. The Court

considered that the withdrawal of the complaint and the previous decision-making practice have no probative

value whatsoever in the examination of whether there is injury. Permata Group claimed also that the injury

analysis prior to the withdrawal of the complaint showed positive trends and this situation requires the

Commission to provide a compelling explanation of why there is injury. The Court recalled that according to

the case-law, the examination must lead to the finding that the injury is material, but it is not necessary for all

the relevant economic factors and indices to show a negative trend. Any one or more of those factors does not

necessarily give decisive guidance. The Court once more referred to the broad discretion enjoyed by the

Commission in the determination of injury as this determination involves the assessment of complex economic

matters. The judicial review of such an appraisal is limited.

In a separate claim Permata considered that the Commission wrongly concluded that the Union interest

required action despite the withdrawal of the complaint. The Court found that the Commission assessed the

probative value of the withdrawal, and it rightly concluded that the imposition of measures was in the interest

of the Union industry as it was established that it had suffered material injury caused by the imports of the

dumped product from Indonesia. The withdrawal of the complaint could not in itself constitute actual evidence

for assessing the Union interest.

The only element on which the Court found that the Commission erred in law in this case was the Commission

finding that, in principle, it did not have to take account of allegations relating to post-investigation period

developments in the examination of the Union interest. However, the Court considered that this finding did

not prevent the Commission from examining the substance of those allegations. The Commission dismissed

them, after having found that they were not substantiated. The Court concluded that this error of law was not

in itself capable of affecting the lawfulness of the contested regulation.

T-230/23, Hitit Seramik v Commission

On 11 June 2025, the General Court dismissed the action brought by Hitit Seramik, a Turkish cooperating

exporting producer of ceramic tiles, against Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/265 of 9

February 2023 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of ceramic tiles originating in India and

Türkiye. The applicant submitted four claims, including a claim concerning the treatment of inflation in Turkey

and the appropriateness of the Commission's injury assessment.

First, the applicant argued that the Commission failed to consider inflation in the Turkish domestic market,

which had the effect of increasing its prices on that market and, consequently, of artificially increasing the

normal value. Thus, the applicant alleged a breach of Article 2(10). It claimed that the Commission incorrectly

refused to make an adjustment for the inflation recorded in Turkey during the investigation period, whereas it

did make an adjustment for the devaluation of the Turkish lira against the euro during that same period by

using, for each sale, for the purpose of the currency conversion, the time of the purchase order rather than the

date of invoice.

The Court found that the applicant had not demonstrated that the adjustment was warranted. It noted that, as

observed by the Commission, the evidence (graph) presented by the applicant did not establish a clear

28 The scope and complexity of the investigation as a whole, including the number and complexity of the exporting producers included in the sample.

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correlation between inflation and the increase in the applicant's sales prices on the Turkish domestic market.

As a result, the Court concluded that the Commission had not committed a manifest error in its assessment of

the facts.

With regard to the injury assessment, the GC ruled that the Commission did not infringe Article 3(2), (5) and

(6) of the basic regulation, read in conjunction with Article 17(1) of that regulation.

The GC first upheld the Commission's choice of sample of Union producers andthe Commission's approach

of weighing certain injury indicators based on a ratio reflecting the share of each type of producer in the Union

production. In this case, due to the fragmentation of the Union industry, the Commission chose a sample of six

companies by distinguishing large, medium-sized and small producers and ensuring that each type was

represented in the sample. The Commission also ensured the representativeness of the sample in terms of the

geographical distribution of the Union industry, the sample covering the Member States in which around 90%

of the Union production was situated. The GC ruled that the method ensured that the sample was representative

even if it covered only 6% of the Union production.

The GC then ruled that the Commission did not fail to do a proper injury assessment. It upheld the

Commission's finding that Union industry suffered material injury within the meaning of Article 3(5) of the

basic Regulation because it could not raise prices in the Union to levels high enough to recover its costs during

most of the period considered and lost market share so it was unable to benefit from an expanding market,

even though some injury indicators remained stable or showed a positive trend during the same period.

T-231/23, Akgün Seramik and Others v Commission

On 11 June 2025, the General Court dismissed the action brought by various Turkish exporting producers of

ceramic tiles against Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/265 of 9 February 2023 imposing a

definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of ceramic tiles originating in India and Türkiye.

In the first plea, the GC held that the Commission's injury determination was lawful and supported by the facts.

The Commission's conclusion based on loss of market share, negative or very low profitability and decreasing

investments in the period considered justified the finding of material injury, even though some indicators

showed stable or positive evolutions and the Union industry still held a market share of 87% in the investigation

period.

In the second plea, the GC held that the Commission's causal link analysis was lawful and factually sound.

The correlation between the increase of dumped imports, that significantly outpaced the increase of Union

industry's sales and the increase in consumption, with the consequent loss of market share by the Union

industry to those imports, and the prices of those imports, that undercut Union prices and were below the Union

industry's cost of production throughout the period considered, constituted a solid reason to establish the causal

link. The GC also upheld the Commission's conclusion that the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Union

industry did not break the causal link as the data gathered in the investigation showed that, during the pandemic,

demand remained stable and the Union industry was able use its stock to maintain its sales volume, and was

also able to resume production fast after the closures linked to the pandemic.

The applicant claimed that the Commission had violated Article 4(1) of the Basic Regulation because, since

the sample only accounted for 6% of Union production, it had then carried out an injury analysis not based on

either Union producers as a whole or a major proportion of total Union production. The GC upheld the

Commission's position in its written pleadings, namely that the 'major proportion' requirement does not apply

to the sample and that, in the present case, the Commission did not define the Union industry on the basis of

the concept of 'major proportion' but opted to take account of all of the producers of that product in the

European Union.

The GC also rejected the fourth plea, which challenged the adjustment made by the Commission under Article

2(10)(i) of the basic Regulation for related traders found to carry out functions comparable to those of an agent

working on a commission basis. The applicants alleged that one sampled exporting producer and its related

traders formed a single economic entity and for that reason an adjustment under Article 2(10) could not have

been made to its export price. Recalling the European courts' jurisprudence on Article 2(10) and the concept

of single economic entity, the Court found that the Commission was right to conclude the companies did not

form a single economic entity based on the information available. The Court confirmed the legality of the

Commission's standard assessment in such cases, which considers, for example, the contractual relation

between the related companies and whether the related traders sell products other than the ones produced.

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8. ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU

At the end of 2025, the measures in force against the EU exports amounted to 181.

In terms of the main users of trade defence measures, the US leads with 45 measures, followed by Turkey and

China with 25 and 19 measures in force respectively. Among other frequent users, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia,

and Madagascar each have 10 measures in place. India and South Africa have 6 measures followed by Morocco

with 5 measures.

An overview of the main users of trade defence measures and the main cases is presented below.

China

Overall trends

In 2025, China’s trade defence activity vis-à-vis the European Union continued to increase. By the end of the

year, a total of 19 measures were in force against the EU, comprising 17 AD duties and two CVD. While China

did not initiate any new investigations during the year, it imposed one provisional CVD and three definitive

AD duties.

In 2025, the Commission continued to intervene in the investigations into imports of certain agrifood products

originating in the European Union (brandy, pork, and dairy) that China initiated in response to the EU anti-

subsidy investigation concerning imports of battery electric vehicles.

According to the Commission’s assessment, these investigations were based on questionable allegations and

insufficient evidence and therefore did not comply with WTO rules governing the initiation of investigations.

Such use of trade defence instruments is not acceptable. The Commission addressed these concerns throughout

the investigations, both at political and technical levels.

Main cases

Spirits (brandy) AD

On 5 January 2024, China initiated an AD investigation into imports of spirits obtained by distilling grape

wine in containers holding less than 200 litres (brandy) from the EU. The value of EU exports of the product

concerned to China amounted to approximately €800 million in 2022. The vast majority of these exports

originated in France (97%), with a very small share from Spain (2%). Since the initiation of the investigation,

the Commission has closely monitored the proceedings and intervened as appropriate, including during WTO

consultations held on 20 and 21 January 2025. Nevertheless, China imposed definitive ad valorem duties

ranging from 30,6% to 39,0% on 5 July 2025.

Pork AD

On 17 June 2024, the Chinese authorities initiated an anti-dumping investigation into imports of certain pork

and pig by-products originating in the European Union. EU exports of the products concerned amounted to

approximately €2.7 billion in 2023, with the investigation covering virtually all EU pork exports, including

meat and by-products. The Member States most affected were Spain (€1,3 billion), the Netherlands (€527

million), Denmark (€443 million), France (€275 million), and Ireland (€110 million).

The Commission closely monitored the case from its initiation and intervened at each stage of the investigation.

Following the imposition of provisional measures on 10 September 2025, with duty rates ranging from 15,6%

to 62,4%, the Commission requested a hearing, which was held on 31 October, to highlight the shortcomings

of the investigation. Nevertheless, on 17 December 2025, China imposed definitive AD duties, albeit at

significantly lower levels, ranging from 4,9% to 19,8%.

Dairy AS

The AS investigation against imports of certain dairy products from the EU was initiated on 21 August 2024.

The investigation targets mainly programme of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and also some

national schemes of certain Member States. EU exports to China of the products subject to the investigation

amounted to around €513 million in 2023. The Member States mainly concerned are France (€179 million),

Italy (€57 million), the Netherlands (€53 million), Denmark (€52 million), Spain (€46 million), Ireland (€45

million) and Germany (€33 million).

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Since the start of the investigation, the Commission has followed the case closely, intervening where

appropriate and responding, in coordination with Member States and the EIB Group, to the questionnaires

issued by the investigating authority. As part of the AS proceedings the Commission requested a hearing,

which was held on 18 March 2025, and filed a post-hearing submission clarifying that the EU and Member

State programmes under investigation are overwhelmingly not countervailable. Nevertheless, provisional

measures were imposed on 23 December 2025.

Moreover, on 6 and 7 November 2024, the EU held WTO consultations with China under the WTO Dispute

Settlement Understanding in relation to the investigation into imports of certain dairy products originating in

the European Union. This marked the first time the EU challenged the initiation of a trade defence investigation

at the WTO. The Commission is currently assessing possible next steps, taking into account, inter alia, requests

from the industry.

United States

Overall trends

In 2025, the US’s trade defence activity vis-à-vis the European Union slowed down in comparison to 2024.

There were three new TD investigations, compared to six in the previous year (2 AD on certain freight rail

couples and steel concrete reinforcing bars, and one SFG on quartz surface products). The US imposed three

definitive AD duties – on dioctyl terephthalate, corrosion-resistant steel and melamine - and one definitive

SFG (melamine). By the end of the year, a total of 45 measures were in force against EU countries (37 AD, 6

AS and 2 SFG). The Commission continues to follow closely all the cases and will intervene, in support of the

EU industry, as appropriate.

Main cases

Pasta from Italy – Antidumping duty review for 2023-2024

In August 2024, the US initiated an administrative review for certain pasta for the period July 2023 – June

2024. In September 2025, the Department of Commerce (DOC) concluded that the sampled companies had

not cooperated and subsequently applied a weighted average dumping margin of 91,74 % based on adverse

facts available (AFA) to the two sampled Italian companies and to all other companies not individually

examined in this proceeding. In coordination with the Italian companies and authorities the Commission filed

comments in support of the industry recalling the WTO standards for use of facts available. Following these

interventions, on 31 December 2025, the DOC issued a post-preliminary analysis significantly reducing the

level of duties from the initial 92% to now 2,26%-13,89%. However, this is currently being rebutted by the

US domestic industry.

India

Overall trends

The number of trade defence measures in force by India against the EU remained broadly stable. In 2025, India

had six measures in force against imports from the EU, compared with four in 2024 and six in 2023. During

2025, India initiated 7 new AD investigations and launched an expiry review on imports of 2-Ethyl Hexanol.

It also imposed two definitive safeguard measures, covering non-alloy and alloy steel flat products and low

ash metallurgical coke, as well as one definitive AD duty on vitamin A-palmitate. India remains a significant

user of trade defence instruments against the EU.

Indonesia

Overall trends

Indonesia continues to be one of the most frequent users of safeguard investigations worldwide, relying

primarily on safeguards rather than on the AD or AS instruments.

By the end of 2025, the number of measures in force remained stable, with 10 definitive safeguard measures

in place, unchanged from 2024. These measures are increasingly applied for the maximum duration allowed,

with extensions becoming routine.

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Although Indonesia did not initiate any new investigations in 2025, it launched two safeguard extension

reviews, covering imports of curtains (including drapes) and yarn (other than sewing thread). In both cases,

these reviews represent the second extension investigation. In 2025, Indonesia imposed two definitive

safeguard measures on imports of cotton yarn and mineral wools. These measures followed safeguard

investigations initiated in 2023.

Australia

Overall trends

Australia is not among the most active users of trade defence instruments against the EU. By the end of 2025,

a total of four AD measures were in force against EU exports, which was unchanged from 2024. During 2025,

Australia did not initiate any new investigations or impose any new trade defence measures on EU imports.

However, it did initiate a second expiry review of imports of chrome bars from Romania.

Main cases

Tomatoes, prepared or preserved AD/AS

The investigations were initiated in October 2024. In light of the significant EU economic interest involved,

estimated at €63 million, the Commission, in close cooperation with the Italian Government and the Italian

industry, intervened strongly from the pre-initiation stage through consultations and detailed written

submissions. The case has been particularly challenging, as the Australian AS investigation once again targets

measures under the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). However, on 12 November 2025, Australia issued

its preliminary report, acknowledging that CAP support does not constitute a countervailable subsidy.

Subsequently, on 27 January 2026, the investigations were partially terminated with respect to several Italian

tomato producers. The final decision in 28 February 2026 resulted in the investigations being terminated.

Thailand

Overall trends

Thailand is not a frequent user of trade defence instruments against the European Union. By the end of 2025,

Thailand maintained three AD duties on EU exports, covering hot-rolled flat products in coils and not in coils,

tin-free steel, and tinplate, unchanged from 2024. In 2025, Thailand initiated one new safeguard investigation

concerning imports of polypropylene.

New Zealand

Overall trends

By the end of 2025, New Zealand had two AD measures in force (canned peaches and preserved peaches) with

no change from 2022 onwards. New Zealand did not initiate any new trade defence investigations against the

EU in 2025.

Philippines

Overall trends

At the end of 2025, Philippines had two provisional safeguard measures in force, covering imports of cement

and on corrugating medium. The latter was subject of one investigation initiated by the Philippines in 2025.

Türkiye

Overall trends

In 2025, Türkiye initiated six new trade defence investigations affecting EU exports, out of which three new

SFG investigations targeting imports of PTA, PET resin and paper and paperboards. Moreover, it initiated two

new anti-circumvention (AC) investigations and one AD case on tyres from the Czech Republic, Hungary and

Slovakia. The Commission continues to follow closely all the cases and will intervene, in support of the EU

industry, as appropriate.

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Main cases

Woven fabrics

Following the EU–Türkiye High-Level Dialogue on Trade, Türkiye launched an interim review of the anti-

circumvention investigation on imports of woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarns. Concluded in November

2025, the interim review delivered a positive outcome: many genuine EU producers that had previously been

subject to measures were exempted from the extension of the measures.

Knitted and crocheted fabrics

In 2024, Türkiye initiated a safeguard case against imports of knitted and crocheted fabrics. The Commission

intervened in support of EU industry and argued that the conditions to impose measures are not met. In May

2025, Türkiye notified the termination of the case to the WTO, stating that the conditions are indeed not met.

The economic value of this case for the EU was €122 million.

Other paper and paperboard SFG

This SFG investigation was initiated on 31 December 2025. Given the high economic interest of €249 million,

the Commission has intervened in support of EU industry and Member States and will continue to do so as the

investigation continues.

South Africa

Overall trends

At the end of 2025 there were six measures in force, four anti-dumping measures (frozen bone-in portion,

ropes and cables, frozen potato chips and frozen chicken) and three safeguard measures (steel flat rolled,

corrosion resistant coil and threaded fasteners). In July 2025, South Africa also initiated a safeguard

investigation into imports of corrosion thick coil.

The export value concerning corrosion thick coil amounts to around €200 million. The investigation is ongoing

and besides monitoring, the Commission has intervened in the appropriate fora and is in contact with the EU

industry.

Ukraine

Overall trends

The year 2025 was another challenging year for Ukraine, following the invasion and war of aggression initiated

by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022. On 27 February 2022, Ukraine suspended all ongoing TDI

investigations and by the end of 2025, Ukraine has no measures in force against EU exports.

Brazil

Overall trends

Brazil remains one of the important users of trade defence instruments against the EU. At the end of 2025,

Brazil had 10 AD measures in place against the EU, the same number as in 2024. In 2025, Brazil initiated two

new AD investigations, concerning imports of steel wire from Spain (value of exports - not available) and

carbon steel sheets from Germany and the Netherlands (export value of €36 million).

Canada

Overall trends

Canada is also a relevant user of trade defence instruments against the EU. At the end of 2025, it had 10

measures in place, two more than in 2024. These are mainly antidumping measures, except for one anti subsidy

measure. In 2025, Canada initiated one antidumping investigation on Carbon and alloy steel wire originating

in Spain, Italy and Portugal and has imposed two new antidumping measures: provisional measures on carbon

and alloy steel wire and definitive measures on concrete reinforcing bar from Bulgaria.

United Kingdom

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Overall trends

By the end of 2025, the United Kingdom had two trade defence measures in force against the EU. One of them

was a safeguard concerning certain steel products, which was originally an EU measure that was continued by

the United Kingdom after Brexit. The other one, was an antidumping measure resulting from the first trade

defence investigation initiated by the United Kingdom against the EU and concerned imports of certain engine

oils and hydraulic fluids from Lithuania (export value of 10 EUR million)

Main cases

Certain engine oils and hydraulic fluids from Lithuania

In 2024, the United Kingdom initiated a trade defence investigation against imports of certain engine oils and

hydraulic fluids from Lithuania. The Commission intervened multiple times in support of the Lithuanian

industry. In April 2025, the United Kingdom applied provisional measures and in December 2025 made a final

determination applying definitive measures. The economic value of this case for the EU was €10 million.

9. ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO

9.1 Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence

The WTO procedure for the settlement of disputes between WTO Members concerning the application of the

WTO agreements is divided into two main stages.

The first stage consists of bilateral consultations between the WTO Members concerned. If those consultations

fail to settle the dispute, the second stage can be opened by requesting the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to

establish a panel.

WTO Members, other than the complaining and defending parties, with an interest in a given dispute, can

intervene as 'third parties' before the panel.

The panel issues a report, which must be adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in order to

become binding between the parties to the dispute. In a fully functioning WTO dispute settlement system (see

further below), panel reports first can be appealed before the WTO Appellate Body (AB) (each appeal being

heard by three members of a permanent seven-member body set up by the Dispute Settlement Understanding

(DSU)).

Both the panel report and the report by the AB are adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) unless the

DSB rejects the report by unanimity. The findings of a panel report or an AB report must be implemented by

the WTO Member whose measures have been found to be inconsistent with the relevant WTO Agreements.

If the complaining WTO Member is not satisfied with the way the reports are implemented, it can ask for the

establishment of a so-called 'implementation panel'. Here too, an appeal against the findings of the panel is

possible.

Anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguards measures are among the most common subject matters in WTO

dispute settlement. The EU is also an active participant in WTO dispute settlement proceedings as a third party

in relation to TDI.

Regarding the procedures, it should be noted that, since 11 December 2019, due to the blockage of new

appointments to the AB, the WTO dispute settlement system is not able to function fully, because there are no

members on the Appellate Body. This affects the capacity of the WTO dispute settlement system to deliver

binding resolutions of trade disputes and undermines rules-based international trade.

The EU continues its efforts to find, together with the WTO Membership, a lasting solution to this situation.

Pending a solution, the EU, together with certain other WTO Members, created a workaround arrangement to

apply as long as the appointments to the AB remain blocked. Known as the ‘MPIA’, the Multi-party interim

appeal arbitration arrangement allows its participating WTO Members to bring appeals and solve disputes

within the framework of the DSU despite the current paralysis of the AB. It achieves this through the

conclusion of agreements between participating WTO Members to have appeals in disputes between them

dealt with by way of arbitration within the framework of the DSU. In this way, the MPIA provides a

functioning, binding, two-tier and independent dispute settlement system in the disputes that it covers. It

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mirrors the usual WTO appeal rules and, for as long as the AB remains unable to function fully, can be used

between any Members of the WTO that join the MPIA.

Dispute settlement cases requested by EU

DS 631: Provisional anti-dumping duties imposed by China on imports of Brandy from EU

In November 2024, the European Union requested consultations with China with respect to the provisional

anti-dumping duties imposed by China on imports of spirits made from distilled wine in containers of less than

200 litres (commonly referred to as “brandy”) originating in the European Union. On 5 December China agreed

to hold consultations, which were held online on 20 and 21 January 2025. Provisional ADD were imposed on

11 October 2024, ranging from 30.6% to 39.0%. Since then definitive duties, imposed on 5 July 2025, were

slightly lower at 27.7% to 34.9%. Around 30 companies submitted undertakings which were accepted .

DS 628: Initiation of Countervailing investigation by China on imports of Dairy products from EU

In September 2024, the EU requested consultations with China with respect to the WTO-incompatible

initiation of an anti-subsidy investigation on imports of certain dairy products from the European Union. On 3

October 2024 China accepted the request for consultations which were held on 6 and 7 November 2024. No

solution was found. The Commission will decide on next steps depending on the evolution of the investigation.

The AS investigation against imports of certain dairy products from the EU was initiated on 21 August 2024.

The investigation targets mainly programme of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and also some

national schemes of Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands

and Romania. Provisional CVDs were imposed on 23 December 2025, ranging from 21.9% to 42.7%.

Definitive duties were adopted on 13 February 2026 at lower levels, from 7.4% to 11.7%. The Commission is

considering possible next steps including WTO action.

DS591: Anti-Dumping Duties by Colombia on Frozen Fries from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands

This dispute dates back to November 2019 when the EU requested consultations with Colombia regarding the

anti-dumping duties imposed by Colombia on imports of potatoes, prepared or preserved (otherwise than by

vinegar or acetic acid), frozen (frozen fries), originating in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.

Consultations took place in January 2020. The Panel Final report was issued in August 2022 where the EU

prevailed. Columbia appealed in the framework of the MPIA (Multi Parti Interim Appeal Arbitration

Arrangement). This was the first appeal to the MPIA which issued its report in December 2022 and where the

EU again prevailed (main claims won related to the dumping calculation, fair comparison and adjustments e.g.

for product mix, or packaging which Colombia had rejected).

Colombia had one year to implement the ruling, which should have led to the termination of the duties.

Colombia issued its implementation report in October 2023. While Colombia made some adjustments to the

calculation, which led to lower duties in some cases but to higher duties in others, the EU considered these

adjustments not in line with the ruling. On 14 November 2024, the European Union requested the establishment

of a compliance panel with respect to measures taken to comply. On 27 November 2024, the compliance panel

was composed; The panel issued its final report to the parties in October 2025. To comply with the panel

ruling, Colombia opened an administrative review and repealed the measures in March 2026.

DS577: Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties by the United States on Ripe Olives from Spain

The EU challenged the countervailing duties imposed by the US on ripe olives originating in Spain before the

WTO in December 2021, the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) adopted the final panel report declaring

these duties inconsistent with WTO rules. The Commission considered that the US had failed to implement

the WTO ruling and requested the establishment of a compliance panel, which was composed on 31 July 2023.

On 19 March 2024, the DSB concluded that the United States had failed to comply with the original panel’s

pass-through finding.

As the US did not take any measure to implement the findings of the compliance panel report, on 14 November

2024, the EU requested the WTO DSB to authorise the imposition of countermeasures. The US immediately

requested an arbitration on the level of countermeasures by the EU and the arbitration panel was established

on 29 November 2024. The decision by the arbitration panel on the level of nullification and impairment was

adopted in November 2025 and the EU obtained, in December 2025, from the DSB authorisation to adopt

countermeasures.

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Dispute settlement cases against the EU

DS630: Countervailing Duties on New Battery Electric Vehicles from China

In November 2024, China requested consultations with the European Union regarding the definitive

countervailing duties imposed by the European Union on new battery electric vehicles from China, as well as

the underlying investigation that led to the imposition of these duties. An earlier request for consultations with

the EU was filed by China on 9 August with respect to the same investigation and the provisional

countervailing duties imposed by the EU on imports of BEVs from China (DS626). At its meeting on 25 April

2025, the DSB established a panel. Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mexico,

Norway, the Russian Federation, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Kingdom,

and the United States reserved their third-party rights.The panel was composed on 13 October 2025.

DS622: Anti-dumping duties on fatty acid from Indonesia.

In February 2024, Indonesia requested consultations with the European Union with respect to (i) the definitive

anti-dumping measures on imports of fatty acid from Indonesia; (ii) the investigation leading to the imposition

of these measures; and (iii) the methodology applied by the European Union in anti-dumping investigations

(including in the investigation on imports of fatty acid from Indonesia) for constructing normal value based on

product control numbers (PCN)-specific costs and profit data. At its meeting on 18 December 2024, the DSB

established a panel. Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, the Russian Federation, Singapore, Türkiye,

Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States, reserved their third-party rights. On 1 October 2025, the

Chair of the panel informed the DSB that, in light of the amount and complexity of the work involved, the

panel did not expect to issue its final report to the parties before the first quarter of 2026. The Panel held a first

substantive meeting with the parties on 14 and 15 October 2025. A session with the third parties took place on

15 October 2025.

DS 618: Countervailing duties on imports of biodiesel from Indonesia

In August 2023, Indonesia requested consultations with the European Union regarding the definitive

countervailing duties on imports of biodiesel from Indonesia. In October 2023, Indonesia requested the

establishment of a panel. The panel was composed in March 2024.

Indonesia claimed that the definitive countervailing duties on imports of biodiesel from Indonesia and the

investigation leading to their imposition are inconsistent with certain provisions of the ASCM. Indonesia

alleged that the countervailing duties adopted by the EU are in contravention of the WTO Agreement on

Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Indonesia challenged the Commission’s determination concerning

Government support to the biodiesel industry through direct transfer of funds via the ‘Biodiesel Subsidy Fund’

and also the provision of crude palm oil (“CPO”) for less than adequate remuneration. Indonesia also

challenged the threat of injury and the causal link analysis made by the Commission.

The Panel report was issued in August 2025 and on 26 September 2025, the European Union notified the DSB

of its decision to appeal certain issues of law and legal interpretations in the panel report. Given that Indonesia

is not a party to the MPIA, the appeal is effectively ‘into the void’ pending the appointment of members to the

AB.

DS 616: Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Duties on Stainless Steel Cold-Rolled Flat Products from

Indonesia

On 24 January 2023, Indonesia requested consultations with the European Union with respect to countervailing

and anti-dumping measures imposed by the European Union on imports of stainless-steel cold-rolled flat

products from Indonesia. Indonesia claimed that the measures are inconsistent with a number of provisions of

the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing measures (ASCM) and the Anti-Dumping Agreement.

The main issue raised by Indonesia is the legality of the ‘attribution theory’ used in EU trade defence policy,

whereby financial contributions formally paid by the Chinese government are attributed to a third country

government, in this case the Government of Indonesia. This attribution was made because of a substantive

body of evidence demonstrating that Indonesia ‘acknowledged and adopted’ the subsidizing conduct of the

Chinese state as its own. The theory was used for the first time in the Egyptian Glass-Fiber Fabric case, where

the General Court approved the Commission’s use of the attribution theory.

67

Indonesia also contested the part of the EU Regulation concerning the provision of nickel ore at less than

adequate remuneration, in particular the treatment of the Indonesian mining companies as public bodies or

private bodies being entrusted or directed by the government, the selection of the appropriate benchmark for

nickel ore and the calculation of the benefit.

Consultations between the EU and Indonesia took place on 13 March 2023 but failed to resolve the dispute.

On 17 April 2023, Indonesia requested the establishment of a panel. At its meeting on 30 May 2023, the DSB

established a panel. Following the agreement of the parties, the panel was composed on 13 September 2023.

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, the Russian Federation, Singapore,

Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States reserved their third-

party rights.

The first two meetings of the parties took place in April and December 2024. The panel report was issued in

October 2025. The EU appealed the findings in November 2025. Given that Indonesia is not a party to the

MPIA, the appeal is effectively ‘into the void’ pending the appointment of members to the AB.

DS494: European Union – Cost Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on

Imports from Russia

On 24 July 2020, the panel circulated to all WTO Members its final report in DS494 European Union – Cost

Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports from Russia. Both the EU and

Russia appealed the report. However, with the ongoing difficulties in the WTO Dispute Settlement, there was

no progress in 2025.

9.2 Meetings of the WTO Anti-dumping, ASCM and Safeguards Committees.

Twice a year, in spring and autumn, the WTO convenes meetings of the Subsidies and Countervailing, Anti-

dumping, and Safeguards Committees. These Committees serve as platforms for WTO members to consult

and discuss matters pertaining to the implementation of the relevant agreements by the investigating

authorities. Alongside these formal Committees, the WTO also hosts subsidiary groups concerned with trade

defence issues. There is an Anti-dumping Working Group on Implementation, where members exchange

information on the practical application of anti-dumping investigations and an Informal Group on Anti-

circumvention to discuss how members address circumvention, given the absence of such provisions in the

Anti-dumping Agreement. Additionally, informal sessions for ‘Friends of Safeguards Proceedings’ facilitate

discussions on specific elements of the safeguard instrument and its application. These Committees and sub-

groups enable WTO members to highlight concerns about specific cases and practices of others while

defending their own investigations, practices, and measures.

During the October 2025 Committees week, the EU participated in an informal meeting of the Heads

of Trade Remedies Investigating authorities hosted by Australia’s Anti-Dumping Commission (ADC)

and Canada’s Border Services Agency. Very useful discussions focussed on identifying ways of

improving transparency and strengthening collaboration through information exchange, particularly

in subsidy investigations where cooperation from exporters or foreign governments is limited. There

was an exchange of views on how authorities are adapting to keep pace with rapidly changing market

conditions as well as the challenges posed by increasingly complex circumvention practices.

At the April 2025 meeting of the Special Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, members

continued reviewing the subsidy notifications made in 2023 while commencing the review of notifications

made in the context of the 2025 exercise at the October meeting. Compliance with notification obligations

under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) remains notably poor, with only half

of the members notifying by October 2025 for the latest exercise, despite the June 2025 deadline. The EU

highlighted this issue, urging members to adhere to their obligations and enhance transparency regarding

subsidies, given their distortive impact on global trade.

During the spring session of the regular Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, the EU

defended the countervailing measures imposed in October 2024 on battery electric vehicles against strong

criticism from China. In the autumn meeting, Egypt addressed the EU’s expiry review of measures on glass

fibre reinforcements, suggesting the case be terminated in light of the WTO Dispute settlement proceeding on

countervailing duties on Stainless Steel Cold-Rolled Flat Products from Indonesia, which tackled the issue of

cross-border subsidies. The EU argued these cases were unrelated. The EU continued to raise concerns over

68

Australia’s anti-subsidy investigation into canned tomatoes from Italy, noting that Italian tomato producers

have been targeted since 1992 when Australia first imposed AD and AS measures, and addressed China's

investigation into dairy products from the EU. Discussions continued, under the regular agenda item ‘Subsidies

and overcapacity’, on the detrimental effect of subsidies in creating global overcapacity and the ensuing

damage to global trade.

In the Anti-dumping Committee, the EU highlighted concerns regarding the UK’s anti-dumping investigation

into engine oil from Lithuania, the US's administrative review on pasta from Italy, as well as reiterating

previously expressed concerns about Australia’s investigation into canned tomatoes from Italy and China’s

investigations on brandy and pork products from the EU. The EU urged China not to utilise trade defence

instruments as retaliatory tools but to adhere to WTO rules. In these meetings, the EU responded to concerns

raised about its anti-dumping investigations on hot rolled flat steel products from Egypt and Japan, optical

fibre cables from India, and a review into urea ammonium nitrate from Russia. The EU also responded to both

Türkiye and Japan, who criticised the EU’s investigation into cold-rolled flat steel products, mentioning the

'particular market situation' aspects. China criticised the EU for what it perceives as an increasingly

protectionist stance, citing references to trade defence in several sectoral Communications adopted by the EU.

The EU emphasised that its actions are complaint-driven and the increase is symptomatic of an unprecedented

level of allegedly unfairly traded imports from China. Regarding the industrial policy documents, the EU

stressed these reflect its unwavering commitment to addressing unfair trade practices that harm European

industries in line with WTO rules.

In the Anti-dumping Working Group on Implementation, the EU engaged in discussions concerning interim

and changed circumstances reviews, case filing systems, handling of documents, sampling, and the

implications of non-cooperation in investigations.

At the October 2025 meeting of the Informal Group on Anti-circumvention, discussions centred around

updates by members to their legal frameworks on circumvention and the implementation of anti-circumvention

procedures. The group also explored emerging trends and challenges encountered in such investigations.

During the Safeguards Committee meeting, the EU addressed queries about the steel measure proposed by the

European Commission on 7 October 2025, explaining that the measure aimed to mitigate the adverse effects

of global overcapacity on the EU’s steel market. The EU clarified that, as the proposed measure was not a

safeguard measure, the Safeguards Committee was not the appropriate forum for its discussion. The EU also

responded to inquiries concerning the ongoing safeguard investigation into ferro-alloys. Since May 2025, the

WTO’s online tool called “Online Safeguard Action Notification Portal” has been fully operational, which the

EU finds user friendly.

The WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies came into force in September 2025, having attained the required

two-thirds ratification threshold. WTO negotiations continued on outstanding issues to forge a comprehensive

agreement on fisheries subsidies.

The EU, along with other like-minded WTO members, persevered with subsidy-related work under the WTO

Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform initiative and the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions.

Informal WTO deliberations on Trade and Industrial Policies also continued, with eight sessions conducted in

2025. The EU co-hosted two sessions: in February 2025 on subsidies transparency, and in September 2025 on

below-market financing provided by state banks.

69

ANNEXES SUMMARY

ANNEX A New investigations initiated during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX B New investigations initiated

ANNEX C Imposition of provisional duties during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX D New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX E New investigations terminated without imposition of measures during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX F Expiry reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX G Interim reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX H Other reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX I New exporter reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX J Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX K Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX L Safeguard review investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX M Undertakings accepted or repealed during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX N Measures which expired / lapsed during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

ANNEX O Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2025

ANNEX P Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2025

ANNEX Q Undertakings in force on 31 December 2025

ANNEX R TDI investigations pending on 31 December 2025

ANNEX S Court cases

ANNEX T Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2025

ANNEX U Third country measures

70

ANNEX A

New investigations initiated

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Continuous filament glass fibre products Bahrain 17.02.2025 C/2025/1135 AD728

Continuous filament glass fibre products Egypt 17.02.2025 C/2025/1135 AD728

Continuous filament glass fibre products Thailand 17.02.2025 C/2025/1135 AD728

Cast iron articles India 26.02.2025

C/2025/1276 AD727

Cast iron articles Türkiye 26.02.2025

C/2025/1276 AD727

Softwood plywood Brazil 06.03.2025 C/2025/1490 AD729

Adipic acid People's Republic of China 14.03.2025 C/2025/1608 AD731

Phosphorous acid People's Republic of China 19.03.2025 C/2025/1687 AD730

Pneumatic tyres (new), of rubber, of a kind used on motor cars, buses or lorries

People's Republic of China 21.05.2025 C/2025/2778 AD733

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Vietnam 22.05.2025 C/2025/2787 AD732

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) People's Republic of China 06.06.2025 C/2025/3135 AD734

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) Saudi Arabia 06.06.2025 C/2025/3135 AD734

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) United States of America 06.06.2025

C/2025/3135 AD734

Polyamide yarns People's Republic of China 29.07.2025 C/2025/4120 AD735

Terephthalic acid Mexico 13.08.2025 C/2025/4539 AD736

Terephthalic acid Republic of Korea 13.08.2025 C/2025/4539 AD736

Pea protein People's Republic of China 29.08.2025 C/2025/4850 AD737

PET Spunbond People's Republic of China 15.09.2025

C/2025/5010 AD738

71

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Cold-rolled flat steel products (certain) India 18.09.2025 C/2025/5025 AD739

Cold-rolled flat steel products (certain) Japan 18.09.2025 C/2025/5025 AD739

Cold-rolled flat steel products (certain) Taiwan 18.09.2025 C/2025/5025 AD739

Cold-rolled flat steel products (certain) Türkiye 18.09.2025 C/2025/5025 AD739

Cold-rolled flat steel products (certain) Vietnam 18.09.2025

C/2025/5025 AD739

Certain alkyl phosphonic acids and their sodium salts

People's Republic of China 18.09.2025 C/2025/5021 AD740

UREA Russian Federation 25.09.2025 C/2025/5240 AD741

Robot lawn mowers (RLM) People's Republic of China 19.11.2025 C/2025/6235 AD745

Welding wire People's Republic of China 11.12.2025 C/2025/6555 AD746

Sodium benzoate People's Republic of China 19.12.2025 C/2025/6744 AD747

Benzyl Alcohol People's Republic of China 19.12.2025 C/2025/6741 AD748

Mobile cranes People's Republic of China 19.12.2025

C/2025/6726 AD749

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Passenger car and light lorry tyres People's Republic of China 06.11.2025 C/2025/5924 AS743

Lightweight thermal paper People's Republic of China 07.11.2025

C/2025/5911 AS742

C. Safeguard investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

None

-

-

ANNEX B

A) New investigations initiated by product sector during the period 2021 -

2025 (31 December)

Product sector 2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

Ceramics 2 - - - -

Chemical & allied 2 1 4 13 12

Electronics 2 - 1 1 -

Iron & steel 6 3 - 8 9

Other 1 - 3 4 3

Other mechanical engineering - - 1 2 1

Plastics & Rubber 1 - 3 2 3

Textiles - 1 - - 2

Wood and paper - - - 3 2

Grand Total 14 5 12 33 32

Of which anti-dumping

14 4 10 29 30

anti-subsidy

- 1 2 3 2

safeguard

- - - 1 -

B) New investigations initiated by country of export during the period 2021 -

2025 (31 December)

Country of origin 2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

Bahrain - - - - 1

Brazil 1 - - - 1

Egypt - - 1 1 1

Erga Omnes - - - 1 -

India 2 - 1 3 2

Indonesia 2 1 - - -

Japan - - - 1 1

Mexico - - - - 1

Morocco 1 - - 1 -

People's Republic of China 4 3 9 20 15

Republic of Korea 1 - - 2 1

Russian Federation 1 - - - 1

Saudi Arabia - - - - 1

Taiwan - - - 2 1

Thailand - - - 1 1

Türkiye 2 1 - - 2

United States of America - - 1 - 1

Vietnam - - - 1 2

Grand Total 14 5 12 33 32

ANNEX C

Imposition of provisional duties

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Tinplate People's Republic of China 14.01.2025 L/2025/81 AD705

Lysine People's Republic of China 14.01.2025 L/2025/74 AD706

Multilayered Wood Flooring (MWF) People's Republic of China 15.01.2025 L/2025/78 AD707

Decor paper People's Republic of China 14.02.2025

L/2025/291 AD712

Epoxy resins People's Republic of China 27.02.2025

L/2025/393 AD711

Epoxy resins Taiwan 27.02.2025 L/2025/393 AD711

Epoxy resins Thailand 27.02.2025 L/2025/393 AD711

Glyoxylic acid People's Republic of China 24.03.2025 L/2025/591 AD714

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel, certain

Egypt 07.04.2025 L/2025/670 AD715

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel, certain

Japan 07.04.2025 L/2025/670 AD715

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel, certain

Vietnam 07.04.2025 L/2025/670 AD715

Steel Track Shoes (STS) People's Republic of China 22.04.2025 L/2025/780 AD716

Hardwood plywood People's Republic of China 10.06.2025

L/2025/1139 AD717

Screws without Heads People's Republic of China 16.06.2025 L/2025/1189 AD718

Choline Chloride People's Republic of China 30.06.2025 L/2025/1288 AD719

Fused alumina People's Republic of China 18.07.2025 L/2025/1456 AD720

High pressure seamless steel cylinders People's Republic of China 05.08.2025 L/2025/1711 AD724

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels) People's Republic of China 07.08.2025

L/2025/1723 AD721

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Barium carbonate India 11.08.2025 L/2025/1724 AD723

Barium carbonate People's Republic of China 11.08.2025 L/2025/1724 AD723

Valine People's Republic of China 14.08.2025 L/2025/1737 AD722

Candles People's Republic of China 14.08.2025 L2025/1732 AD726

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Resins Republic of Korea 18.08.2025

L/2025/1739 AD725

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Resins Taiwan 18.08.2025 L/2025/1739 AD725

Softwood plywood Brazil 04.11.2025 L/2025/2219 AD729

Adipic acid People's Republic of China 13.11.2025 L/2025/2287 AD731

Phosphorous acid People's Republic of China 18.11.2025 L/2025/2314 AD730

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

None

-

-

ANNEX D

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Titanium dioxide People's Republic of China 09.01.2025 L/2025/4 AD696

Mobile access equipment People's Republic of China 09.01.2025 L/2025/45 AD698

Polyvinyl Chloride Egypt 10.01.2025 L/2025/36 AD697

Polyvinyl Chloride United States of America 10.01.2025

L/2025/36 AD697

Erythritol People's Republic of China 16.01.2025

L/2025/60 AD699

Biodiesel People's Republic of China 11.02.2025 L/2025/261 AD700

Glass fibre yarns People's Republic of China 19.03.2025 L/2025/501 AD702

Tinplate People's Republic of China 28.05.2025 L/2025/1042 AD705

Vanillin People's Republic of China 12.06.2025 L/2025/1151 AD708

Lysine People's Republic of China 11.07.2025 L/2025/1330 AD706

Multilayered Wood Flooring (MWF) People's Republic of China 14.07.2025 L/2025/1342 AD707

Epoxy resins People's Republic of China 28.07.2025 L/2025/1505 AD711

Epoxy resins Taiwan 28.07.2025

L/2025/1505 AD711

Epoxy resins Thailand 28.07.2025 L/2025/1505 AD711

Decor paper People's Republic of China 06.08.2025 L/2025/1717 AD712

Glyoxylic acid People's Republic of China 23.09.2025 L/2025/1901 AD714

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel, certain

Egypt 26.09.2025 L/2025/1919 AD715

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or

other alloy steel, certain

Japan 26.09.2025

L/2025/1919 AD715

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel, certain

Vietnam 26.09.2025 L/2025/1919 AD715

Steel Track Shoes (STS) People's Republic of China 20.10.2025 L/2025/2081 AD716

Screws without Heads People's Republic of China 23.10.2025 L/2025/2153 AD718

Hardwood plywood People's Republic of China 20.11.2025 L/2025/2333 AD717

Choline Chloride People's Republic of China 19.12.2025

2025/2589 AD719

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Aluminium Road Wheels (certain) Morocco 14.03.2025 L/2025/500 AS703

Mobile access equipment People's Republic of China 25.04.2025 L/2025/796 AS704

Optical fibre cables (OFC) India 11.06.2025 L/2025/1135 AS709

ANNEX E

New investigations terminated without the imposition of measures

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Seamless Pipes and Tubes People's Republic of China 02.06.2025 L/2025/1067 AD710

Epoxy resins Republic of Korea 28.07.2025 L/2025/1505 AD711

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel, certain

India 26.09.2025 L/2025/1919 AD715

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

None

-

-

ANNEX F

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

Initiated

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Persulphates People's Republic of China 17.01.2025 C/2025/360 R832

Steel Road Wheels People's Republic of China 03.03.2025

C/2025/1461 R833

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF) Egypt 03.04.2025 C/2025/2022 R834

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF) People's Republic of China 03.04.2025

C/2025/2022 R834

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF) Egypt 13.06.2025 C/2025/3223 R835

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF) People's Republic of China 13.06.2025 C/2025/3223 R835

Glass fibre reinforcements (GFR) Egypt 24.06.2025 C/2025/3442 R836

Ferro-silicon People's Republic of China 30.06.2025 C/2025/3570 R837

Ferro-silicon Russian Federation 30.06.2025 C/2025/3570 R837

Solar glass People's Republic of China 22.07.2025 C/2025/4011 R839

Solar glass People's Republic of China 22.07.2025 C/2025/4010 R840

Polyvinyl Alcohols People's Republic of China 25.09.2025 C/2025/5136 R841

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products Indonesia 03.10.2025

C/2025/5293 R843

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products People's Republic of China 03.10.2025 C/2025/5293 R843

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products Taiwan 03.10.2025 C/2025/5293 R843

Heavyweight Thermal Paper Republic of Korea 17.10.2025 C/2025/5537 R842

Citrus fruits (certain prepared or preserved citrus fruits (namely mandarins, etc.)

People's Republic of China 21.10.2025 C/2025/5628 R844

Ammonium nitrate Russian Federation 12.12.2025 C/2025/6682 R845

Concluded: confirmation of duty

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

Tyres for buses or lorries (new and retreaded)

People's Republic of China 16.01.2025 L/2025/58 R802

Tyres for buses or lorries (new and retreaded)

People's Republic of China 16.01.2025 L/2025/61 R804

Lever arch mechanisms People's Republic of China 21.01.2025 L/2025/100 R803

Bicycles (electric) People's Republic of China 24.01.2025

L/2025/120 R810

Bicycles (electric) People's Republic of China 24.01.2025 L/2025/114 R811

Biodiesel Argentina 06.05.2025

L/2025/835 R812

Tubes and pipes fittings Malaysia 03.07.2025

L/2025/1309 R815

Tubes and pipes fittings Republic of Korea 03.07.2025 L/2025/1309 R815

Tubes and pipes fittings Russian Federation 03.07.2025

L/2025/1309 R815

Organic coated steel products (certain) People's Republic of China 25.07.2025 L/2025/1508 R813

Organic coated steel products (certain) People's Republic of China 25.07.2025 L/2025/1506 R814

Aluminium foil in rolls People's Republic of China 07.08.2025 L/2025/1720 R816

Polyethylene terephthalate India 19.08.2025 L/2025/1748 R820

Malleable tube fittings (MTF) People's Republic of China 19.09.2025 L/2025/1890 R819

Malleable tube fittings (MTF) Thailand 19.09.2025

L/2025/1890 R819

Tableware and kitchenware (ceramic) People's Republic of China 08.10.2025 L/2025/1981 R817

Bicycles People's Republic of China 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146 R822

Ironing boards People's Republic of China 28.11.2025 L/2025/2386 R827

Concluded: termination and repeal of the measures

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

None

-

-

ANNEX G

Interim reviews initiated or concluded

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

Initiated

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

New battery electric vehicles for passengers

People's Republic of China 04.12.2025 C/2025/6545 R847

Concluded: amendment of duty

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

Melamine People's Republic of China 19.02.2025 L/2025/325 R808

Trichloroisocyanuric Acid (TCCA)

People's Republic of China 05.11.2025 L/2025/2216 R821

Glass fibre reinforcements People's Republic of China 25.11.2025

L/2025/2328 R824

Glass fibre reinforcements People's Republic of China 25.11.2025 L/2025/2337 R825

Concluded by termination without amendment of duty

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

ANNEX H

Other reviews initiated or concluded

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

Initiated

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

Rainbow trout Türkiye 15.04.2025 C/2025/2264 R749a

Concluded: confirmation/amendment of duty

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

Rainbow trout Türkiye 22.10.2025

L/2025/2118 R749a

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

ANNEX I

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

A. Anti-dumping investigations

Initiated

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

Concluded: termination

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

B. Anti-subsidy investigations ("accelerated" investigations)

Initiated

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

Concluded: termination

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

ANNEX J

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

Initiated

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

Concluded with increase of duty

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

Concluded without increase of duty / termination

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

ANNEX K

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

Initiated

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

Malleable tube fittings People's Republic of China 16.07.2025 L/2025/1448 R838

Concluded with extension of duty

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) People's Republic of China Malaysia 11.04.2025 L/2025/698 R818

Concluded without extension of duty / termination

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

ANNEX L

Safeguard review investigations initiated or concluded

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

A. Safeguard review investigations initiated

Review investigations initiated

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

B. Safeguard review investigations concluded

Investigations terminated without imposition of measures

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

Alloys

Erga Omnes -

L_2025_2351 ; 18.11.2025

Safeguard measures which expired

Product Country of origin Extension Date of

expiry

OJ

Reference

None

-

-

-

-

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty

Product Country of origin Extension Date of

expiry

OJ

Reference

Steel products (certain) Erga Omnes 30/06/2026 25.03.2025 L/2025/612 Safe009R8

ANNEX M

Undertakings accepted or repealed

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

Undertakings accepted

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

Undertakings withdrawn or repealed

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

None

-

-

-

ANNEX N

Measures which expired / lapsed

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2025

(chronological by date of publication)

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

None

-

-

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

None

-

-

C. Safeguard investigations (chronological by date of publication)

Product Country of origin OJ Reference

None

-

-

ANNEX O

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2025

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical)

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Acesulfame Potassium

(ACE-K)

People's Republic of China 01/11/2015 28.01.2022

L 19/22 R727

Alkyl Phosphate Esters

(certain)

People's Republic of China 14/09/2024 13.09.2024

L/2024/2415 AD694

Aluminium converter foil People's Republic of China 09/12/2021 22.12.2021

L458/344 AD673

Aluminium extrusions People's Republic of China 31/01/2021 30.03.2021

L109/1 AD664

Aluminium flat-rolled products

People's Republic of China 12/10/2021 08.07.2022 L 183/71

AD668

Aluminium foil (jumbo

rolls)

People's Republic of China 07/10/2009 10.03.2022

L 83/7 R730

Aluminium foil (jumbo rolls)

People's Republic of China Thailand 16/09/2021 15.09.2021 L325/6 R732

Aluminium foil in rolls People's Republic of China 14/03/2013 07.08.2025 L/2025/1720 R816

Aluminium foil in rolls People's Republic of China Thailand 16/09/2021 07.08.2025 L/2025/1720 R816

Aluminium radiators (certain)

People's Republic of China 10/11/2012 15.10.2024 L/2024/2661 R809

Aluminium road wheels

(certain)

Morocco 13/01/2023 12.01.2023

L 10/1 AD686

Aluminium road wheels (certain)

People's Republic of China 29/10/2010 19.01.2023 L18/66 R759

Ammonium nitrate Russian Federation 24/08/1995 16.12.2020 L425/21 R706

Aspartame People's Republic of China 30/07/2016 24.10.2022 L274/24 R742

Bicycles People's Republic of China 09/09/1993 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146 R822

Bicycles People's Republic of China Cambodia 20/05/2015 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146 R822

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Bicycles People's Republic of China Indonesia 06/06/2013 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146

R822

Bicycles People's Republic of China Malaysia 06/06/2013 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146

R822

Bicycles People's Republic of China Pakistan 20/05/2015 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146

R822

Bicycles People's Republic of China People's Republic of

China

18/01/1997 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146 R822

Bicycles People's Republic of China Philippines 20/05/2015 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146 R822

Bicycles People's Republic of China Sri Lanka 06/06/2013 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146 R822

Bicycles People's Republic of China Tunisia 06/06/2013 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146 R822

Bicycles (electric) People's Republic of China 19/01/2019 24.01.2025 L/2025/120 R810

Biodiesel People's Republic of China 11/02/2025 30.04.2025 L/2025/826 AD700

Biodiesel United States of America 13/03/2009 02.08.2021 L277/34 R723

Biodiesel United States of America Canada 12/05/2011 02.08.2021

L277/34 R723

Birch Plywood Russian Federation 10/11/2021 06.12.2021 L433/19

AD672

Birch plywood Russian Federation Kazakhstan 15/05/2024 14.05.2024

L/2024/1287

R799

Birch plywood Russian Federation Türkiye 15/05/2024 14.05.2024

L/2024/1287 R799

Bulb flat People's Republic of China 12/01/2024 11.01.2024

L/2024/209 AD691

Bulb flat Türkiye 12/01/2024 11.01.2024

L/2024/209 AD691

Calcium silicon People's Republic of China 25/03/2022 24.03.2022 L 96/9 AD679

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Cast iron articles (certain) People's Republic of China 31/01/2018 05.03.2024

L/2024/770

R788

Ceramic tiles India 11/02/2023 15.07.2024 L/2024/1919

AD684

Ceramic tiles People's Republic of China 16/09/2011 24.10.2025 L/2025/2147

R782

Ceramic tiles Türkiye 11/02/2023 15.07.2024

L/2024/1919 AD684

Choline Chloride People's Republic of China 20/12/2025 19.12.2025

2025/2589 AD719

Citric acid People's Republic of China 04/12/2008 15.04.2021

L129/73 R717

Citric acid People's Republic of China Malaysia 16/01/2016 15.04.2021 L129/73 R717

Citrus fruits (namely mandarins, etc.)

People's Republic of China 31/12/2008 22.10.2020 L351/2 R709

Coated fine paper People's Republic of China 15/05/2011 22.08.2023 L 207/41 R775

Cold-rolled flat steel products

People's Republic of China 05/08/2016 27.10.2022 L277/149 R745

Cold-rolled flat steel products

Russian Federation 05/08/2016 27.10.2022 L277/149 R745

Corrosion resistant steel (CRS)

People's Republic of China 09/02/2018 11.03.2024 L/2024/819 R790

Corrosion resistant steels Russian Federation 13/08/2022 12.08.2022 L 211/127 AD682

Corrosion resistant steels Türkiye 13/08/2022 12.08.2022 L 211/127

AD682

Decor paper People's Republic of China 07/08/2025 06.08.2025 L/2025/1717 AD712

Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron)

India 19/03/2016 16.06.2022 L161/1 R736

Electrolytic chromium coated steel (ECCS)

Brazil 17/11/2022 16.11.2022 L 295/7 AD683

Electrolytic chromium coated steel (ECCS)

People's Republic of China 17/11/2022 16.11.2022 L 295/7 AD683

Electrolytic manganese

dioxides (certain)

People's Republic of China 15/03/2024 14.03.2024

L/2024/844 AD692

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Epoxy resins People's Republic of China 29/07/2025 28.07.2025

L/2025/1505

AD711

Epoxy resins Taiwan 29/07/2025 28.07.2025 L/2025/1505

AD711

Epoxy resins Thailand 29/07/2025 28.07.2025 L/2025/1505

AD711

Erythritol People's Republic of China 17/01/2025 16.01.2025

L/2025/60 AD699

Fatty Acid Indonesia 20/01/2023 19.01.2023

l18/1 AD687

Ferro-silicon People's Republic of China 29/02/2008 01.07.2020 L208/2 R698

Ferro-silicon Russian Federation 29/02/2008 01.07.2020 L208/2 R698

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

People's Republic of China 10/08/2011 24.01.2024 L/2024/357 R781

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

People's Republic of China India 21/12/2013 24.01.2024 L/2024/357 R781

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

People's Republic of China Indonesia 21/12/2013 24.01.2024 L/2024/357 R781

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

People's Republic of China Malaysia 25/07/2012 24.01.2024 L/2024/357 R781

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

People's Republic of China Taiwan 17/01/2013 24.01.2024 L/2024/357 R781

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

People's Republic of China Thailand 17/01/2013 24.01.2024 L/2024/357

R781

Glass fibre reinforcements (GFR)

People's Republic of China 16/03/2011 25.11.2025 L/2025/2337

R767

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Egypt 07/04/2020 15.06.2020 L189/1 AD653

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Egypt Türkiye 09/09/2022 08.09.2022 L233/1 R755

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

People's Republic of China 07/04/2020 15.06.2020 L189/1 AD653

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

People's Republic of China Morocco 26/02/2022 25.02.2022 L 46/49 R739

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

People's Republic of China Türkiye 09/09/2022 08.09.2022 L233/1 R755

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Glass fibre yarns People's Republic of China 20/03/2025 19.03.2025

L/2025/501

AD702

Glyoxylic acid People's Republic of China 24/09/2025 23.09.2025 L/2025/1901

AD714

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon

electrical steel (GOES)

Japan 31/10/2015 10.08.2022 L 208/5 R728

Grain oriented flat-rolled

products of silicon electrical steel (GOES)

People's Republic of China 31/10/2015 10.08.2022

L 208/5 R728

Grain oriented flat-rolled

products of silicon electrical steel (GOES)

Republic of Korea 31/10/2015 10.08.2022

L 208/5 R728

Grain oriented flat-rolled

products of silicon electrical steel (GOES)

Russian Federation 31/10/2015 10.08.2022

L 208/5 R728

Grain oriented flat-rolled

products of silicon electrical steel (GOES)

United States of America 31/10/2015 10.08.2022

L 208/5 R728

Graphite electrode systems

India 19/09/2004 07.06.2023 L147/5 R762

Graphite Electrode

Systems

People's Republic of China 08/04/2022 07.04.2022

L108/20 AD680

Hand pallet trucks People's Republic of China 22/07/2005 27.02.2024 L/2024/670

R783

Hand pallet trucks People's Republic of China Thailand 17/06/2009 27.02.2024 L/2024/670

R783

Hardwood plywood People's Republic of China 21/11/2025 20.11.2025 L/2025/2333

AD717

Heavy plate of non-alloy

or other alloy steel

(certain)

People's Republic of China 01/03/2017 17.05.2023

L133/214 R761

Hot rolled flat products

(HRFS)

Türkiye 07/07/2021 06.07.2021

L238/32 AD665

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or

other alloy steel)(certain)

Brazil 07/10/2017 13.12.2023 L/2023/2758

R780

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or

other alloy steel)(certain)

Iran 07/10/2017 13.12.2023 L/2023/2758

R780

Hot-rolled flat products

(of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel)(certain)

Russian Federation 07/10/2017 13.12.2023

L/2023/2758 R780

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Hot-rolled flat products of

iron, non-alloy or other

alloy steel (certain)

People's Republic of China 07/04/2017 08.06.2023

L148/45 R765

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-

alloy or other alloy steel, certain

Egypt 27/09/2025 26.09.2025 L/2025/1919

AD715

Hot-rolled flat steel

products of iron, non- alloy or other alloy steel, certain

Japan 27/09/2025 26.09.2025

L/2025/1919 AD715

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non- alloy or other alloy steel,

certain

Vietnam 27/09/2025 26.09.2025 L/2025/1919 AD715

Iron or steel fasteners People's Republic of China 18/02/2022 28.07.2025 L/2025/1501 AD676

Ironing boards People's Republic of China 27/04/2007 23.07.2013 L198/1 R549

Ironing boards People's Republic of China 27/04/2007 28.11.2025 L/2025/2386 R827

Lever arch mechanisms People's Republic of China 28/07/2006 21.01.2025 L/2025/100

R803

Lysine People's Republic of China 12/07/2025 11.07.2025 L/2025/1330 AD706

Malleable tube fittings (MTF)

People's Republic of China 15/05/2013 19.09.2025 L/2025/1890 R819

Malleable tube fittings (MTF)

Thailand 15/05/2013 19.09.2025 L/2025/1890 R819

Melamine People's Republic of China 14/05/2011 15.09.2023 L228/199 R774

Mobile access equipment People's Republic of China 10/01/2025 25.04.2025 L/2025/796 AD698

Molybdenum wires People's Republic of China 17/06/2010 26.07.2022 L197/75 R744

Molybdenum wires People's Republic of China Malaysia 13/01/2012 26.07.2022 L197/75 R744

Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)

Saudi Arabia 16/11/2021 25.07.2022 L196/119 AD671

Mono Ethylene Glycol

(MEG)

United States of America 16/11/2021 25.07.2022

L196/119 AD671

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Monosodium glutamate

(MSG)

Indonesia 23/01/2015 19.04.2021

L132/63 R712

Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

People's Republic of China 03/12/2008 19.04.2021 L132/63 R712

Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

People's Republic of China Malaysia 12/04/2025 11.04.2025 L/2025/698 R818

Multilayered Wood Flooring (MWF)

People's Republic of China 15/07/2025 14.07.2025 L/2025/1342 AD707

Okoumé plywood People's Republic of China 13/11/2004 14.06.2023 L 153/3 R764

Optical fibre cables (OFC) India 17/12/2024 11.06.2025 L/2025/1135 AD695

Optical fibre cables (OFC) People's Republic of China 19/11/2021 24.03.2022 L 96/36 AD669

Organic coated steel products (certain)

People's Republic of China 16/03/2013 25.07.2025 L/2025/1508 R813

Oxalic acid India 19/04/2012 06.09.2024 L/2024/2211 R795

Oxalic acid People's Republic of China 19/04/2012 06.09.2024 L/2024/2211 R795

Peroxosulphates (persulphates)

People's Republic of China 12/10/2007 17.01.2020 L13/18 R697

Polyester yarn (High tenacity)

People's Republic of China 02/12/2010 12.05.2023 L127/1 R760

Polyester yarn (High tenacity)

People's Republic of China 13/05/2023 12.05.2023 L127/58 AD690

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

People's Republic of China 03/04/2024 02.04.2024 2024/1040 AD693

Polyvinyl alcohol (certain) (PVA)

People's Republic of China 30/09/2020 12.08.2022 L 211/185 AD654

Polyvinyl Chloride Egypt 11/01/2025 10.01.2025 L/2025/36 AD697

Polyvinyl Chloride United States of America 11/01/2025 10.01.2025 L/2025/36 AD697

PSC wires and strands People's Republic of China 14/05/2009 02.09.2021 L309/8 R721

Rebars Belarus 18/06/2017 31.05.2023 L141/16 R773

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Ring binder mechanisms People's Republic of China 25/01/1997 28.06.2022

L170/38 R738

Ring binder mechanisms People's Republic of China Lao People's Democratic Republic

13/01/2006 28.06.2022 L170/38 R738

Ring binder mechanisms People's Republic of China Vietnam 02/07/2004 28.06.2022 L170/38 R738

Screws without Heads People's Republic of China 17/06/2025 23.10.2025 L/2025/2153 AD718

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron (other than cast iron) or steel (other than stainless steel) (certain)

People's Republic of China 13/05/2017 14.07.2023 L 179/9 R769

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel

Russian Federation 30/06/2006 20.12.2024 L/2024/3193 R801

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel (certain)

People's Republic of China 21/12/2011 05.08.2024 L/2024/2137 R792

Silicon metal People's Republic of China 29/07/1990 12.08.2022 L 211/86 R743

Silicon metal People's Republic of China Republic of Korea 20/01/2007 12.08.2022 L 211/86 R743

Silicon metal People's Republic of China Taiwan 06/04/2013 12.08.2022 L 211/86 R743

Sodium cyclamate Indonesia 12/03/2004 11.10.2022 l264/12 R741

Sodium cyclamate People's Republic of China 12/03/2004 11.10.2022 l264/12 R741

Sodium cyclamate People's Republic of China 17/06/2016 16.07.2016 L192/23 AD626

Sodium gluconate People's Republic of China 29/10/2010 13.04.2023 L100/16 R754

Solar glass People's Republic of China 15/05/2014 26.05.2023

L139/44 R701

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Indonesia Taiwan 08/05/2024 07.05.2024 L/2024/1267

R797

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Indonesia Vietnam 08/05/2024 07.05.2024 L/2024/1267

R797

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

People's Republic of China 28/08/2015 31.07.2025 L/2025/1573

R722

Stainless steel cold-rolled

flat products (SSCR)

Taiwan 28/08/2015 31.07.2025

L/2025/1573

R722

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Stainless Steel Cold-

Rolled products (SSCR)

India 19/11/2021 16.03.2022

L88/24 AD670

Stainless Steel Cold- Rolled products (SSCR)

Indonesia 19/11/2021 16.03.2022 L88/24 AD670

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR)

Indonesia 08/10/2020 17.11.2020 L384/6 AD658

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR)

Indonesia Türkiye 19/04/2023 18.04.2023 L103/12 R778

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR)

People's Republic of China 08/10/2020 17.11.2020 L384/6 AD658

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR)

Taiwan 08/10/2020 17.11.2020 L384/6 AD658

Stainless steel refillable kegs

People's Republic of China 05/07/2023 04.07.2023 L169/1 AD689

Stainless steel tube and

pipe butt-welding fittings, whether or not finished (Certain)

People's Republic of China Malaysia 04/03/2023 03.03.2023

L67/119 R777

Steel road wheels People's Republic of China 05/03/2020 07.08.2020 L258/9 AD652

Steel ropes and cables People's Republic of China 18/08/1999 07.06.2024 L/2024/1666 R793

Steel ropes and cables People's Republic of China Morocco 10/02/2012 07.06.2024 L/2024/1666 R793

Steel ropes and cables People's Republic of China Republic of Korea 12/05/2010 07.06.2024 L/2024/1666 R793

Steel Track Shoes (STS) People's Republic of China 21/10/2025 20.10.2025 L/2025/2081 AD716

Steel wind towers People's Republic of China 17/12/2021 16.12.2021 L450/59 AD674

Sulphanilic acid People's Republic of China 26/07/2002 12.03.2021 L85/154 R716

Superabsorbent polymers Republic of Korea 07/04/2022 06.04.2022

L 107/27 AD681

Sweet corn (prepared or

preserved in kernels)

Thailand 21/06/2007 02.12.2019

L310/6 R695

Tableware and kitchenware (ceramic)

People's Republic of China 16/05/2013 08.10.2025 L/2025/1981

R817

Thermal paper (certain

heavyweight)

Republic of Korea 21/10/2020 20.10.2020

L346/19 AD659

Thermal paper (certain lightweight )

Republic of Korea 04/05/2017 30.06.2023 L 166/76 R768

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Tinplate People's Republic of China 29/05/2025 28.05.2025

L/2025/1042

AD705

Titanium dioxide People's Republic of China 10/01/2025 09.01.2025 L/2025/4

AD696

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)

People's Republic of China 08/10/2005 14.12.2023 L/2023/2757

R786

Tube and pipe fittings of

iron or steel

People's Republic of China 04/04/1996 25.01.2022

L 16/36 R726

Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel

People's Republic of China Indonesia 02/12/2004 25.01.2022 L 16/36 R726

Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel

People's Republic of China Philippines 30/04/2006 25.01.2022 L 16/36 R726

Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel

People's Republic of China Sri Lanka 02/12/2004 25.01.2022 L 16/36 R726

Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel

People's Republic of China Taiwan 15/04/2000 25.01.2022 L 16/36 R726

Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel (butt- welding fittings)

People's Republic of China 28/01/2017 14.04.2023 L101/22 R758

Tubes and pipe fittings of

stainless steel (butt- welding fittings)

Taiwan 28/01/2017 14.04.2023

L101/22 R758

Tubes and pipes fittings Malaysia 25/08/2002 03.07.2025 L/2025/1309 R815

Tubes and pipes fittings Republic of Korea 25/08/2002 03.07.2025 L/2025/1309 R815

Tubes and pipes fittings Russian Federation 25/08/2002 03.07.2025 L/2025/1309 R815

Tungsten carbide, fused

tungsten carbide and tungsten carbide simply mixed with metallic

powder

People's Republic of China 28/09/1990 18.09.2024

L/2024/2461 R772

Tyres for buses or lorries (new and retreaded)

People's Republic of China 23/10/2018 16.01.2025 L/2025/58

R802

Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN)

Russian Federation 10/10/2019 27.10.2022 L277/208

AD649

Urea and ammonium

nitrate (UAN)

Trinidad,Tob 10/10/2019 27.10.2022

L277/208 AD649

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Urea and ammonium

nitrate (UAN)

United States of America 10/10/2019 27.10.2022

L277/208

AD649

Vanillin People's Republic of China 13/06/2025 12.06.2025 L/2025/1151

AD708

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT)

Belarus 20/12/2008 19.04.2021 L132/145 R713

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT)

People's Republic of China 20/12/2008 19.04.2021 L132/145 R713

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT)

Russian Federation 20/12/2008 19.04.2021 L132/145 R713

Wire rods People's Republic of China 06/08/2009 13.10.2021 L364/14 R725

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical)

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Belarus Rebars 18/06/2017 31.05.2023 L141/16 R773

Belarus Welded pipes and tubes (WPT)

20/12/2008 19.04.2021 L132/145 R713

Brazil Electrolytic chromium coated steel (ECCS)

17/11/2022 16.11.2022 L 295/7 AD683

Brazil Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel)(certain)

07/10/2017 13.12.2023 L/2023/2758 R780

Egypt Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

07/04/2020 15.06.2020 L189/1 AD653

Egypt Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Türkiye 09/09/2022 08.09.2022 L233/1 R755

Egypt Hot-rolled flat steel

products of iron, non- alloy or other alloy steel, certain

27/09/2025 26.09.2025

L/2025/1919 AD715

Egypt Polyvinyl Chloride 11/01/2025 10.01.2025 L/2025/36 AD697

India Ceramic tiles 11/02/2023 15.07.2024 L/2024/1919 AD684

India Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron)

19/03/2016 16.06.2022 L161/1 R736

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

India Graphite electrode

systems

19/09/2004 07.06.2023

L147/5 R762

India Optical fibre cables (OFC) 17/12/2024 11.06.2025 L/2025/1135 AD695

India Oxalic acid 19/04/2012 06.09.2024 L/2024/2211 R795

India Stainless Steel Cold- Rolled products (SSCR)

19/11/2021 16.03.2022 L88/24 AD670

Indonesia Fatty Acid 20/01/2023 19.01.2023 l18/1 AD687

Indonesia Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

23/01/2015 19.04.2021 L132/63 R712

Indonesia Sodium cyclamate 12/03/2004 11.10.2022 l264/12 R741

Indonesia Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Taiwan 08/05/2024 07.05.2024 L/2024/1267 R797

Indonesia Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Vietnam 08/05/2024 07.05.2024 L/2024/1267 R797

Indonesia Stainless Steel Cold-

Rolled products (SSCR)

19/11/2021 16.03.2022

L88/24 AD670

Indonesia Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR)

08/10/2020 17.11.2020 L384/6 AD658

Indonesia Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR)

Türkiye 19/04/2023 18.04.2023 L103/12 R778

Iran Hot-rolled flat products

(of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel)(certain)

07/10/2017 13.12.2023

L/2023/2758 R780

Japan Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon electrical steel (GOES)

31/10/2015 10.08.2022 L 208/5 R728

Japan Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non- alloy or other alloy steel, certain

27/09/2025 26.09.2025 L/2025/1919 AD715

Malaysia Tubes and pipes fittings 25/08/2002 03.07.2025 L/2025/1309 R815

Morocco Aluminium road wheels (certain)

13/01/2023 12.01.2023 L 10/1 AD686

People's Republic of China Acesulfame Potassium (ACE-K)

01/11/2015 28.01.2022 L 19/22 R727

People's Republic of China Alkyl Phosphate Esters

(certain)

14/09/2024 13.09.2024

L/2024/2415 AD694

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

People's Republic of China Aluminium converter foil 09/12/2021 22.12.2021

L458/344

AD673

People's Republic of China Aluminium extrusions 31/01/2021 30.03.2021 L109/1 AD664

People's Republic of China Aluminium flat-rolled products

12/10/2021 08.07.2022 L 183/71 AD668

People's Republic of China Aluminium foil (jumbo rolls)

07/10/2009 10.03.2022 L 83/7 R730

People's Republic of China Aluminium foil (jumbo rolls)

Thailand 16/09/2021 15.09.2021 L325/6 R732

People's Republic of China Aluminium foil in rolls 14/03/2013 07.08.2025 L/2025/1720 R816

People's Republic of China Aluminium foil in rolls Thailand 16/09/2021 07.08.2025 L/2025/1720 R816

People's Republic of China Aluminium radiators (certain)

10/11/2012 15.10.2024 L/2024/2661 R809

People's Republic of China Aluminium road wheels (certain)

29/10/2010 19.01.2023 L18/66 R759

People's Republic of China Aspartame 30/07/2016 24.10.2022 L274/24 R742

People's Republic of China Bicycles 09/09/1993 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146 R822

People's Republic of China Bicycles Cambodia 20/05/2015 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146 R822

People's Republic of China Bicycles Indonesia 06/06/2013 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146 R822

People's Republic of China Bicycles Malaysia 06/06/2013 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146 R822

People's Republic of China Bicycles Pakistan 20/05/2015 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146 R822

People's Republic of China Bicycles People's Republic of China

18/01/1997 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146 R822

People's Republic of China Bicycles Philippines 20/05/2015 23.10.2025 L/2025/2146 R822

People's Republic of China Bicycles Sri Lanka 06/06/2013 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146 R822

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

People's Republic of China Bicycles Tunisia 06/06/2013 23.10.2025

L/2025/2146

R822

People's Republic of China Bicycles (electric) 19/01/2019 24.01.2025 L/2025/120

R810

People's Republic of China Biodiesel 11/02/2025 30.04.2025 L/2025/826

AD700

People's Republic of China Bulb flat 12/01/2024 11.01.2024

L/2024/209 AD691

People's Republic of China Calcium silicon 25/03/2022 24.03.2022

L 96/9 AD679

People's Republic of China Cast iron articles (certain) 31/01/2018 05.03.2024 L/2024/770

R788

People's Republic of China Ceramic tiles 16/09/2011 24.10.2025 L/2025/2147

R782

People's Republic of China Choline Chloride 20/12/2025 19.12.2025

2025/2589 AD719

People's Republic of China Citric acid 04/12/2008 15.04.2021

L129/73 R717

People's Republic of China Citric acid Malaysia 16/01/2016 15.04.2021 L129/73 R717

People's Republic of China Citrus fruits (namely mandarins, etc.)

31/12/2008 22.10.2020 L351/2 R709

People's Republic of China Coated fine paper 15/05/2011 22.08.2023 L 207/41 R775

People's Republic of China Cold-rolled flat steel products

05/08/2016 27.10.2022 L277/149 R745

People's Republic of China Corrosion resistant steel (CRS)

09/02/2018 11.03.2024 L/2024/819

R790

People's Republic of China Decor paper 07/08/2025 06.08.2025 L/2025/1717 AD712

People's Republic of China Electrolytic chromium coated steel (ECCS)

17/11/2022 16.11.2022 L 295/7 AD683

People's Republic of China Electrolytic manganese dioxides (certain)

15/03/2024 14.03.2024 L/2024/844 AD692

People's Republic of China Epoxy resins 29/07/2025 28.07.2025 L/2025/1505 AD711

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

People's Republic of China Erythritol 17/01/2025 16.01.2025

L/2025/60

AD699

People's Republic of China Ferro-silicon 29/02/2008 01.07.2020 L208/2 R698

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

10/08/2011 24.01.2024 L/2024/357 R781

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

India 21/12/2013 24.01.2024 L/2024/357

R781

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

Indonesia 21/12/2013 24.01.2024 L/2024/357

R781

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

Malaysia 25/07/2012 24.01.2024 L/2024/357

R781

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh fabrics

Taiwan 17/01/2013 24.01.2024 L/2024/357

R781

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh

fabrics

Thailand 17/01/2013 24.01.2024

L/2024/357 R781

People's Republic of China Glass fibre reinforcements

(GFR)

16/03/2011 25.11.2025

L/2025/2337 R767

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics

(GFF)

07/04/2020 15.06.2020

L189/1 AD653

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Morocco 26/02/2022 25.02.2022 L 46/49 R739

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Türkiye 09/09/2022 08.09.2022 L233/1 R755

People's Republic of China Glass fibre yarns 20/03/2025 19.03.2025 L/2025/501 AD702

People's Republic of China Glyoxylic acid 24/09/2025 23.09.2025 L/2025/1901 AD714

People's Republic of China Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon electrical steel (GOES)

31/10/2015 10.08.2022 L 208/5 R728

People's Republic of China Graphite Electrode Systems

08/04/2022 07.04.2022 L108/20 AD680

People's Republic of China Hand pallet trucks 22/07/2005 27.02.2024 L/2024/670 R783

People's Republic of China Hand pallet trucks Thailand 17/06/2009 27.02.2024

L/2024/670 R783

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

People's Republic of China Hardwood plywood 21/11/2025 20.11.2025

L/2025/2333

AD717

People's Republic of China Heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy steel

(certain)

01/03/2017 17.05.2023 L133/214 R761

People's Republic of China Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other

alloy steel (certain)

07/04/2017 08.06.2023 L148/45 R765

People's Republic of China Iron or steel fasteners 18/02/2022 28.07.2025

L/2025/1501 AD676

People's Republic of China Ironing boards 27/04/2007 23.07.2013

L198/1 R549

People's Republic of China Ironing boards 27/04/2007 28.11.2025 L/2025/2386

R827

People's Republic of China Lever arch mechanisms 28/07/2006 21.01.2025 L/2025/100

R803

People's Republic of China Lysine 12/07/2025 11.07.2025

L/2025/1330 AD706

People's Republic of China Malleable tube fittings

(MTF)

15/05/2013 19.09.2025

L/2025/1890 R819

People's Republic of China Melamine 14/05/2011 15.09.2023

L228/199 R774

People's Republic of China Mobile access equipment 10/01/2025 25.04.2025 L/2025/796

AD698

People's Republic of China Molybdenum wires 17/06/2010 26.07.2022 L197/75 R744

People's Republic of China Molybdenum wires Malaysia 13/01/2012 26.07.2022 L197/75 R744

People's Republic of China Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

03/12/2008 19.04.2021 L132/63 R712

People's Republic of China Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

Malaysia 12/04/2025 11.04.2025 L/2025/698 R818

People's Republic of China Multilayered Wood Flooring (MWF)

15/07/2025 14.07.2025 L/2025/1342 AD707

People's Republic of China Okoumé plywood 13/11/2004 14.06.2023 L 153/3 R764

People's Republic of China Optical fibre cables (OFC) 19/11/2021 24.03.2022 L 96/36 AD669

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

People's Republic of China Organic coated steel

products (certain)

16/03/2013 25.07.2025

L/2025/1508

R813

People's Republic of China Oxalic acid 19/04/2012 06.09.2024 L/2024/2211

R795

People's Republic of China Peroxosulphates (persulphates)

12/10/2007 17.01.2020 L13/18 R697

People's Republic of China Polyester yarn (High tenacity)

02/12/2010 12.05.2023 L127/1 R760

People's Republic of China Polyester yarn (High tenacity)

13/05/2023 12.05.2023 L127/58 AD690

People's Republic of China Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

03/04/2024 02.04.2024 2024/1040 AD693

People's Republic of China Polyvinyl alcohol (certain) (PVA)

30/09/2020 12.08.2022 L 211/185 AD654

People's Republic of China PSC wires and strands 14/05/2009 02.09.2021 L309/8 R721

People's Republic of China Ring binder mechanisms 25/01/1997 28.06.2022 L170/38 R738

People's Republic of China Ring binder mechanisms Lao People's

Democratic Republic

13/01/2006 28.06.2022

L170/38 R738

People's Republic of China Ring binder mechanisms Vietnam 02/07/2004 28.06.2022 L170/38 R738

People's Republic of China Screws without Heads 17/06/2025 23.10.2025 L/2025/2153 AD718

People's Republic of China Seamless pipes and tubes of iron (other than cast iron) or steel (other than stainless steel) (certain)

13/05/2017 14.07.2023 L 179/9 R769

People's Republic of China Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel (certain)

21/12/2011 05.08.2024 L/2024/2137

R792

People's Republic of China Silicon metal 29/07/1990 12.08.2022 L 211/86 R743

People's Republic of China Silicon metal Republic of Korea 20/01/2007 12.08.2022 L 211/86 R743

People's Republic of China Silicon metal Taiwan 06/04/2013 12.08.2022 L 211/86 R743

People's Republic of China Sodium cyclamate 12/03/2004 11.10.2022

l264/12 R741

People's Republic of China Sodium cyclamate 17/06/2016 16.07.2016

L192/23 AD626

People's Republic of China Sodium gluconate 29/10/2010 13.04.2023 L100/16 R754

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

People's Republic of China Solar glass 15/05/2014 26.05.2023

L139/44 R701

People's Republic of China Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

28/08/2015 31.07.2025 L/2025/1573 R722

People's Republic of China Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR)

08/10/2020 17.11.2020 L384/6 AD658

People's Republic of China Stainless steel refillable kegs

05/07/2023 04.07.2023 L169/1 AD689

People's Republic of China Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding fittings, whether or not finished (Certain)

Malaysia 04/03/2023 03.03.2023 L67/119 R777

People's Republic of China Steel road wheels 05/03/2020 07.08.2020 L258/9 AD652

People's Republic of China Steel ropes and cables 18/08/1999 07.06.2024 L/2024/1666 R793

People's Republic of China Steel ropes and cables Morocco 10/02/2012 07.06.2024 L/2024/1666 R793

People's Republic of China Steel ropes and cables Republic of Korea 12/05/2010 07.06.2024 L/2024/1666 R793

People's Republic of China Steel Track Shoes (STS) 21/10/2025 20.10.2025 L/2025/2081 AD716

People's Republic of China Steel wind towers 17/12/2021 16.12.2021 L450/59 AD674

People's Republic of China Sulphanilic acid 26/07/2002 12.03.2021 L85/154 R716

People's Republic of China Tableware and kitchenware (ceramic)

16/05/2013 08.10.2025 L/2025/1981 R817

People's Republic of China Tinplate 29/05/2025 28.05.2025

L/2025/1042 AD705

People's Republic of China Titanium dioxide 10/01/2025 09.01.2025 L/2025/4 AD696

People's Republic of China Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)

08/10/2005 14.12.2023 L/2023/2757 R786

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel

04/04/1996 25.01.2022 L 16/36 R726

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel

Indonesia 02/12/2004 25.01.2022 L 16/36 R726

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel

Philippines 30/04/2006 25.01.2022 L 16/36 R726

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of

iron or steel

Sri Lanka 02/12/2004 25.01.2022

L 16/36 R726

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel

Taiwan 15/04/2000 25.01.2022 L 16/36 R726

People's Republic of China Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel (butt- welding fittings)

28/01/2017 14.04.2023 L101/22 R758

People's Republic of China Tungsten carbide, fused tungsten carbide and tungsten carbide simply

mixed with metallic powder

28/09/1990 18.09.2024 L/2024/2461 R772

People's Republic of China Tyres for buses or lorries

(new and retreaded)

23/10/2018 16.01.2025

L/2025/58 R802

People's Republic of China Vanillin 13/06/2025 12.06.2025

L/2025/1151 AD708

People's Republic of China Welded pipes and tubes

(WPT)

20/12/2008 19.04.2021

L132/145 R713

People's Republic of China Wire rods 06/08/2009 13.10.2021

L364/14 R725

Republic of Korea Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon

electrical steel (GOES)

31/10/2015 10.08.2022 L 208/5 R728

Republic of Korea Superabsorbent polymers 07/04/2022 06.04.2022 L 107/27

AD681

Republic of Korea Thermal paper (certain heavyweight)

21/10/2020 20.10.2020 L346/19 AD659

Republic of Korea Thermal paper (certain lightweight )

04/05/2017 30.06.2023 L 166/76 R768

Republic of Korea Tubes and pipes fittings 25/08/2002 03.07.2025 L/2025/1309 R815

Russian Federation Ammonium nitrate 24/08/1995 16.12.2020 L425/21 R706

Russian Federation Birch Plywood 10/11/2021 06.12.2021 L433/19 AD672

Russian Federation Birch plywood Kazakhstan 15/05/2024 14.05.2024 L/2024/1287 R799

Russian Federation Birch plywood Türkiye 15/05/2024 14.05.2024 L/2024/1287 R799

Russian Federation Cold-rolled flat steel

products

05/08/2016 27.10.2022

L277/149 R745

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Russian Federation Corrosion resistant steels 13/08/2022 12.08.2022

L 211/127

AD682

Russian Federation Ferro-silicon 29/02/2008 01.07.2020 L208/2 R698

Russian Federation Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon electrical steel (GOES)

31/10/2015 10.08.2022 L 208/5 R728

Russian Federation Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or

other alloy steel)(certain)

07/10/2017 13.12.2023 L/2023/2758

R780

Russian Federation Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel

30/06/2006 20.12.2024 L/2024/3193

R801

Russian Federation Tubes and pipes fittings 25/08/2002 03.07.2025 L/2025/1309

R815

Russian Federation Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN)

10/10/2019 27.10.2022 L277/208

AD649

Russian Federation Welded pipes and tubes

(WPT)

20/12/2008 19.04.2021

L132/145 R713

Saudi Arabia Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)

16/11/2021 25.07.2022 L196/119

AD671

Taiwan Epoxy resins 29/07/2025 28.07.2025 L/2025/1505

AD711

Taiwan Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

28/08/2015 31.07.2025 L/2025/1573

R722

Taiwan Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR)

08/10/2020 17.11.2020 L384/6 AD658

Taiwan Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel (butt-

welding fittings)

28/01/2017 14.04.2023 L101/22 R758

Thailand Epoxy resins 29/07/2025 28.07.2025 L/2025/1505

AD711

Thailand Malleable tube fittings (MTF)

15/05/2013 19.09.2025 L/2025/1890

R819

Thailand Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels)

21/06/2007 02.12.2019 L310/6 R695

Trinidad,Tob Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN)

10/10/2019 27.10.2022 L277/208

AD649

Türkiye Bulb flat 12/01/2024 11.01.2024 L/2024/209

AD691

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Türkiye Ceramic tiles 11/02/2023 15.07.2024

L/2024/1919

AD684

Türkiye Corrosion resistant steels 13/08/2022 12.08.2022 L 211/127

AD682

Türkiye Hot rolled flat products (HRFS)

07/07/2021 06.07.2021 L238/32 AD665

United States of America Biodiesel 13/03/2009 02.08.2021 L277/34 R723

United States of America Biodiesel Canada 12/05/2011 02.08.2021 L277/34 R723

United States of America Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon electrical steel (GOES)

31/10/2015 10.08.2022 L 208/5 R728

United States of America Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)

16/11/2021 25.07.2022 L196/119 AD671

United States of America Polyvinyl Chloride 11/01/2025 10.01.2025 L/2025/36 AD697

United States of America Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN)

10/10/2019 27.10.2022 L277/208 AD649

Vietnam Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non- alloy or other alloy steel,

certain

27/09/2025 26.09.2025 L/2025/1919 AD715

ANNEX P

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2025

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical)

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Aluminium converter foil People's Republic of China 23/12/2021 22.12.2021

L458/344 AS675

Aluminium Road Wheels (certain)

Morocco 15/03/2025 29.04.2025 L/2025/828

AS703

Bicycles (electric) People's Republic of China 19/01/2019 24.01.2025 L/2025/114 R811

Biodiesel Argentina 13/02/2019 06.05.2025 L/2025/835 R812

Biodiesel Indonesia 10/12/2019 09.12.2019 L317/42 AS650

Biodiesel United States of America 11/07/2009 02.08.2021 L277/62 R724

Biodiesel United States of America Canada 12/05/2011 02.08.2021

L277/62 R724

Coated fine paper People's Republic of China 15/05/2011 22.08.2023 L 207/1 R776

Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron)

India 19/03/2016 16.06.2022 L161/28 R737

Glass fibre reinforcements (GFR)

Egypt 26/06/2020 25.06.2020 L201/10 AS657

Glass fibre reinforcements (GFR)

People's Republic of China 24/12/2014 25.11.2025 L/2025/2328 R708

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Egypt 16/06/2020 15.06.2020 L189/1 AS656

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Egypt Türkiye 09/09/2022 08.09.2022 L233/18 R756

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

People's Republic of China 16/06/2020 15.06.2020 L189/1 AS656

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

People's Republic of China Morocco 26/02/2022 25.02.2022 L 46/31 R740

Glass fibre woven fabrics

(GFF)

People's Republic of China Türkiye 09/09/2022 08.09.2022

L233/18 R756

Graphite electrode

systems

India 19/09/2004 07.06.2023

L147/27 R763

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Hot-rolled flat products of

iron, non-alloy or other

alloy steel (certain)

People's Republic of China 10/06/2017 08.06.2023

L148/84 R770

Mobile access equipment People's Republic of China 26/04/2025 25.04.2025 L/2025/796

AS704

New battery electric vehicles for passengers

People's Republic of China 31/10/2024 30.10.2024 L2024/2754

AS689

Optical fibre cables (OFC) India 12/06/2025 11.06.2025

L/2025/1135 AS709

Optical fibre cables (OFC) People's Republic of China 20/01/2022 19.01.2022

L12/34 AS677

Organic coated steel products (certain)

People's Republic of China 16/03/2013 25.07.2025 L/2025/1506

R814

Polyethylene terephthalate

India 01/12/2000 19.08.2025 L/2025/1748

R820

Solar glass People's Republic of China 15/05/2014 26.05.2023

L139/44 R702

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

India 17/03/2022 16.03.2022 L88/24 AS678

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Indonesia 17/03/2022 16.03.2022 L88/24 AS678

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Indonesia Taiwan 08/05/2024 19.12.2024 L/2024/3201 R798

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Indonesia Türkiye 08/05/2024 19.12.2024 L/2024/3201 R798

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Indonesia Vietnam 08/05/2024 19.12.2024 L/2024/3201 R798

Trout (Rainbow) Türkiye 28/02/2015 04.08.2021 L281/4 R720

Tyres for buses or lorries (new and retreaded)

People's Republic of China 13/11/2018 16.01.2025 L/2025/61 R804

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical)

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Argentina Biodiesel 13/02/2019 06.05.2025

L/2025/835

R812

Egypt Glass fibre reinforcements (GFR)

26/06/2020 25.06.2020 L201/10 AS657

Egypt Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

16/06/2020 15.06.2020 L189/1 AS656

Egypt Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Türkiye 09/09/2022 08.09.2022 L233/18 R756

India Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron)

19/03/2016 16.06.2022 L161/28 R737

India Graphite electrode

systems

19/09/2004 07.06.2023

L147/27 R763

India Optical fibre cables (OFC) 12/06/2025 11.06.2025 L/2025/1135 AS709

India Polyethylene terephthalate

01/12/2000 19.08.2025 L/2025/1748 R820

India Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

17/03/2022 16.03.2022 L88/24 AS678

Indonesia Biodiesel 10/12/2019 09.12.2019 L317/42 AS650

Indonesia Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

17/03/2022 16.03.2022 L88/24 AS678

Indonesia Stainless steel cold-rolled

flat products (SSCR)

Taiwan 08/05/2024 19.12.2024

L/2024/3201 R798

Indonesia Stainless steel cold-rolled

flat products (SSCR)

Türkiye 08/05/2024 19.12.2024

L/2024/3201 R798

Indonesia Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR)

Vietnam 08/05/2024 19.12.2024 L/2024/3201 R798

Morocco Aluminium Road Wheels (certain)

15/03/2025 29.04.2025 L/2025/828 AS703

People's Republic of China Aluminium converter foil 23/12/2021 22.12.2021 L458/344 AS675

People's Republic of China Bicycles (electric) 19/01/2019 24.01.2025 L/2025/114 R811

People's Republic of China Coated fine paper 15/05/2011 22.08.2023 L 207/1 R776

People's Republic of China Glass fibre reinforcements

(GFR)

24/12/2014 25.11.2025

L/2025/2328 R708

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics

(GFF)

16/06/2020 15.06.2020

L189/1 AS656

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Morocco 26/02/2022 25.02.2022 L 46/31 R740

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

Türkiye 09/09/2022 08.09.2022 L233/18 R756

People's Republic of China Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel (certain)

10/06/2017 08.06.2023 L148/84 R770

People's Republic of China Mobile access equipment 26/04/2025 25.04.2025 L/2025/796 AS704

People's Republic of China New battery electric vehicles for passengers

31/10/2024 30.10.2024 L2024/2754 AS689

People's Republic of China Optical fibre cables (OFC) 20/01/2022 19.01.2022 L12/34 AS677

People's Republic of China Organic coated steel products (certain)

16/03/2013 25.07.2025 L/2025/1506 R814

People's Republic of China Solar glass 15/05/2014 26.05.2023 L139/44 R702

People's Republic of China Tyres for buses or lorries

(new and retreaded)

13/11/2018 16.01.2025

L/2025/61 R804

Türkiye Trout (Rainbow) 28/02/2015 04.08.2021 L281/4 R720

United States of America Biodiesel 11/07/2009 02.08.2021 L277/62 R724

United States of America Biodiesel Canada 12/05/2011 02.08.2021 L277/62 R724

ANNEX Q

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2025

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical)

Product Country of origin Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Biodiesel

Argentina -

11/02/2019 12.2.2019

L40/71 [AS644]

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical)

Country of origin Product Extension Entry into

force date

OJ

Reference

Argentina Biodiesel

-

11/02/2019 12.2.2019 L40/71 [AS644]

ANNEX R

TDI investigations pending

on 31 December 2025

A. New investigations (ranked by product - in alphabetical order)

Product name Initiation date Instrument Country OJ

Reference

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) 06/06/2025 AD People's Republic of China 06.06.2025 C/2025/3135

AD734

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) 06/06/2025 AD Saudi Arabia 06.06.2025 C/2025/3135

AD734

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) 06/06/2025 AD United States of America 06.06.2025 C/2025/3135

AD734

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene- Styrene Resins

19/12/2024 AD Republic of Korea 18.08.2025 L/2025/1739

AD725

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-

Styrene Resins

19/12/2024 AD Taiwan 18.08.2025

L/2025/1739 AD725

Adipic acid 14/03/2025 AD People's Republic of China 13.11.2025

L/2025/2287 AD731

Barium carbonate 20/12/2024 AD India 11.08.2025

L/2025/1724 AD723

Barium carbonate 20/12/2024 AD People's Republic of China 11.08.2025

L/2025/1724 AD723

Benzyl Alcohol 19/12/2025 AD People's Republic of China 19.12.2025

C/2025/6741 AD748

Candles 19/12/2024 AD People's Republic of China 14.08.2025 L2025/1732 AD726

Cast iron articles 26/02/2025 AD India 26.02.2025 C/2025/1276 AD727

Cast iron articles 26/02/2025 AD Türkiye 26.02.2025 C/2025/1276 AD727

Certain alkyl phosphonic acids and their sodium salts

18/09/2025 AD People's Republic of China 18.09.2025 C/2025/5021 AD740

Product name Initiation date Instrument Country OJ

Reference

Cold-rolled flat steel

products (certain)

18/09/2025 AD India 18.09.2025

C/2025/5025

AD739

Cold-rolled flat steel products (certain)

18/09/2025 AD Japan 18.09.2025 C/2025/5025

AD739

Cold-rolled flat steel products (certain)

18/09/2025 AD Taiwan 18.09.2025 C/2025/5025

AD739

Cold-rolled flat steel

products (certain)

18/09/2025 AD Türkiye 18.09.2025

C/2025/5025 AD739

Cold-rolled flat steel

products (certain)

18/09/2025 AD Vietnam 18.09.2025

C/2025/5025 AD739

Continuous filament glass

fibre products

17/02/2025 AD Bahrain 17.02.2025

C/2025/1135 AD728

Continuous filament glass

fibre products

17/02/2025 AD Egypt 17.02.2025

C/2025/1135 AD728

Continuous filament glass fibre products

17/02/2025 AD Thailand 17.02.2025 C/2025/1135 AD728

Fused alumina 21/11/2024 AD People's Republic of China 18.07.2025 L/2025/1456 AD720

High pressure seamless steel cylinders

06/12/2024 AD People's Republic of China 05.08.2025 L/2025/1711 AD724

Lightweight thermal paper 07/11/2025 AS People's Republic of China 07.11.2025 C/2025/5911 AS742

Mobile cranes 19/12/2025 AD People's Republic of China 19.12.2025 C/2025/6726 AD749

Passenger car and light lorry tyres

06/11/2025 AS People's Republic of China 06.11.2025 C/2025/5924 AS743

Pea protein 29/08/2025 AD People's Republic of China 19.12.2025 C/2025/6699 AD737

PET Spunbond 15/09/2025 AD People's Republic of China 15.09.2025 C/2025/5010 AD738

Phosphorous acid 19/03/2025 AD People's Republic of China 18.11.2025 L/2025/2314 AD730

Pneumatic tyres (new), of rubber, of a kind used on

21/05/2025 AD People's Republic of China 21.05.2025 C/2025/2778 AD733

Product name Initiation date Instrument Country OJ

Reference

motor cars, buses or

lorries

Polyamide yarns 29/07/2025 AD People's Republic of China 29.07.2025 C/2025/4120 AD735

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

22/05/2025 AD Vietnam 22.05.2025 C/2025/2787 AD732

Robot lawn mowers (RLM) 19/11/2025 AD People's Republic of China 19.11.2025 C/2025/6235

AD745

Sodium benzoate 19/12/2025 AD People's Republic of China 19.12.2025 C/2025/6744

AD747

Softwood plywood 06/03/2025 AD Brazil 04.11.2025 L/2025/2219

AD729

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels)

09/12/2024 AD People's Republic of China 07.08.2025 L/2025/1723

AD721

Terephthalic acid 13/08/2025 AD Mexico 13.08.2025

C/2025/4539 AD736

Terephthalic acid 13/08/2025 AD Republic of Korea 13.08.2025

C/2025/4539 AD736

UREA 25/09/2025 AD Russian Federation 25.09.2025

C/2025/5240 AD741

Valine 19/12/2024 AD People's Republic of China 14.08.2025

L/2025/1737 AD722

Welding wire 11/12/2025 AD People's Republic of China 11.12.2025

C/2025/6555 AD746

B. Review investigations (ranked by product - in alphabetical order)

Product name Initiation

date

Instru

ment Country Extension

OJ

Reference

Ammonium nitrate 12/12/2025 AD Russian Federation 12.12.2025 C/2025/6682 R845

Biodiesel 06/12/2024 AS Indonesia 06.12.2024 C/2024/7405 R829

Product name Initiation

date

Instru

ment Country Extension

OJ

Reference

Citrus fruits (certain

prepared or preserved

citrus fruits (namely mandarins, etc.)

21/10/2025 AD People's Republic of

China

21.10.2025

C/2025/5628

R844

Ferro-silicon 30/06/2025 AD People's Republic of

China

30.06.2025

C/2025/3570 R837

Ferro-silicon 30/06/2025 AD Russian Federation 30.06.2025

C/2025/3570 R837

Glass fibre reinforcements (GFR)

24/06/2025 AS Egypt 24.06.2025 C/2025/3442 R836

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

03/04/2025 AD Egypt 03.04.2025 C/2025/2022 R834

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

03/04/2025 AD People's Republic of China

03.04.2025 C/2025/2022 R834

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

13/06/2025 AS Egypt 13.06.2025 C/2025/3223 R835

Glass fibre woven fabrics (GFF)

13/06/2025 AS People's Republic of China

13.06.2025 C/2025/3223 R835

Heavyweight Thermal Paper

17/10/2025 AD Republic of Korea 17.10.2025 C/2025/5537 R842

Malleable tube fittings 16/07/2025 AD People's Republic of China

People's Republic of China

16.07.2025 L/2025/1448 R838

New battery electric vehicles for passengers

04/12/2025 AS People's Republic of China

04.12.2025 C/2025/6545 R847

Persulphates 17/01/2025 AD People's Republic of China

17.01.2025 C/2025/360 R832

Polyvinyl Alcohols 25/09/2025 AD People's Republic of China

25.09.2025 C/2025/5136 R841

Solar glass 22/07/2025 AD People's Republic of China

22.07.2025 C/2025/4011 R839

Solar glass 22/07/2025 AS People's Republic of China

22.07.2025 C/2025/4010 R840

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products

03/10/2025 AD Indonesia 03.10.2025 C/2025/5293 R843

Product name Initiation

date

Instru

ment Country Extension

OJ

Reference

Stainless steel hot-rolled

flat products

03/10/2025 AD People's Republic of

China

03.10.2025

C/2025/5293

R843

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products

03/10/2025 AD Taiwan 03.10.2025 C/2025/5293

R843

Steel Road Wheels 03/03/2025 AD People's Republic of China

03.03.2025 C/2025/1461

R833

Sweet corn (prepared or

preserved in kernels)

29/11/2024 AD Thailand 29.11.2024

C/2024/7109 R830

Tableware and

kitchenware (ceramic)

19/12/2024 AD People's Republic of

China

19.12.2024

C/2024/7456 R831

Urea and ammonium

nitrate (UAN)

08/10/2024 AD Russian Federation 08.10.2024

C/2024/5996 R826

Urea and ammonium

nitrate (UAN)

08/10/2024 AD Trinidad,Tob 08.10.2024

C/2024/5996 R826

Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN)

08/10/2024 AD United States of America

08.10.2024 C/2024/5996 R826

ANNEX S

A. Court cases pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union and

the General Court on 31 December 2025:

B. Court of Justice

C-319/24 P Commission v Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others (appeal against T-762/20)

C-498/24 P Çolakoğlu Metalurji and Çolakoğlu Dış Ticaret v Commission (appeal against T-630/21)

C-499/24 P Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları and Others v Commission (appeal against T-629/21)

General Court

T-348/22 PT Indonesia Ruipu Nickel and Chrome Alloy v Commission

T-379/23 Çolakoğlu Metalurji v Commission

T-175/24 Özkan Demir Çelik Sanayi v Commission

T-390/24 Eurofer v Commission

T-391/24 Eurofer v Commission

T-680/24 AO Nevinnomysskiy Azot and AO Novomoskovskaya Aktsionernaya Kompania NAK "Azot"v Commission

T-174/25 Sterlite Technologies and Others v Commission

T-218/25 Oshkosh JLG (Tianjin) and JLG Emea v Commission

T-219/25 Terex (Changzhou) and Terex Global v Commission

T-220/25 LB Group and Others v Commission

T-25/25 Saic Motor and Others v Commission

T-26/25 BYD Auto and Others v Commission

T-29/25 Zhejiang Geely Automobile and Others v Commission

T-35/25 Bayerische Motoren Werke and Others v Commission

T-37/25 CCCME and Others v Commission

T-38/25 Tesla (Shanghai) v Commission

T-565/25 Xiamen Oamic Biotech v Commission

T-682/25 Heilongjiang Eppen Biotech v Commission

T-736/25 Aditya Birla Chemicals v Commission

T-847/25 Xinjiang Guolin New Materials v Commission

B. Judgments, orders or other decisions rendered in 2025

Court of Justice

C-554/23 P Fertilizers Europe v Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" (appeal against T-126/21)

C-568/23 P Commission v Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" (appeal against T- 126/21)

C-659/24 A-GmbH & Co. KG (request for a preliminary ruling)

General Court

T-356/22 LG Chem, Ltd v Commission – SAP Korea

T-122/23 Ege İhracatçıları Birliği and Others v Commission – trout CVD LOST

T-165/23 Arkema France v Commission – fatty acid

T-176/23 PT Musim Mas v Commission– fatty acid

T-187/23 PT Permata Hijau Palm Oleo and PT Nubika Jaya v Commission– fatty acid

T-230/23 Hitit Seramik v Commission – ceramic tiles

T-231/23 Akgün Seramik and Others v Commission – ceramic tiles

T-378/23 Marcegaglia Specialties v Commission (order – withdrawn)

T-110/24 Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional and Lusosider-Aços Planos v Commission – HRF from Brazil

T-334/24 Lam Khang v Commission (order – withdrawn)

ANNEX T

Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2025

A. Safeguard measures

List of safeguard measures in force

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

Steel products

Erga Omnes - L_2025_1581 ; 29.07.2025

Alloys

Erga Omnes -

L_2025_2351 ; 18.11.2025

B. Surveillance measures

List of surveillance measures in force

Product Country of origin Extension OJ Reference

Renewable ethanol for fuel all (EU) 2023/1777 L 228/247

Third country measures

A. Measures in force

Measures in Force at 31 December 2025

Country Product AD/AS/

SFG Type Of Measure

Date Of Imposition Exporting MS

Argentina Electrical terminals AD Definitive 02-04-2009 Germany

Argentina Sodium Benzoate AD Definitive 01-11-2022 Netherlands

Argentina Straight handsaw blades AD Definitive 21-02-2008 Sweden

Australia Chrome bars AD Definitive 08-09-2016 Romania

Australia Q&T Steel Plate AD Definitive 05-11-2014 Finland, Sweden

Australia Steel reinforcing bar AD Definitive 08-03-2018 Greece, Spain

Australia Steel Reinforcing Bar AD Definitive 19-11-2015 Spain

Brazil Adipic Acid AD

Definitive 01-04-2015 Germany, France,

Italy

Brazil Elastomeric rubber pipes AD Definitive 22-06-2015 Germany, Italy

Brazil Ethanolamines and triethanolamines

AD Definitive

04-11-2013 Germany

Brazil Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether

AD Definitive

22-08-2022 France

Brazil

Frozen fries AD

Definitive

17-02-2017 Belgium, Germany, France, Netherlands

Brazil Monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol

AD Definitive

22-04-2016 Germany

Brazil Nitrile Rubber AD Definitive 13-08-2018 France

Brazil Offset printing plates AD

Definitive 05-03-2015 Belgium, Germany,

United Kingdom

Brazil Plastic Tubes for Blood Collection

AD Definitive

30-04-2015 Germany, United Kingdom

Brazil Silicon electrical steel AD Definitive 12-07-2019 Germany

Canada Carbon and alloy steel wire

AD Provisional

04-09-2025 Spain, Italy, Portugal

Canada concrete reinforcing bar AD Definitive 13-01-2025 Bulgaria

Canada Concrete reinforcing bar AD Definitive 04-06-2021 Italy

Canada Concrete reinforcing bar AD Definitive 04-05-2017 Spain, Portugal

Canada Copper tubes AD Definitive 02-01-2014 Greece

Canada Heavy plate AD Definitive 05-02-2021 Germany

Canada

Refined sugar AD

Definitive

06-11-1995 Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom

Canada Refined sugar CVD

Definitive 06-11-1995 European Union of

15

Canada Steel plate AD Definitive 04-06-2014 Denmark, Italy

Canada

Wheat gluten AD

Definitive

23-04-2021 Belgium, Germany, France, Lithuania, Austria

China

Certain iron or steel fasteners

AD

Definitive

29-06-2010 Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom

China

certain pork and pig by- products

AD

Definitive

17-12-2025 Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Finland, Romania, Croatia

China

Chloroprene Rubber AD

Definitive

10-05-2005 Germany, France, European Union of 15

China

dairy products CVD

Provisional

23-12-2025 Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Poland

China

Dispersion Unshifted Single-mode Optical Fiber

AD

Definitive

22-04-2011 Denmark, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands

China EPDM AD Definitive 20-12-2020 Belgium, Germany

China Grain oriented flat-rolled steel (GOES)

AD Definitive

23-07-2016 Germany, Poland, United Kingdom

China halogenated butyl rubber AD

Definitive 20-08-2018 Belgium, United

Kingdom

China

meta-Cresol AD

Definitive

15-01-2021 Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Netherlands

China

Phenol AD

Definitive

06-09-2019 Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France

China Photographic paper AD

Definitive 23-03-2012 Netherlands, United

Kingdom

China

Polyamide-6 (PA6) AD

Definitive

22-04-2010 Belgium, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland

China

Polyformaldehyde Copolymer, Polyoxymethylene Copolymer, Copolymer- type Acetal Resin, Acetal Copolymer - POM Copolymer

AD

Definitive

19-05-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Italy, Latvia, Hungary, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria

China Potato Starch CVD

Definitive 17-09-2011 Germany, France,

Netherlands

China Potato Starch AD

Definitive 06-02-2007 Germany, France,

Netherlands

China

spirits obtained by distilling grape wine in containers holding less than 200 liters (usually called Brandy)

AD

Definitive

05-07-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

China

Stainless Steel Billet and Hot-rolled Stainless Steel Plate (Coil)

AD

Definitive

23-07-2019 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,

Hungary, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom

China Toluidine AD Definitive 13-03-2013 Germany

China Unbleached sack paper AD

Definitive 09-04-2016 Austria, Finland,

Sweden, Bulgaria

Colombia Frozen fries AD

Definitive 09-11-2018 Belgium, Germany,

Netherlands

Egypt

Cold rolled coil CRC, Galvanized Steel HDG/GI, prepainted Steel PPGI

SG

Provisional

14-09-2025

Egypt Edam and Gouda Cheese AD Definitive 10-01-2022 Netherlands

Egypt Hot Rolled Flat Steel (HRC and/or HRFS)

SG Provisional

14-09-2025

Egypt

semi-finished products of iron or non alloy steel (billets)

SG

Provisional

14-09-2025

Ghana matchets SG Definitive 30-03-2024

Gulf Cooperation Council

Super absorbent polymer (SAP)

AD

Definitive

04-03-2023 Belgium, France

India 2-Ethyl Hexanol AD Definitive 29-03-2016 Germany

India

Non-Alloy and Alloy steel flat products

SG

Definitive

30-12-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

India Normal Butanol or N-Butyl Alcohol

AD Definitive

19-02-2016 Germany

India Sodium Cyanide AD

Definitive 27-06-2024 Czech Republic,

Germany

India

Toluene Di-Isocyanate AD

Definitive

02-12-2020 Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, United Kingdom

India

Vitamin A Palmitate AD

Definitive

06-06-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Finland, Sweden

Indonesia

Carpets SG

Definitive

17-02-2021 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands,

Austria, Poland, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania

Indonesia

Ceramic tiles and mosaic SG

Definitive

12-10-2018 Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands

Indonesia

Cigarette Paper SG

Definitive

30-11-2021 Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Lithuania, Hungary, Netherlands, Austria, Poland

Indonesia

Cotton yarn SG

Definitive

30-10-2025 Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Austria, Sweden, Romania

Indonesia

Curtains (Including Drapes), Interior Blinds, Bed Valances, and Other Furnishing Articles

SG

Definitive

27-05-2020 Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sweden

Indonesia

Evaporators SG

Definitive

11-01-2020 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Romania, Croatia

Indonesia Expansible polystyrene SG Definitive 24-12-2021 Spain, Italy

Indonesia Fructose syrup SG

Definitive 17-09-2020 France,

Netherlands

Indonesia

Slag-wool, rock-wool and similar mineral wools, incl. intermixtures thereof, in bulk, sheets or rolls

SG

Definitive

24-02-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Poland

Indonesia

Yarn (other than sewing thread) of synthethic and artificial staple fibres)

SG

Definitive

27-05-2020 Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Sweden, Romania

Jordan Safety and protective footwear

SG Definitive

01-09-2025

Korea/South Butyl Glycol Ether AD Definitive 06-12-2016 France

Korea/South Coated printing paper AD Definitive 22-07-2018 Finland

Madagascar blankets and travelling rugs

SG Definitive

31-08-2021 Belgium, France, Poland

Madagascar Certain types of edible vegetable oils

SG Definitive

12-02-2025

Madagascar Concentrated milk SG Definitive 16-09-2023

Madagascar detergents SG Definitive 31-08-2021 France

Madagascar Edible vegetable oils and margarines

SG Definitive

31-08-2020

Madagascar Flour SG Definitive 24-10-2023

Madagascar Napkins and diapers SG Definitive 02-08-2024

Madagascar Pasta SG Definitive 01-08-2019 Spain, France, Italy

Madagascar Water and oil paints SG Definitive 18-12-2024

Madagascar Woven sacks and sheaths of polypropylene

SG Definitive

15-07-2024

Mexico Hot rolled steel coils AD Definitive 23-12-2015 Germany, France

Mexico Seamless carbon steel pipes

AD Definitive

04-04-2018 Spain

Mexico Steel beams (H and I) AD Definitive 25-02-2023 Germany

Mexico Stranded wire ropes & cables

AD Definitive

27-02-2016 Spain, Portugal

Morocco coated wood fibre boards (PFBR in French)

SG Definitive

15-04-2025 Spain

Morocco

Hot rolled steel sheets (tôles d'acier laminées à chaud enroulées ou non enroulées)

SG

Definitive

19-06-2020

Morocco

PVC AD

Definitive

14-07-2017 Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Portugal

Morocco

Tubes and pipes iron or steel (Tubes et tuyaux en fer ou en acier)

SG

Definitive

06-11-2020

Morocco

Wooden panels (Panneaux de Particules de bois revetus (PPBR))

SG

Definitive

20-09-2019

New Zealand Canned peaches AD Definitive 09-03-1998 Greece

New Zealand Preserved peaches AD Definitive 04-08-2011 Spain

Pakistan

CR Coils/Sheets AD

Definitive

03-02-2022 Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Netherlands, Finland, Sweden

Philippines Cement SG Provisional 24-02-2025 Greece, France

Philippines Corrugating Medium SG Provisional 07-08-2025

SACU Pasta AD Definitive 17-03-2022 Latvia, Lithuania

South Africa

Bolt ends & screw studs, screw studding and other hexagonal nuts

SG

Definitive

24-07-2020 Denmark, Germany, France, Hungary, Netherlands, Croatia

South Africa

corrosion resistant coil SG

Provisional

27-06-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom

South Africa

Frozen bone-in portion of fowls of gallus domesticus

AD

Definitive

01-08-2022 Denmark, Spain, Ireland, Poland

South Africa

Frozen chicken AD

Definitive

27-02-2015 Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom

South Africa Frozen potato chips AD

Definitive 17-05-2023 Belgium, Germany,

Netherlands

South Africa

Steel flat rolled SG

Definitive

02-05-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

Thailand Hot-rolled flat in coils and not in coils

AD Definitive

27-05-2003 Slovakia, Romania

Thailand

tin free steel AD

Definitive

13-11-2021 Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands

Thailand

Tinplate AD

Definitive

13-11-2021 Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Netherlands

Tunisia wire of iron or non-alloy steel for springs.

SG Definitive

30-11-2023 Belgium, Italy, Portugal

Turkey AC woven fabriccs of synthetic filament yarn

AD Definitive

22-08-2015 Bulgaria

Turkey

articulated link chains AD

Definitive

25-08-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

Turkey Chains AD Definitive 09-07-2019

Turkey Electrical water heaters AD Definitive 19-09-2013 Italy

Turkey Ethyl Acetate SG

Definitive 22-06-2025 Belgium, Germany,

Spain, Netherlands

Turkey

Fabrics, impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with polyurethane, imitation leather/others

AD

Definitive

18-01-2024 France, Bulgaria

Turkey Fittings AD Definitive 07-09-2006 Spain

Turkey

flat rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel plated or coated with tin

AD

Definitive

20-12-2025 Germany

Turkey

Grinding balls SG

Definitive

27-07-2022 Germany, Spain, France, Netherlands, Bulgaria

Turkey Hinges. Anti- circumvention case.

AD Definitive

20-10-2017 Greece, Spain, Italy

Turkey

hot rolled bars and rods SG

Definitive

15-06-2024 Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Romania

Turkey Hot rolled steel alloy and non-alloy

AD Definitive

07-07-2022 Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy,

Netherlands, Romania

Turkey Poly(ethylene terephthalate) - PET

SG Definitive

13-12-2020 Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy

Turkey Polyurethane artificial leather

AD Definitive

15-06-2022 Greece

Turkey

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) AD

Definitive

06-02-2003 Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Hungary, Netherlands, Finland, Romania

Turkey Sodium Percarbonate AD Definitive 02-03-2018 Germany, Sweden

Turkey solar panels AD Definitive 27-09-2024 Croatia

Turkey

Synthetic staple fibres of polyesters

SG

Definitive

24-09-2021 Czech Republic, Ireland, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania

Turkey

Toothbrushes SG

Definitive

03-02-2018 Germany, Netherlands, Sweden

Turkey Tubes and pipes of refined copper

AD Definitive

17-10-2017 Greece

Turkey

uncoated paper and paperboard

SG

Definitive

28-06-2024 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

Turkey

woven fabrics of synthetic and artificial staple fibres

AD

Definitive

22-08-2015 Poland, Bulgaria

Turkey

Woven Fabrics of Synthetic Filament Yarn and Woven Fabrics of Synthetic and Artificial Stable Fibers

AD

Definitive

20-02-2024 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Romania, Croatia

Turkey

Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn; Woven fabrics of synthetic or artificial staple fibres

AD

Definitive

26-08-2021 Germany, Spain, Italy

Turkey yarn of polyamides and other nylon

SG Definitive

21-11-2019 Germany, Italy, Poland, Slovakia

United Kingdom Certain Engine oils AD Definitive 12-12-2025 Lithuania

United Kingdom

Certain steel products SG

Definitive

01-07-2021 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

United States acetone AD Definitive 20-12-2019 Belgium, Spain

United States Brass sheet & strip AD

Definitive 06-03-1987 Germany, France,

Italy

United States

Carbon & alloy steel cut to lenght plate

AD

Definitive

05-05-2017 Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Austria

United States Certain carbon and alloy steel wire rod

CVD Definitive

19-03-2018 Italy

United States Certain carbon and alloy steel wire rod

AD Definitive

20-03-2018 Spain, Italy, United Kingdom

United States

Certain Cold-Drawn Mechanical Tubing of Carbon and Alloy Steel

AD

Definitive

16-04-2018 Germany, Italy

United States Certain hot-rolled steel flat products

AD Definitive

12-09-2016 Netherlands, United Kingdom

United States

certain preserved mushrooms

AD

Definitive

23-05-2023 Spain, France, Netherlands, Poland

United States Chlorinated isocyanurates AD Definitive 24-06-2005 Spain

United States

citric acid, sodium citrate, and potassium citrate (also in blends under HS 382499)

AD

Definitive

25-07-2018 Belgium

United States

common alloy aluminum sheet

AD

Definitive

27-04-2021 Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy, Slovenia, Romania, Croatia

United States Corrosion-resistant steel AD Definitive 15-07-2016 Italy

United States Corrosion-resistant steel CVD Definitive 15-09-2016 Italy

United States Corrosion-resistant steel AD Definitive 06-10-2025 Netherlands

United States

crystalline silicon photovoltaic (CSPV) cells (whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products)

SG

Definitive

07-02-2018 Germany, Italy

United States Dioctyl Terephthalate AD Definitive 22-05-2025 Poland

United States

Emulsion styrene- butadiene rubber (ESB rubber)

AD

Definitive

12-09-2017 Poland

United States

Fine denier polyester staple fiber (PSF)

SG

Definitive

23-11-2024 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania

United States Finished Carbon Steel Flanges

AD Definitive

29-07-2017 Spain, Italy

United States Forged steel fittings AD Definitive 05-10-2018 Italy

United States Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks

AD Definitive

28-01-2021 Germany, Italy

United States Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks

CVD Definitive

28-01-2021 Germany, Italy

United States Large Diameter Welded Pipes

AD Definitive

27-02-2019 Greece

United States Mattresses AD

Definitive 11-07-2024 Spain, Italy, Poland,

Slovenia, Bulgaria

United States Melamine AD

Definitive 31-01-2025 Germany,

Netherlands

United States Melamine CVD Definitive 31-01-2025 Germany

United States Methionine AD Definitive 23-07-2021 Spain, France

United States Non-oriented electrical steel

AD Definitive

18-11-2014 Germany, Sweden

United States Paper shopping bags AD Definitive 18-07-2024 Portugal

United States Pasta AD Definitive 24-07-1996 Italy

United States Pasta CVD Definitive 24-07-1996 Italy

United States Prestressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand

AD Definitive

09-04-2021 Spain, Italy, Netherlands

United States Ripe Olives AD Definitive 01-08-2018 Spain

United States Ripe olives CVD Definitive 01-08-2018 Spain

United States Seamless line and pressure pipe

AD Definitive

03-08-1995 Germany

United States Seamless pipe AD Definitive 04-03-1997 Germany

United States Seamless pipe small diameter

AD Definitive

11-10-2011 Romania

United States Sodium Nitrite AD Definitive 27-08-2008 Germany

United States Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings

AD Definitive

23-02-2001 Italy

United States Stainless steel plates in coils

AD Definitive

21-05-1999 Belgium

United States Steel concrete reinforcing bars x752

AD Definitive

07-09-2001 Poland

United States Strontium Chromate AD Definitive 08-10-2019 France, Austria

United States Thermal paper AD Definitive 30-09-2021 Germany, Spain

United States Uncoated paper AD Definitive 20-01-2016 Portugal

United States Utility Scale Wind towers AD Definitive 16-08-2021 Spain

Viet Nam

semi-finished and finished products of alloy&non- alloy steel

SG

Definitive

02-08-2016 Belgium, Germany, France, Austria

Measures in Force at 31-12-2025

B. Investigations initiated

Investigations initiated during 2025

Country Product Instrument Initiation

Date Exporting MS

Brazil Steel wire AD 10-10-2025 Spain

Brazil Carbon Steel Sheets AD 02-06-2025 Germany, Netherlands

Canada Carbon and alloy steel wire

AD 22-04-2025 Spain, Italy, Portugal

Dominican Republic

Biscuits SG 19-09-2025 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy

Egypt

Cold rolled coil CRC, Galvanized Steel HDG/GI, prepainted Steel PPGI

SG 11-09-2025

Egypt Hot Rolled Flat Steel (HRC and/or HRFS)

SG 22-04-2025

Egypt

semi-finished products of iron or non alloy steel (billets)

SG 11-09-2025

India

4-Aminodiphenylamine AD 29-09-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, France, Italy, Latvia, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Finland, Romania

India

BIS (2,2,6,6- Tetramethyl - 4 - Peridyl) Sebacate (UV770)

AD 27-09-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Romania, Croatia

India

PVC Paste Resin AD 24-01-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden, Croatia

India

Ethylene Diamine AD 25-03-2025 Belgium, Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden

India

PX-13 AD 28-03-2025 Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Hungary

India

Para Nitrotouluene (PNT); Paranitrotoluol-

AD 16-06-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

India

ESBR-1500 AD 29-03-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Poland, Finland

Korea/Sout h

PVC Paste Resin AD 06-08-2025

Madagascar

Dry pastries and cereals

SG 24-12-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Portugal

Philippines Corrugating Medium SG 11-02-2025

South Africa

corrosion resistant coil SG 17-01-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom

South Africa Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel

SG 25-07-2025

Thailand Polypropylene SG 03-09-2025

Turkey tyres AD 10-10-2025

Turkey Polyurethane artificial leather

AD 25-08-2025

Turkey Polyurethane artificial leather

AD 26-08-2025

Turkey PET resin SG 31-12-2025

Turkey Terephthalic acid SG 31-12-2025

Turkey Paper and paperboards SG 31-12-2025

United States

Quartz surface products SG 01-12-2025

United States

Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bar

AD 30-06-2025

United States

Certain Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof

AD 19-08-2025

Investigations initiated the year 2025.

C. Measures imposed

Measures imposed during 2025

Country Product Instrument Type Of Measure

Date Of Imposition Exporting MS

Canada Carbon and alloy steel wire

AD Provisional

04-09-2025 Spain, Italy, Portugal

Canada concrete reinforcing bar

AD Definitive

13-01-2025 Bulgaria

China

dairy products CVD

Provisional

23-12-2025 Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Poland

China

certain pork and pig by- products

AD

Definitive

17-12-2025 Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Finland, Romania, Croatia

China

Polyformaldehyde Copolymer, Polyoxymethylene Copolymer, Copolymer-type Acetal Resin, Acetal Copolymer - POM Copolymer

AD

Definitive

19-05-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Italy, Latvia, Hungary, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria

China

spirits obtained by distilling grape wine in containers holding less than 200 liters (usually called Brandy)

AD

Definitive

05-07-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

Egypt

semi-finished products of iron or non alloy steel (billets)

SG

Provisional

14-09-2025

Egypt Hot Rolled Flat Steel (HRC and/or HRFS)

SG Provisional

14-09-2025

Egypt

Cold rolled coil CRC, Galvanized Steel HDG/GI, prepainted Steel PPGI

SG

Provisional

14-09-2025

India

Non-Alloy and Alloy steel flat products

SG

Definitive

30-12-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

India

Low Ash Metallurgical Coke

SG

Definitive

01-01-2025 Germany, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal

India

Vitamin A Palmitate AD

Definitive

06-06-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Finland, Sweden

Indonesia

Cotton yarn SG

Definitive

30-10-2025 Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Austria, Sweden, Romania

Indonesia

Slag-wool, rock-wool and similar mineral wools, incl. intermixtures thereof, in bulk, sheets or rolls

SG

Definitive

24-02-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Poland

Jordan Safety and protective footwear

SG Definitive

01-09-2025

Madagascar Certain types of edible vegetable oils

SG Definitive

12-02-2025

Morocco

coated wood fibre boards (PFBR in French)

SG

Definitive

15-04-2025 Spain

Philippines Cement SG Provisional 24-02-2025 Greece, France

Philippines Corrugating Medium SG Provisional 07-08-2025

South Africa

Steel flat rolled SG

Definitive

02-05-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

South Africa

corrosion resistant coil SG

Provisional

27-06-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom

Turkey

flat rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel plated or coated with tin

AD

Definitive

20-12-2025 Germany

Turkey

articulated link chains AD

Definitive

25-08-2025 Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia

Turkey

Ethyl Acetate SG

Definitive

22-06-2025 Belgium, Germany, Spain, Netherlands

United Kingdom

Certain Engine oils AD Definitive

12-12-2025 Lithuania

United States Dioctyl Terephthalate AD Definitive 22-05-2025 Poland

United States Corrosion-resistant steel

AD Definitive

06-10-2025 Netherlands

United States Melamine CVD Definitive 31-01-2025 Germany

United States Melamine AD Definitive 31-01-2025 Germany, Netherlands

Measures imposed during 2025.