Background documents

Commission européenne/Europese Commissie, 1049 Bruxelles/Brussel, BELGIQUE/BELGIË – Tel. +32 22991111

–

[email protected]

EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EUROPEAN CIVIL PROTECTION AND HUMANITARIAN AID

OPERATIONS (ECHO)

The Director-General

Brussels ECHO.B.2/SM

CORRESPONDENCE SLIP

ADDRESSEES: Directors-General for Civil Protection of the Member States and the

Participating States to the Union Civil Protection Mechanism

SUBJECT: Background documents for the 52nd meeting of the Directors-

Generals for Civil Protection, 25-26 April 2024, Brussels (Belgium)

REMARKS:

Please find attached the background documents for items 1, 2, 3 and 5 and the paper of the

Belgian Presidency on item 4, for the upcoming 52nd meeting of the Directors-General for

Civil Protection of the UCPM Member and Participating States.

Yours sincerely,

[e-signed]

Maciej Popowski

Enclosure: Background documents for items 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, including the paper of

the Belgian Presidency for the 52nd DGs meeting

c.c.: Members of the Civil Protection Committee. Member States’ Permanent

Representations and Participating States Permanent Missions’ to the

UCPM. Council Secretariat

Electronically signed on 17/04/2024 16:04 (UTC+02) in accordance with Article 11 of Commission Decision (EU) 2021/2121

Saatja: <[email protected]> Saadetud: 17.04.2024 18:16

Koopia: <[email protected]> Teema: Background documents 52nd DGs meeting 25-26 April

Manused: image001.gif; Cover letter (1).pdf; Item 2 - Future of UCPM.pdf; Item 5 - Prevention progress report.pdf; Item 4 - Presidency Paper - Citizens.pdf; Item 3 - Scenario building.pdf; Item 1 - Future of ERCC.pdf

TÄHELEPANU! Tegemist on väljastpool t asutust saabunud kirjaga. Tundmatu saatja korral palume linke ja faile

mitte avada!

Dear Directors-General, Please find attached the background documents related to the subject of this email. Kind regards, DG ECHO B2 Secretariat

European Commission Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

Unit B.2 Civil Protection Policy [email protected]

From: ECHO CP <[email protected]> Sent: Thursday, April 4, 2024 2:36 PM Cc: ECHO CP <[email protected]> Subject: Agenda for the 52nd meeting of the Directors-Generals for Civil Protection, 25-26 April 2024, Brussels (Belgium) & meeting summary of the 51st DGs meeting Dear Directors-General, Please find attached correspondence slip and other documents related to the subject of this email. Kind regards, DG ECHO B2 Secretariat

European Commission Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

Unit B.2 Civil Protection Policy [email protected]

From: ECHO CP <[email protected]> Sent: Friday, March 8, 2024 1:19 PM Cc: ECHO CP <[email protected]> Subject: Invitation, programme and practical information note - 52nd meeting of the UCPM Directors-General for Civil Protection - 25-26 April 2023, Brussels (Belgium) Dear Directors-General, Please find attached correspondence slip and other document related to the subject of this email. Kind regards, DG ECHO B2 Secretariat

European Commission Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

Unit B.2 Civil Protection Policy

[email protected]

1

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EUROPEAN CIVIL PROTECTION AND HUMANITARIAN AID

OPERATIONS (ECHO)

Background paper to Item 1

Future of the ERCC – Outcomes of the Technical Workshop

1. Introduction – the role of the ERCC

Over the last years, the Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) has proved its

capability to provide early warning, analysis and response coordination to an increasingly

wider range of scenarios both within Europe and globally. During the most complex UCPM

operation of the last years – caused by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine - the ERCC

significantly upscaled its cross-sectoral operational emergency coordination with enhanced

anticipatory and analytical capabilities, coordinating amongst Commission Services, and

managing a broad variety of different requests for assistance as well as corresponding offers

from Member States and private sector.

In view of this evolving ERCC capabilities, during the extraordinary meeting of the Directors-

General for civil protection that DG ECHO organised in February 2024, delegates discussed

the future of the ERCC. This meeting illustrated a general convergence of views on a

strengthened role of the ERCC, providing that some principles were respected, notably that

further developments should not come at the expense of the UCPM but rather serve to

strengthen European civil protection support to national systems. The extraordinary meeting

furthermore highlighted that the ERCC is to remain operational in its scope and at the core of

the UCPM (no ‘decoupling’). Its further developments are to represent a functional

evolvement and not a new structure.

In consideration of these points, DG ECHO is committed to further develop the ERCC as the

Commission’s operational crisis hub and first entry point for joint cross-sectoral situational

awareness, early warning, anticipation, and operational coordination, including between

civilian and military stakeholders. In this role, the ERCC should facilitate a better coordinated

information exchange and use of expertise across the Commission’s different policy areas.

This should serve the purpose to increase flexibility and effectiveness in providing national

authorities with more coherent and efficient situational awareness and response coordination

in increasingly complex emergency and crisis scenarios requiring the involvement of an

increasing number of actors and sectors.

2. Analysis at the technical workshop and its outcomes

The extraordinary meeting of the Directors-General for civil protection was followed by a

dedicated technical workshop on the future role of the ERCC, which took place on 9 April

2024. During the workshop DG ECHO reiterated the need to further develop the ERCC’s

capabilities with the aim to ensure a coordinated overview of all sectoral dimensions of the

same emergency. This would require the ERCC to be informed of such sectoral emergencies

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and to enable it to provide, in addition to response, support as a coordinating structure for

information sharing and needs identification. The ERCC would be the single operational entry

point for the Commission. At the same time, it should continue to support the UCPM at all

times. During the workshop, the impact of a strengthened ERCC was examined on the basis

of two examples.

a) Blueprint on critical infrastructure disruptions (CI Blueprint)

The first example covered a scenario that examined the role of the ERCC as the designated

24/7 point of contact of the Commission under the proposed Council Recommendation on a

Blueprint to coordinate a Union-level response to disruptions of critical infrastructure with

significant cross-border relevance.

DG ECHO’s legal analysis showed that the role of the ERCC as foreseen under the proposed

Council Recommendation conforms with the existing ERCC mandate as established by the

UCPM legal framework. The nature of the tasks foreseen for the ERCC in the proposal for the

CI Blueprint is similar to the tasks the ERCC is already carrying out under Decision No

1313/2013/EU. For example, the ERCC already serves as the 24/7 contact point for the

European Community Urgent Radiological Information Exchange (ECURIE) system.

Furthermore, Article 14 of Decision No 1313/2013/EU requires Member States to notify the

ERCC of a disaster with potentially significant transboundary effects, such as the events

covered by the CI Blueprint, thus requiring the ERCC to monitor and analyse incidents, as

defined under the CI Blueprint also under the UCPM legal framework. Consequently, the new

task would have no significant additional impact on the ERCC’s resources.

The workshop also identified the need to further clarify certain aspects regarding the

communication exchange and communication tools to be used for this new task. DG ECHO

explained that the use of the Common Emergency Communication and Information System

(CECIS) remains optional and limited to scenarios where appropriate. For the potential need

to exchange classified information, it was clarified that the ERCC can handle all levels of EU

Classified Information (EUCI) via the ECHO EUCI Registry and/or the Central EUCI

Registry of the Commission. Furthermore, new information systems to exchange classified

information electronically are being tested in a pilot phase. Specific procedures will still need

to be discussed and developed to identify the most effective information exchange between

(and among) contact points in national authorities and the ERCC. DG ECHO offered its

availability to provide additional clarifications and support for this purpose where needed.

b) Hybrid Rapid Response Teams (HRRTs)

The second example covered the envisaged role of the ERCC in providing administrative and

logistical support to the future deployment of HRRTs, which are developed under the EU

Hybrid Toolbox to respond to a broad range of hybrid threats.

DG ECHO clarified that a new clearer legal basis would need to be established in the mid-

and long-term for this additional task. The Commission may propose a Council Decision to

establish the HRRTs, possibly based on the solidarity clause (Article 222 TFEU) and Council

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Decision 2014/415/EU on the arrangements for the implementation by the Union of the

solidarity clause.

Regarding national contact points, the ERCC would not communicate with national civil

protection contact points, as the selection of the HRRTs would be the responsibility of the

Joint Steering Group (EEAS, Commission services in coordination with Member States).

Therefore, the impact of this workload on the ERCC’s resources would be limited to

arranging travel, accommodation, team briefing concerning organisational arrangements prior

to deployment and 24/7 monitoring and administrative and logistical support to HRRTs on the

ground. It was also clarified that resources for the organisation and logistical support of such

deployments would not be financed from the UCPM budget.

As concerns the handling of classified information, the ERCC has already experience with

deployments requiring classified information exchange, including to Ukraine. It was

furthermore clarified that CECIS would not be used for such deployments. Member State

delegates highlighted the need to clarify the administrative and logistical tasks of the ERCC,

and to ensure that its role is clearly separated from the role of the Joint Steering Group to

select teams. Lastly, in response to some concerns expressed during the exchange, the

workshop also served to clarified that the ERCC would have no role in public communication

about the deployment of hybrid experts.

3. Potential way forward

The workshop has highlighted the sense of urgency in tackling the challenges related to

climate change and security context. The two examined examples for additional ERCC tasks

illustrated that the ERCC already fulfils many of the required capabilities. It represents

therefore the best suited structure within the Commission to provide a cost-efficient solution

with limited impact on existing resources to address urgent operational needs in the area of

critical infrastructure disruptions and hybrid threats. While other options and alternatives to

address these new tasks might exist, they would be more costly and take longer to be fully

operational, in a politically sensitive and urgent geopolitical security context.

At the same time, the ERCC will continue investing in the further development of its early

warning and situational awareness capabilities. This will serve the common objective to better

anticipate, monitor, and respond to cross-sectoral and complex emergencies in the future and

provide the best possible information and coordination support to national civil protection

authorities in such scenarios.

Directors-General are invited to reflect on and discuss the following questions:

1. Do you agree with the findings of the workshop concerning the impact of an enhanced

mandate on the ERCC?

2. From your perspective, what impacts of these two examples on national administration

systems should be further considered?

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION

DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EUROPEAN CIVIL PROTECTION AND HUMANITARIAN AID

OPERATIONS (ECHO)

Background paper to Item 2

The future of the UCPM

1. Background

Similarly to the joint reflection on the future development of the Emergency Response

Coordination Centre (ERCC), DG ECHO also wants to use the informal meeting with

Directors-General to continue the exchange on the future of the Union Civil Protection

Mechanism (UCPM).

While the disaster landscape of the last years has allowed the UCPM to showcase its added

value as an effective and efficient emergency instrument, it also tested its limits. Safeguarding

the sustainable functioning of the UCPM’s disaster management model in its support to

national civil protection authorities has therefore become a key concern. At the same time,

operational needs and political guidance also ask for further equipping the UCPM for new and

emerging risks within a more inclusive all-hazard approach.

The two main challenges for European civil protection will persist for the next years to come:

climate change leading to more extreme and unpredictable weather, potentially causing major

havoc across the Union, affecting nearly all sectors, and the evolving security threats targeting

the very fabric of European society. The next European Commission College will likely need

to put these challenges, and the potential interactions between them, more central on its

agenda.

In this context, the European Council underlined in its recent conclusions1 the imperative

need for enhanced and coordinated military and civilian preparedness and strategic crisis

management in the context of the evolving threat landscape. It invites the Council to take

work forward and the Commission together with the High Representative to propose actions

to strengthen preparedness and crisis response at EU level in an all-hazards and whole-of-

society approach, taking into account Member States’ responsibilities and competences, with

a view to a future preparedness strategy.

In light of this, the Commission College has designated Mr. Sauli Niinistö, former President

of Finland, as Special Advisor to President von der Leyen with the objective to prepare a

report on strengthening the EU’s civilian and defence preparedness in light of the above

Council Conclusions. Furthermore, the Council (Ad-hoc Working Party on Resilience) is

currently considering the challenges and way forward in the framework of the conclusions on

horizontal crisis management. While the discussion is still ongoing2, there seems to be an

understanding that the Union has made progress in withstanding the destabilising

1 EUCO 7/24, 22 March 2024.

2 Adoption of the conclusions is currently planned for June 2024.

2

consequences of some of the past events but also needs to further bolster Union’s

preparedness and resilience, including by reinforcing existing capacities and tools. Alongside

a whole-of-society approach, as identified also already in earlier Council Conclusions as key

for resilient European societies3, building resilience cannot be achieved without actions to

strengthen preparedness and crisis response. Which contributions can the UCPM

meaningfully provide to these challenges?

2. Potential way forward

Given this political and operational background, an in-depth reflection is needed to shape the

UCPM’s future in complementarity with evolving broader crisis management and defence

policy framework. Enhancing military capabilities in Europe must go hand-in-hand with

increased civilian preparedness and resilience. We therefore should reflect together on how

propose to political decision-makers the further strengthening of also civil protection and

emergency services to respond to the consequences of climate change as well as potential

intensified hybrid attacks on our critical infrastructure, including prolonged blackouts, large

population displacements, disinformation campaigns, public health crises or CBRN threats.

Consequently, DG ECHO and national civil protection authorities might need to consider the

revision of existing risk assessments to be able to carry out a rapid impact analysis of

potential cross-sectoral implications of newly identified security risks with potential impacts

on EU citizens, the environment, critical infrastructure and services. This will allow to

propose concrete civil protection actions to strengthen preparedness and crisis response at EU

level, as requested by above European Council Conclusion.

Directors-General are invited to reflect on and discuss the following questions:

1. What are the requirements for a successful strengthening of the UCPM to face the new

reality of complex and/or long-lasting emergencies?

2. Which ways forward do you see for enhancing civil-military cooperation in order to

increase resilience and strengthen overall civilian preparedness to increased security

threats in Europe?

3. Which concrete contributions can civil protection provide to strengthen preparedness

and crisis response at EU level, as requested by the European Council?

3 Council conclusions on strengthening whole-of-society resilience in the context of civil protection, including

preparedness to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats adopted of 8 June 2023.

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Page 1 of 2

EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EUROPEAN CIVIL PROTECTION AND HUMANITARIAN AID

OPERATIONS (ECHO)

Background paper to Item 3:

Key outcomes of the 10 Union-wide disaster scenarios

developed under Article 10.1 of Decision 1313/2013/EU

The risk picture facing Europe has evolved significantly over the past years, resulting in

an increase in large-scale, cross-sectoral and complex disasters. To improve related risk

management planning under the Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM), the 2021

amendment to Decision No. 1313/2013/EU introduced a more evidence-based and

forward-looking approach to prevention and preparedness, including via the

establishment of disaster resilience goals (Article 6.5) and the development of cross-

sectoral, multi-country, transboundary disaster scenarios (Article 10.1).

During the informal meeting of Directors-General responsible for civil protection in

Ljubljana under the Slovenian Council Presidency in October 2021, Directors-General

agreed on a list of 16 hazards as starting point for the scenario development1. At the

beginning of this year, this resulted in the completion of the development of 10 Union-

wide disaster scenarios2, carried out in close consultation with experts from EU Member

States and UCPM Participating States, and with the support of various Commission

services, in particular the Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The 10 scenarios cover

the agreed 16 hazards in various combinations and resulted in an extensive set of detailed

findings in all areas of the emergency management cycle. Furthermore, a comprehensive

summary of the main horizontal findings has been shared at the beginning of this year

with the national experts who contributed to the development of the scenarios. These

findings are now used and discussed at technical level in relevant expert groups, such as

in the areas of prevention, early warning and capacity building, to provide agreed

planning assumptions and a stronger evidence-base for further UCPM developments in

these areas.

In a summarised form, the identified findings can be grouped within the following 5 key

recommendations:

1 Earthquakes, floods, heatwaves and cold waves, major storms, health threats including pandemics, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,

wildfires, blackouts and energy disruptions, effects of armed conflicts, effects of cybersecurity incidents, effects of terrorist

attacks, industrial emergencies, marine pollution, nuclear emergencies, and population displacements in emergencies.

2 The 10 disaster scenarios developed cover the above 16 hazards and concern a severe nuclear accident, an extreme heatwave, a

severe pandemic, an armed conflict, a terrorist attack, an energy crisis within the EU, inland water and coastal pollution, an

earthquake induced tsunami a volcanic eruption and an extreme winter weather with a cyber component.

Page 2 of 2

1. Enhanced response capability: There is a need to further enhance the operational

response capabilities of the UCPM, including the further development of rescEU.

2. Cross-sectoral coordination: There is a need to further strengthen EU

preparedness and resilience in strategic areas through an all-hazards approach and

cross-sectoral coordination with non-civil protection actors.

3. Coordinated knowledge sharing: Further coordination efforts are needed to share

knowledge and expertise on risk identification and early warning, including to

citizens.

4. Vulnerable groups: The needs of vulnerable groups need to be further considered

and addressed in existing prevention, preparedness and response arrangements.

5. Budget reinforcement: Addressing the analysed cross-sectoral, long-lasting and

transboundary disasters will require more flexible and additional use of resources.

The next phase of the scenario building initiative will be dedicated to the implementation

of the identified findings and recommendations, e.g., by developing more concrete and

practical plans on disaster risk management and resilience, more operational “playbooks”

from the existing analysis to support operational planning and by identifying further

synergies with existing other work strands in the area of risk analysis, foresight and

anticipation. In this context, Directors-General are invited provide strategic guidance on

potential national priorities to consider in this implementation phase.

Directors-General are invited to discuss the following questions:

1. Do you see a need to deepen and further elaborate analysis within any of the

developed scenarios?

2. Do have an interest to prioritise implementation of findings and recommendations

for specific scenarios or emergency management areas based on national

priorities and/or risk assessments?

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Item 4 - Presidency Paper: Citizens' involvement in disaster preparedness and response

In an era of increasing climate unpredictability and geopolitical tensions, the importance of effective

disaster risk management (DRM) cannot be overstated. While governments and agencies play legal

pivotal roles in disaster preparedness and response, the involvement of citizens is equally critical.

Engaging citizens in DRM, both as individuals and through intermediaries such as local organisations,

not only enhances the effectiveness of mitigation strategies but also fosters community resilience and

empowerment.

Discussions during the Swedish Presidency workshop in January 2023 emphasized the potential of

engaging citizens directly in disaster preparedness initiatives. As a follow-up, the prepareEU pilot

project was launched in the second half of 2023. The project seeks to deepen our understanding of

best practices and explore the feasibility of integrating a European dimension into national risk

awareness and preparedness strategies.

Beyond awareness, citizens can also play a more direct way in disaster preparedness and response. By harvesting the knowledge, resources, and collective strength of citizens and communities, authorities can enhance the effectiveness of DRM initiatives, build resilient societies, and mitigate the impact of disasters. A direct involvement of citizens in the disaster risk management provides opportunities to strengthen our resilience, but also challenges to overcome and new approaches to be found. Finding a good balance between them will be the key to unlock the full potential of citizens’ involvement.

During the Belgian Presidency workshop held in Antwerp in January 2024 on “the UCPM within the EU

risk management architecture” one full session was dedicated to the relationship between the UCPM

and citizens. From this session, several recommendations were made to enhance citizens' involvement

in a whole-of-society approach in response to disaster risk management, such as:

1. Future communication campaigns should focus on the positive empowerment of citizens,

encouraging them to take a proactive role in disaster risk management.

2. Support should be offered by the UCPM to promote long-term disaster risk management

education efforts from kindergarten to university, with a whole-of-society approach. This could

utilize existing programmes such as Erasmus, or tools such as the Knowledge Network, and

PrepareEU. Directing financing to education and training campaigns, resources, and toolboxes

adapted to different generations and the most vulnerable groups is crucial in this endeavour.

3. Training of community leaders, including volunteers, local leaders, and credible influencers

should be emphasized.

4. Local communities should be empowered and encouraged to identify expertise and capacities

available with citizens, the private sector, NGOs, academia, etc., to support disaster risk

management. This could include UCPM actions such as supporting the establishment of a "local

citizens capacities network."

5. Create non-binding guidelines on citizens' participation based on existing national best

practices.

Taking into account these recommendations and opportunities, it is clear that challenges persist in

involving citizens in the risk cycle, ensuring coordination among stakeholders, and to recognize citizens

as active participants in disaster response efforts.

2

In moving forward, it is important to set clear priorities in building up this enhanced citizens’

involvement in disaster preparedness and response. By combining our experiences, knowledge and

work and exploring innovative approaches, we can benefit from the potential of citizens within the

UCPM tasks and contribute to building more resilient communities.

Questions:

- In the recommendations on involving citizens in the whole-of-society approach in disaster risk

management developed during the Belgian Presidency workshop, which of these has the

highest priority for you?

- To establish the most effective complementary approach, what actions do you believe Member

States and Participating States should take, and which initiatives could the Commission take in

contributing to the implementation of these recommendations?

- How could the Knowledge Network support the UCPM, Member States and Participating States

in implementing these recommendations?

- From best practices and experience in your country, do you see another essential

recommendation that is missing?

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1

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EUROPEAN CIVIL PROTECTION AND HUMANITARIAN AID

OPERATIONS (ECHO)

Background paper to Item 5:

Progress on preventing and managing disaster risk in Europe

1. Background

Across the European continent, civil protection authorities are increasingly faced to address

the challenge of a sharp increase in severe weather events. Annual costs for wildfires in the

EU are estimated to amount to an average of approximately € 2 billion with annual costs of

river floodings in Europe exceeding more than € 5 billion every year on average. As an

example of this, last year, on 6 August 2023, the Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM)

was activated for the first time within the same day for both flood and wildfire disasters

within the EU, when flooding affected two thirds of Slovenia and wildfires raged in Cyprus.

In addition to these impacts, newly emerging security risks are being identified in an

increasing number of national risk assessments.

Against this background, it becomes paramount to further upscale preparedness and response

arrangements under the UCPM. However, this alone will not be enough. To better adapt to

climate change impacts and Europe’s new security risk landscape, we need more and better

prevention investments - and once more within an all-hazard approach. Europe’s disaster risk

landscape is getting more complex. Consequently, disaster risk management also needs to

reflect this complexity and potential interactions between different risks. Furthermore, civil

protection needs to increasingly reach out to other policy areas and better mainstream disaster

risk management into funding instruments of other policy areas. In this context, DG ECHO

also welcomes the Belgian Presidency’s survey among Member States gathering views on

how to strengthen the cross-sectoral approach to risk assessments.

2. Cross-sectoral disaster risk management

On 12 March 2024, the Commission adopted the first progress report1 on preventing and

managing disaster risk in Europe under the UCPM legislative framework (article 6 of

Decision 1313/2013/EU), alongside a supporting Commission staff working document2. This

report was adopted together with the Communication “Managing climate risk - protecting

people and prosperity”3, which sets out how the EU can effectively get ahead of the growing

climate-related risks and build greater resilience to the impacts of climate change in response

to the first ever EU Climate Risk Assessment4.

1 COM(2024)130 - EUR-Lex - 52024DC0130 - EN - EUR-Lex (europa.eu)

2 SWD(2024)130 - swd_preventing_and_managing_disaster_risks_in_europe.pdf (europa.eu)

3 COM(2024)91 - EUR-Lex - 52024DC0091 - EN - EUR-Lex (europa.eu)

4 European Climate Risk Assessment — European Environment Agency (europa.eu)

2

The progress report provides an analysis of national reports on disaster risk management from

a comparative European perspective and takes stock of the state of play on implementation of

related UCPM instruments, such as Peer Reviews and the Union disaster resilience goals.

Based on this analysis, it proposes recommendations for future actions by the Commission

alongside Member and Participating States, among others to better reflect the cross sectoral

aspects of risk as well as the identification of new risk categories and emerging threats, such

as in the area of security. This agenda point will therefore build on the exchange on

mainstreaming disaster prevention during the informal Directors-General meeting under the

Spanish Council Presidency and will present key recommendations from the recent prevention

progress report. This should facilitate an exchange on how to further improve disaster risk

management under the UCPM as well as in other policy sectors increasingly affected by

disaster impacts.

Directors-General are invited to discuss the following questions:

1. How can the UCPM support national civil protection authorities to bring together risk

information from different actors and sectors for a better integrated cross-sectoral

disaster risk assessment?

2. To what extent are newly emerging security threats already included in most recent

national analysis and assessments?

3. In view of Europe’s new risk landscape, how can risk awareness with the population

be further improved and particularly bring the needs of vulnerable people more

systematically into risk management and communication?

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