Selgitustaotlus

The file is owned by VITATEKA OÜ , All rights reserved, the file is not removable and no part of it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted by any means and in any way (photo-mechanical, photocopying, electronic, etc.) without prior written permission. In all cases of illegal reproduction will be proceeded according to law.

If found outside authorized places, please return it immediately at the address found in "PART 1 - Description of the cosmetic product" or at a public security authoritie.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PRODUCT INFORMATION FILE

This file (PIF - Product Information File) filled according to CE/1223/09 and related legislation in force regulation, which require it to keep available to the competent authorities a range of information about your product and reported below.

The information part of the dossier is to be considered confidential and access to the file is allowed only to the competent authorities and to specific checks by reasoned reason, as specified in the Regulation. The supervisory authority is responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of information.

Commercial Name

Product Category

CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

q. skin care liquid

The product has been notified to the UE portal, CPNP, on . .

First Printing Date Last Checking

16.02.2025 20.02.2025

Pag. 1 di 1

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PART 1 - Description of Cosmetic Product

PART 2 - Cosmetic Product Safety Report (CPSR)

Table of contents

PART 2A - Information regarding the safety profile of Cosmetic Product

- Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product - The physical/chemical and stability feautures of Cosmetic Product - Microbiological quality - Information regarding impurities, residues and packaging material - Normal and reasonably predictable usage - Exposure to Cosmetic Product - Exposure to ingredients - Toxicological profile of the substances - Adverse Effects and Serious Adverse Effects - Information regarding Cosmetic Product

PART 2B - Safety Evaluation of Cosmetic Product

- Assessment conclusion - Warning and instructions for use - Reasoning - Information regarding Safety Assessor and Part B Approval

PART 3 - Description of the manufacturing method in accordance with good manufacturing practice (GMP)

PART 4 - Evidence of the effects attributed to the product, if necessary

PART 5 - Information on any animal testing performed by the manufacturer or a third party, in relation to the development and evaluation of the product as such and/or its components, including compliance with regulatory requirements of third countries

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Liable Person Data VITATEKA OÜName

MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA 74204 - (HR)Address

+37258042133 Phone N.

[email protected]Email

N° REA

Manufacturer's data (who manufactures a cosmetic) BIURO WHITE PHARMA SP Z O.O.Name

JANOWSKA 70/9 21500 BIAŁA PODLASKA (-)Address

+48 518 242 716 Phone N.

[email protected]Email

N° REA

Distributor's data (person placing a product on the market) VITATEKA OÜName

MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA 74204 - (HR)Address

+37258042133 Phone N.

[email protected]Email

N° REA

DISTRIBUTORPIF to

Extra UE Distributor's data (person placing a product on the market) Name

()Address

Phone N.

Email

N° REA

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PART 1 - Description of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name

CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

The product has been notified to the UE portal, CPNP, on . .

CPNP reference product:

First Printing Date Last Checking16.02.2025 N° 1 on

Formula Code -

20.02.2025

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PART 2 Relation on Cosmetic Product Safety (CPSR)

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % In Product

INCI NAME * % in Raw Mat.

CAS N. EINECS N. Funzionality

1 Purified water 49.300000 AQUA 100.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

2 GLYCERINE 10.000000 GLYCERIN 100.0000 56-81-5 200-289-5 DENATURANT, HAIR CONDITIONING, HUMECTANT, ORAL CARE, PERFUMING, SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN PROTECTING, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

3 CAPRYLIC CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE 5.000000 CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE 100.0000 73398-61-5/ 65381-09-1 277-452-2/ 265- 724-3

FRAGRANCE, PERFUMING, SKIN CONDITIONING - OCCLUSIVE, SOLVENT

4 AAKOEMU PCP 5.000000 POTASSIUM CETYL PHOSPHATE 100.0000 84861-79-0; 19035-79-1 284-374-2 SURFACTANT - CLEANSING, SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING

5 CETEARYL ALCOHOL 5.000000 CETEARYL ALCOHOL 100.0000 67762-27-0 / 8005-44-5 267-008-6 EMULSION STABILISING, OPACIFYING, SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT, SURFACTANT - CLEANSING, SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING, SURFACTANT - FOAM BOOSTING, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

6 dimethycone 5.000000 DIMETHICONE 100.0000 63148-62-9 / 9006-65-9 / 9016-00-6

ANTIFOAMING, SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT, SKIN PROTECTING

7 GLYCERYL STEARATE 5.000000 GLYCERYL STEARATE 100.0000 31566-31-1 250-705-4 SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT, SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING

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The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

8 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL 5.000000 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL 100.0000 84776-03-4 / 8001-21-6/ 164250-88-8

-/ 232-273-9/ - SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SKIN CONDITIONING - OCCLUSIVE, SOLVENT

9 STEARIC ACID 5.000000 STEARIC ACID 91.0000 57-11-4 200-313-4 CLEANSING, EMULSION STABILISING, FRAGRANCE, REFATTING, SURFACTANT - CLEANSING, SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING

10 GLYCERIN 9.0000 56-81-5 200-289-5 DENATURANT, HAIR CONDITIONING, HUMECTANT, ORAL CARE, PERFUMING, SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN PROTECTING, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

11 Euxyl PE 9010 1.000000 PHENOXYETHANOL * 91.5000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

12 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 8.5000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

13 CAMPHOR 0.500000 CAMPHOR * 100.0000 464-49-3 / 76-22-2 207-355-2 DENATURANT, FRAGRANCE, PLASTICISER

14 Carbomer 0.500000 CARBOMER 100.0000 9007-20-9 / 9003-01-4 / 76050-42-5 / 9062-04-8 / 9007-16-3 / 9007-17-4

EMULSION STABILISING, GEL FORMING, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

15 COSROMA TLJ011 0.500000 AQUA 64.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

16 COLLAGEN 35.0000 9007-34-5 232-697-4 HAIR CONDITIONING, MOISTURISING, SKIN CONDITIONING

17 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

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The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

18 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

19 D-GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE 0.500000 GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE 100.0000 29031-19-4 249-379-6 SKIN CONDITIONING

20 D-PANTHENOL 75 W 0.500000 PANTHENOL 75.0000 81-13-0 / 16485-10-2 201-327-3 ANTISTATIC, HAIR CONDITIONING, SKIN CONDITIONING

21 AQUA 24.9900 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

22 CITRIC ACID 0.0100 77-92-9 / 5949-29-1 201-069-1 BUFFERING, CHELATING, FRAGRANCE

23 EDETA® BD 0.500000 DISODIUM EDTA 100.0000 139-33-3 --- 6381-92-6 205-358-3 CHELATING, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

24 menthol 0.500000 MENTHOL * 100.0000 1490-04-6 / 2216-51-5 / 89-78-1 / 15356-60-2

201-939-0 / 216- 074-4 / 218-690-9

DENATURANT, FRAGRANCE, REFRESHING, SOOTHING

25 MUMIO ASPHALTUM PUNJABIANUM EXTRACT 0.500000 AQUA 79.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

26 ASPHALTUM EXTRACT 20.0000 Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-acne

27 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

28 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

29 Triethanolamine pure 0.500000 TRIETHANOLAMINE * 100.0000 102-71-6 203-049-8 BUFFERING, FRAGRANCE, SURFACTANT - CLEANSING, SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING

30 AQUA 0.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

31 BENZYL NICOTINATE 0.100000 BENZYL NICOTINATE 100.0000 94-44-0 202-332-3 ANTISTATIC, SKIN CONDITIONING

32 SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE 0.100000 SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE 100.0000 9007-28-7 / 9082-07-9 232-696-9 ANTISTATIC, HAIR CONDITIONING, SKIN CONDITIONING

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The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

PURITY AND ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF RAW MATERIALS ARE CONTAINED ON THE RELEVANT CERTIFICATES OF ANALYSIS / SALES SPECIFICATIONS, WHICH ARE HELD BY THE MANUFACTURER. RAW MATERIAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SUPPLIERS’ HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS ARE GIVEN IN THE SAFETY DATA SHEETS, WHICH ARE HELD BY MANUFACTURE. THE PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL SPECIFICATION (FOR DETAILES SEE POINT 9. OF MSDS) OF THE INGREDIENTS ARE WELL KNOWN (COSING, COSMOBASE, CIR, ECHA, PUBCHEM) AND COMMONLY USED IN SIMILAR PRODUCTS. THEIR INCLUSIONS IN THE FINISHED PRODUCT AT THE SPECIFIED CONCENTRATIONS DO NOT GIVE RISE TO ANY CONCERNS. TO DETERMINE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW MATERIAL WERE USED METHODS: GRAVIMETRIC, POTENTIOMETRIC, CHROMATOGRAPHIC, TITRIMETRIC METHODS. EVALUATION METHOD OF RAW MATERIAL’S PURITY ARE SHOWN IN TDS, COA AND MSDS. ALL THOSE DOCUMENTS ARE ATTACHED. REGARDING ANY TRACES AND IMPURITIES FROM THE RAW MATERIALS PLEASE REFER TO TABLE 1 OF PART A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE COSMETIC PRODUCT AND SECTION 8. TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF THE SUBSTANCES.

FOR THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COSMETIC PRODUCT: SEE THE ATTACHED TECHNICAL SHEET OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT.

FOR THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBSTANCES OR MIXTURES, SEE THE TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS / SAFETY DATA SHEETS / OTHER STATEMENTS ATTACHED.

THE PRODUCT HAS PASSED 90 DAY STABILITY TEST, BASE ON METHODS: 1. EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY -REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS AUTHORISED FOR NON COMMERCIAL PURPOSES ONLY PROVIDED THE EMEA IS ACKNOWLEDGED AUGUST 2003 CPMP/ICH/2736/99 ICH TOPIC Q 1 A (R2) STABILITY TESTING OF NEW DRUG SUBSTANCES AND PRODUCTSSESNSORIAL TESTS ARE PERFORMED VISUAL EVALUATION OF REFERENCE SAMPLE STORED AT AMBIENT CONDITIONS (ROOM TEMPERATURE): A STABLE PRODUCT IS CONSIDERED AS PRODUCT THAT MEETS THE PARAMETERS AND SPECIFICATION AS SET BY THE CLIENT. 2. COSMETICS EUROPE: GUIDELINES ON STABILITY TESTING OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TO CTFA AND COSMETICS EUROPE MARCH 2004 3. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER SAFETY SCCS THE SCCS NOTES OF GUIDANCE FOR THE TESTING OF COSMETIC INGREDIENTS AND THEIR SAFETY EVALUATION 10TH REVISION. CONCLUSION: THE PRODUCT MEETS THE STATED REQUIREMENTS OF THE MANUFACTURER. FOR DETAILES SEE STABILITY TEST PROTOCOL. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INGREDIENTS (SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES) PURITY AND ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF RAW MATERIALS ARE CONTAINED ON THE RELEVANT CERTIFICATES OF ANALYSIS / SALES SPECIFICATIONS, WHICH ARE HELD BY THE MANUFACTURER. SINCE THE TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT ON THE PRODUCT UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS AND WITHIN 90 DAYS OF TESTING THE PRODUCT PACKED IN THE ORIGINAL PACKAGING, UNDER THE ABOVE CONDITIONS, NO VISIBLE, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHANGES WERE FOUND AND NO DEFORMATIONS OF THE PACKAGING, PLUS MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST DO NOT LET YOU DOUBT THE STABILITY OF THE PRODUCT. IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT THE SHELF LIFE OF THE PRODUCT IS 30 MONTHS.

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Physical/Chemical and Stability Features of Cosmetic

Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A2

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

MASSAGE CREAM

PHYSICAL / CHEMICAL / MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

LIQUIDPhisical State

-pH

CHARACTERISTICViscosity

CHARACTERISTICFragrance

CHARACTERISTICColor

12PAO (Period After Opening)

Based on available information from the ingredient specifications (see section А. Quantitative and qualitative composition– specification of ingredients. To evaluate microbiology of ingredients those methods were used: ISO21149 (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, result: < =100 CFU/g), ISO16212 (Yeasts and Moulds at 25°C, result < =10 CFU/g), ISO21150 (Escherichia coli; result Absent in 1g), ISO22718 (Staphylococcusaureus; result Absent in 1g), ISO22717 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa; result Absent in 1g), ISO18416 (Candida albicans; result Absent in 1g). Based on above mentioned result ingredients used can be assessed as microbiologically safe. Detailed data of methods and results presented in TDS and CoA

Microbiological Specifications

36Use preferably within:

Other Informations

MANUFACTURING

Production of creames: 1. Water purification by doble distillation and UV treatment 2. Water heating until 80 0C 3. In separate tank mixing and homogenesation of fatty compounds at known temperature. It is mixture B 4. In separate tank mixing and homogenesation of oils, salts, complexing agent, preservative. It is mixture B 5. Adding of mixture A to pre-heated water and mixing and homogenesation process continue. 6. Waiting when mixture A with water will cool until 45 0C 7. Adding of mixture B to cooled mixture A with water tank and continue mixing approx.. more 30 minutes 8. Adding to mix A, B with water extracts, skin softeners 9. Continue whole mix of compounds A, B, water, extract approx. more 45 minutes until final mix will be done.

PACKAGING

3. Non rinse-off ProductsProduct Family

Creams, emulsions, lotions, gels and oils for the skin (hands, feet, face, etc.)Product Category

q. skin care liquidProduct Type

INGREDIENTS

AQUA GLYCERIN POTASSIUM CETYL PHOSPHATE CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL GLYCERYL STEARATE CETEARYL ALCOHOL DIMETHICONE STEARIC ACID PHENOXYETHANOL CARBOMER CAMPHOR DISODIUM EDTA TRIETHANOLAMINE MENTHOL GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE PANTHENOL COLLAGEN SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE BENZYL NICOTINATE ASPHALTUM EXTRACT ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN CITRIC ACID

TEST DESCRIPTION Result

Enumeration of aerobic mesophilic bacteria <=100 CFU/g

Enumeration of Yeasts and Moulds at 25°C <=10 CFU/g

Detection of Escherichia coli Absent in 1g

Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Absent in 1g

Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Absent in 1g

Detection of Candida albicans Absent in 1g

N/ADensity

N/ACentrifuge

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET

CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

First Printing Date Last Checking . . N° 1 on

Formula Code -

20.02.2025

Packaging 1. Preparing and disinfection of filling's inventar, can, caps and environment around 2. Adding ready mix to filling inventar and put to can after caping. 3. Already packed product labeling and goes to the stock.

200 ml PE tube with PP cap

INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS FOR USE

This product’s presentation is in accordance with a Regulation no 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council about the labelling of cosmetic product. Restricted ingredients are properly listed on the package. Instruction of use: Apply the cream to the body in light circular movements 3 - 5 minutes until complete absorption 2 - 3 times a day. Cream is designed for daily use. All use instructions are written on the label.

To determine physical and chemical properties of raw material were used methods: gravimetric, potentiometric, chromatographic, titrimetric methods. Evaluation method of raw material’s purity are shown in TDS, CoA and msds. All those documents are attached. Final product: Phisical State evaluation method: visual observation pH evaluation method; potentiometry method (electric pH meter) were used. Viscosity evaluation method: visual observation Fragrance evaluation method: smell assessment method Color evaluation method: visual observation

FIRST AID MEASURES

Avoid contact with eyes, open wounds and mucose membranes. Keep out of reach of children. Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components. In case of allergic reactions, discontinue use and consult a doctor.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Keep at a temperature 5°C - 25°C

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The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET

CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

First Printing Date Last Checking . . N° 1 on

Formula Code -

20.02.2025

Microbiological test were done according methods: ISO21149; ISO16212; ISO21150; ISO22718; ISO22717. Results presented in TDS of final product, detailed data of test presented in test raport.

No Challange test is carried out as the product do not pose any risk to consumers under normal conditions of use. The product not intended for using persons under 3 years. DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE COMPOSITION CONTAINS NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC ANTISEPTICS AND ANTIOXIDANTS, AS WELL AS OILS (TOTAL MORE THAN 25%) DUE TO WHICH THE EFFECT OF AIR OXYGEN, HUMIDITY AND BACTERIA ON THE PRODUCT IS REDUCED. BASED ON STATEMENT (1) OF 3.3.2. Microbiological quality of the finished cosmetic product OF Guidelines on Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products, PRODUCT BELONGS TO low microbiological risk. According to the above and the microbiological quality passed test of finish product, it can be concluded that there is no need for an ISO11930 PRESERVATIVE EFFICACY „CHALLANGE“ TEST.

For the PAO / DEADLINE SEE attachment.

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Microbiological Quality

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A3

12PAO MONTHS

PAO not applicable, since expairy date of product 30 months.

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The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PAO EVALUATION / DEADLINE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Laminated tube with a protective membrane. Type of the Laminate: ABL (laminate with aluminum barrier layer) Material of Shoulder: High-pressure polyethylene Material of cap: polypropylene Type of printing: flexo, UV paints and lacquer. Packaging material is stable under normal conditions of use. Packaging material has proper certificate of conformity. The manufacturer is ensured that packaging is of cosmetics quality and is chosen as not to lead to deterioration of the product.

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The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Information Regarding Impurities, Residues and

Packaging Material

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A4

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

1 CETEARYL ALCOHOL 5.000000 PARAFFIN 8002-74-2 232-315-6 0.5 0.025

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 COGNIS METHOD 970059 NON TOXIC UNDER CLP

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

2 EDETA® BD 0.500000 Trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) 5064-31-3 225-768-6 0.1 0.0005

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 TITRIMETRIC METHOD Carc. 2: H351; Eye Irrit. 2: H319; Met. Corr. 1: H290

% w >=5 Carc. 2 H351

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

3 GLYCERINE 10.000000 Sodium chloride 7647-14-5 231-598-3 0.001 0.0001

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 TITRIMETRIC METHOD NON TOXIC UNDER CLP

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

4 1,2,4-Butanetriol 42890-76-6 - 0.0035 0.00035

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Ph Eur. 10 th Edit -

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Raw Materials Impurities List

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

5 GLYCERINE 10.000000 Aldehydes 50-00-0 200-001-8 0.009 0.0009

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 GC Acute Tox. 2: H330, Acute Tox. 3: H311 , H301, Carc. 1B: H350, Skin Corr. 1B: H314, Skin Sens. 1A: H317

% w >=25 Skin Corr. 1B H314, 5<= % w <25 Skin Irrit. 2 H315, % w >=25 Eye Dam. 1 H318, 5<= % w <25 Eye Irrit. 2 H319, % w >=0,2 Skin Sens. 1 H317, % w >=5 STOT SE 3 H335

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

6 Diethylene glycol 111-46-6 203-872-2 0.1 0.01

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 USP Acute Tox. 4: H302; STOT RE 2: H373

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

7 AQUA 7732-18-5 231-791-2 0.5 0.05

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

- AOCS Ca 2e-84 Non toxic

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

8 Triethanolamine pure 0.500000 Diethanolamine 111-42-2 0.3 0.0015

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Raw Materials Impurities List

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. % In Product

SED Adults

NO(A)EL MOS Adults

MOS 10 Years

MOS 5 Years

MOS 12

Months

MOS 6 Months

MOS Birth

AQUA 7732-18-5 0.050000 0.007392 4000.000 541126 541126 541126 541126 541126 541126

PARAFFIN 8002-74-2 0.025000 0.003696 5.000 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

Diethylene glycol 111-46-6 0.010000 0.001478 200.000 135318 135318 135318 135318 135318 135318

Diethanolamine 111-42-2 0.001500 0.000222 80.000 360360 360360 360360 360360 360360 360360

Aldehydes 50-00-0 0.000900 0.000133 82.000 616541 616541 616541 616541 616541 616541

Trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) 5064-31-3 0.000500 0.000074 19.000 256757 256757 256757 256757 256757 256757

1,2,4-Butanetriol 42890-76-6 0.000350 0.000052 0.230 4423 4423 4423 4423 4423 4423

Sodium chloride 7647-14-5 0.000100 0.000015 1207.000 80466667 80466667 80466667 80466667 80466667 80466667

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Raw Materials Impurities List

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

The commercial history of the product, and of the raw materials it is made of, testify the optimal tolerability of the same, this is evidenced from the fact that in no case has been come to acquaintance of undesirable reactions. Under normal conditions of use no cases of intoxication or irritation were found. The information from the raw material suppliers and literature shows that the components of the formula do not have an irritant or skin sensitising effect. In the event that this happens, appropriate information material will be included in this dossier. Acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenesis effects assessed by national or international official bodies are unknown. For more details on how to use it, see the section "Instructions and instructions for use" in the product data sheet attached. Instruction of use: Apply the cream to the body in light circular movements 3 - 5 minutes until complete absorption 2 - 3 times a day. Cream is designed for daily use. Avoid contact with eyes, open wounds and mucose membranes. Keep out of reach of children. Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components. In case of allergic reactions, discontinue use and consult a doctor.

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Normal and Reasonably Predictable Use

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A5

3. Non rinse-off ProductsProduct Family

Creams, emulsions, lotions, gels and oils for the skin (hands, feet, face, etc.)Product Category

q. skin care liquidProduct Type

This product is considered as a leave-on product intended to use on 10% of body areaApplication Area

Another possible use

NoFor Children Under 3 Years

7.82Estimated application in g/day

14.78Relative Qty in mg/kg bw/day

1.00Dap/100 retention factor in g

Pag. 1 di 1

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Exposure to Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A6

INCI Name CAS N. * % In Product

SED Adults

NO(A)EL MOS Adults

MOS 10 Years

MOS 5 Years

MOS 12

Months

MOS 6 Months

MOS Birth

AQUA 7732-18-5 50.139950 7.412690 45000.00 6071 6071 6071 6071 6071 6071

GLYCERIN 56-81-5 10.450000 1.544928 10000.00 6473 6473 6473 6473 6473 6473

CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE 73398-61-5/ 65381-09-1 5.000000 0.739200 1000.00 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

CETEARYL ALCOHOL 67762-27-0 / 8005-44-5 5.000000 0.739200 750.00 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015

DIMETHICONE 63148-62-9 / 9006-65-9 / 9016-00-6

5.000000 0.739200 1000.00 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

GLYCERYL STEARATE 31566-31-1 5.000000 0.739200 2000.00 2706 2706 2706 2706 2706 2706

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL 84776-03-4 / 8001-21-6/ 164250-88-8

5.000000 0.739200 9250.00 12514 12514 12514 12514 12514 12514

POTASSIUM CETYL PHOSPHATE 84861-79-0; 19035-79-1 5.000000 0.739200 800.00 1082 1082 1082 1082 1082 1082

STEARIC ACID 57-11-4 4.550000 0.672672 1000.00 1487 1487 1487 1487 1487 1487

PHENOXYETHANOL 122-99-6 * 0.924000 0.136604 500.00 3660 3660 3660 3660 3660 3660

CAMPHOR 464-49-3 / 76-22-2 * 0.500000 0.073920 250.00 3382 3382 3382 3382 3382 3382

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk are restrictive (source COSING Cosmetics Ingredients and Substances).

The possible absence of NO(A)EL is duly justified in Annex B3 of this P.I.F. With regard to the toxicological data of the substances, see Safety Data Sheets of the previously attached substances.

The values "SED Adults" and "MOS Adults" are calculated taking as reference the average weight of an adult person equal to 60 kg.

The value of the MOS obtained is related for the various ages by means of a coefficient which derives from the ratio between the surface of the skin and the body mass in the various ages. It is higher in children than in adults, below the reference thresholds: - Adult; MoS 100 - At 10 years, 1.3 times higher; MoS 130 - At 5 years, 1,5 times higher; MoS 150 - At 12 months, 1,6 times higher; MoS 160 - At 6 months 1,8 times higher; MoS 180 - Infants 2,3 times over; Mos infants 230

Part 2A Exposure to ingredients and Toxicological profile

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A7

Estimated daily quantity of cosmetics (g/day) 7.82 Relative Qty in mg/kg bw/day 14.78 Dap/100 retention factor in g 1.00

CARBOMER 9007-20-9 / 9003-01-4 / 76050-42-5 / 9062-04-8 / 9007-16-3 / 9007-17-4

0.500000 0.073920 1000.00 13528 13528 13528 13528 13528 13528

DISODIUM EDTA 139-33-3 --- 6381-92-6 0.500000 0.073920 500.00 6764 6764 6764 6764 6764 6764

GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE 29031-19-4 0.500000 0.073920 2149.00 29072 29072 29072 29072 29072 29072

MENTHOL 1490-04-6 / 2216-51-5 / 89- 78-1 / 15356-60-2

* 0.500000 0.073920 188.00 2543 2543 2543 2543 2543 2543

TRIETHANOLAMINE 102-71-6 * 0.500000 0.073920 1000.00 13528 13528 13528 13528 13528 13528

PANTHENOL 81-13-0 / 16485-10-2 0.375000 0.055440 1000.00 18038 18038 18038 18038 18038 18038

COLLAGEN 9007-34-5 0.175000 0.025872 8600.00 332406 332406 332406 332406 332406 332406

ASPHALTUM EXTRACT 0.100000 0.014784 33.30 2252 2252 2252 2252 2252 2252

BENZYL NICOTINATE 94-44-0 0.100000 0.014784 20.00 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE 9007-28-7 / 9082-07-9 0.100000 0.014784 1000.00 67641 67641 67641 67641 67641 67641

ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 70445-33-9 0.086000 0.012714 100.00 7865 7865 7865 7865 7865 7865

CITRIC ACID 77-92-9 / 5949-29-1 0.000050 0.000007 250.00 35714286 35714286 35714286 35714286 35714286 35714286

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk are restrictive (source COSING Cosmetics Ingredients and Substances).

The possible absence of NO(A)EL is duly justified in Annex B3 of this P.I.F. With regard to the toxicological data of the substances, see Safety Data Sheets of the previously attached substances.

The values "SED Adults" and "MOS Adults" are calculated taking as reference the average weight of an adult person equal to 60 kg.

The value of the MOS obtained is related for the various ages by means of a coefficient which derives from the ratio between the surface of the skin and the body mass in the various ages. It is higher in children than in adults, below the reference thresholds: - Adult; MoS 100 - At 10 years, 1.3 times higher; MoS 130 - At 5 years, 1,5 times higher; MoS 150 - At 12 months, 1,6 times higher; MoS 160 - At 6 months 1,8 times higher; MoS 180 - Infants 2,3 times over; Mos infants 230

Part 2A Exposure to ingredients and Toxicological profile

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A7

Estimated daily quantity of cosmetics (g/day) 7.82 Relative Qty in mg/kg bw/day 14.78 Dap/100 retention factor in g 1.00

ASPHALTUM EXTRACT (CAS: ) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

33,3 -- - https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1697/shilajit Additional information: When taken by mouth: Processed shilajit is possibly safe when used in doses of 2 grams daily for 45 days or up to 500 mg daily for up to 48 weeks. It seems to be well-tolerated. But there isn''t enough reliable information to know if crude or unprocessed shilajit is safe or what the side effects might be. When applied to the skin: There isn''t enough reliable information to know if shilajit is safe or what the side effects might be.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

no data

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - WEBMD https://www.webmd.com/

BENZYL NICOTINATE (CAS: 94-44-0) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

20 -- - NIH, https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/S497LCF9C9

POD:In Vivo Use Guide Patients not currently on NIASPAN must start ADVICOR at the lowest initial ADVICOR dose, a single 500 mg/20 mg tablet once daily at bedtime. The dose of ADVICOR should not be increased by more than 500 mg daily (based on the NIASPAN component) every 4 weeks. The dose of ADVICOR should be individualized based on targeted goals for cholesterol and triglycerides, and on patient response. Doses of ADVICOR greater than 2000 mg/40 mg daily are not recommended. Route of Administration: Oral In Vitro Use Guide HepG2 cells were preincubated for 48 hours with varying concentrations of niacin (0 to 3.0 mmol/L) in DMEM containing 10% FBS media. Incubation of HepG2 cells with niacin significantly inhibited (by 12% to 15%) fatty acid esterification to produce TG as assessed by the incorporation of 3H-oleic acid into TG. 14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol and phospholipids was unchanged. The activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein MTP), a carrier protein for lipids, was not altered by pretreatment of cells with niacin.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mouse) 2188 mg/kg

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

Causes skin irritation

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Causes serious eye irritation

SKIN SENSITISATION

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

not bioaccumulative according: Log Pow 2.4

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European medical agency - NIH, National Institute of Health

CAMPHOR (CAS: 464-49-3 / 76-22-2) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

250 -- - ECHA, European Chemical Agency

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

LD50 cut off (oral) rat > 5 000 mg/kg bw LD50 (dermal) rat > 2 000 mg/kg bw LC50 (inhalation) rat > 10 000 mg/m³ air Additional information: The LD50 of the test item “bornan-2-one” is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight after single oral administration to Wistar rats. Based on Annex 2d Test Procedure with a Starting Dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of OECD Guideline 423 it can be concluded that the test item “bornan-2-one” is according to GHS criteria classified in Category 5 or Unclassified with a LD50 cut off value equal to or greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight, after single oral administration to Wistar rats.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritating Additional information:the log kow of target substance is 3.04, "Primary Irritation Index" is 1.43

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritating Additional information: Irritation parameter: maximum mean total score (MMTS) 1.43

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising In Chemico: Bibliographic source: QSAR toolbox v3.0, year 2012.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: In Vitro data: In conclusion, results from the present study thus suggest that citral, citronellal, (±)-camphor, (-).-menthol and 1,8-cineole are not mutagenic in the Ames test and that terpineol is weakly mutagenic to TA102 tester strain.

In vivo, year 1999: in the micronucleus test, animals are treated with a chemical and then the frequency of micronucleated cells is determined at some specified time after treatment. If a treated group of animals shows significantly higher frequencies of micronucleated cells than do the untreated control animals, then the chemical is considered to be capable of inducing structural and/or numerical chromosomal damage. After a 24-hour exposure to the camphor, no dose-group of either sex showed a ~ignificant increase in micronucle iscompared to the control.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

NOAEL: 400 mg/kg bw/day, Study duration: subchronic. Species: rabbit

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Details on absorption: The plasma protein binding was determined by ultrafiltration with Zentriflow membranes of Amicon Inc. (Ryan and Hanna 1971; Vohland and Streichert 1978). A correction had to be made for the adsorption of camphor at the membrane. The protein binding was 61±6% at a concentration of 10 μg camphor/ml plasma. Metabolite characterisation studies Metabolites identified: yes Details on metabolites: Metabolite Ret. time ((min: sec)) Mass fragments m/e (intensity %) I 5-hydroxycamphor 5 : 34 M + 168 (48), 153 (29), 135 (6), 125 (48), 111(100), 109 (31) II 5-ketocamphor 3 : 10 M + 166 (96), 151 (14), 138 (12), 109 (79), 95(48), 69 (100) III 9-hydroxycamphor 7 : 51 M + 168 (19), 153 (38), 135 (7), 125 (13), 111(28), 109 (31), 108 (100), 107 (53) IV 8-hydroxycamphor 6 : 50 M + 168 (19), 153 (4), 137 (15), 109 (18), 108(53), 95 (100) V 3-hydroxycamphor 4 : 55 M + 168 (9), 153 (91), 135 (13), 108 (93), 107(100), 93 (60) VI 8 or 9-camphor carbonic acidtrimethylsilylester 7 : 17 M + 254 (6), 239 (8), 226 (4), 225 (4), 108 (58), 93(19), 73 (100) VII Isoborneole 1 : 10 M + 154 (1), 139 (8), 136 (6), 121 (7), 110 (20), 95(100), 93 (11) Conclusions: Interpretation of results (migrated information): bioaccumulation potential cannot be judged based on study results

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- FDA, Food and Drug Administration - MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE (CAS: 73398-61-5/ 65381-09-1) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16019/7/6/1 Additional information:Studies on oral repeated dose toxicity were available for the following Category members (CAS No.): 73398-61-5, 8001-79-4, 91845 -19-1 and for medium- and long-chain triglyceride mixtures. All available studies resulted in oral NOAELs of 1000 mg/kg bw/d or greater than 1000 mg/kg bw/d. Studies on dermal repeated dose toxicity were available for the following Category member (CAS No.): 73398-61-5. A subacute (28 days) dermal NOAEL of 2000 mg/kg bw/d for rabbits was reported.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mice) >5000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rat)> 2 000 mg/kg bw Additional information: All available acute toxicity studies within this Category showed that Fatty Acid Glycerides are non-toxic via the oral, dermal or inhalation exposure route. Studies on acute oral toxicity were available for the following members of this category (CAS No.): 31566-31-1, 67701-26-2, 67701-33-1, 73398-61-5, 8001-78-3, 85251-77-0, 91744-13-7 and medium and long chain triglycerols (Matulka, 2006). The acute oral LD50 for rats and mice in all studies was found to be greater than 2000 or 5000 mg/kg bw. Studies on acute dermal toxicity were available for the following members of this category (CAS No.): 91845-19-1, 620-67-7, 555-43-1. The acute dermal LD50 in rats in all studies was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bw One study on acute inhalation toxicity was available for the following member of this category (CAS No.): 73398-61-5. No signs of systemic toxicity occured in male rats upon acute inhalation exposure to the maximum attainable concentration of Triglycerides, mixed decanoyl and octanoyl (CAS No.: 73398-61-5).

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritating Additional information: Studies on skin irritation/corrosion were available for the following category members (CAS No.): 31566-31-1, 67701-26-2, 67701-33-1, 73398-61-5, 85251-77-0, 91052-54-9, 91744-13-7. No skin irritation potential was observed in any of these studies.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

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not irritating Additional information: Studies on eye irritation were available for the following category members (CAS No.): 67701-26-2, 67701-33-1, 73398-61-5, 8001-78-3, 85251-77-0, 91744-13-7. No eye irritation potential was observed in any of these studies.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising Additional information: Studies on skin sensitisation of were available for the following Fatty Acid Glycerides category members (CAS No.): 91845-19-1, 620-67-7, 142-18-7, 555-43-1, 73398-61-5 (animal and human skin sensitisation test). All available skin sensitisation studies showed that Fatty Acid Glycerides are not skin sensitising.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: All available in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies were found negative, indicating that Fatty Acid Glycerides have no genotoxic potential. Available in vitro genotoxicity studies on Fatty Acid Glycerides (CAS No.): - Ames Test: 67701-26-2, 8001-78-3, 91744-13-7, 73398-61-5 and medium and long-chain triglycerides - Chromosome Aberration: 8001-79-4 and medium and long-chain triglycerides - Mammalian gene mutation test in vitro (HPRT): medium and long-chain triglycerides - Sister Chromatide Exchange: 8001-79-4 Available in vivo genotoxicity studies on Fatty Acid Glycerides (CAS No.): - Micronucleus assay: 8001-79-4, 91845-19-1 and medium and long-chain triglycerides

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

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not toxic to reproductive Additional information: For Glycerides, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. mono- and di-, acetates (CAS No. 91052 -13 -0) a NOAEL for parental fertility of 1000 mg/kg bw/d in rats could be identified. For Castor oil (CAS No. 8001-79-4) a NOAEL for parental fertility of 5000 mg/kg bw/d in rats and 15000 mg/kg bw/d in mice could be identified. For Glycerides, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. mono- and di-, acetates (CAS No. 91052 -13 -0) a developmental NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/d was found in rats. Intravenously administered 20% lipid emulsion containing a 3:1 ratio of MCT (Medium Chain Triglycerides):LCT (Long Chain Triglycerides) revealed a NOAEL of 4280 mg/kg bw/day.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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Not bioaccumulative Additional information: Absorption: The mechanism of the intestinal fat absorption has been studied with C14 labeled fat (combinations of corn oil and palmitic acid) in rats with the intestinal lymph duct cannulated (Borgström, 1951). The recoveries in the lymph of the fat fed varied widely. Diarrhoea occurred in some animals especially after feeding hydrolysed corn oil. In all three groups of experiments maximum recoveries were found after 24 hours, i.e. 80.9, 85.0 and 87.5 % of the activity given. These results indicate that most of the absorbed fat is transported via the lymphatic channels to the systemic circulation whether fed as glycerides or free fatty acids. The proportions of neutral fat and phospholipids in the lymph were in all three cases about the same. 90% of the fatty acids were present in the neutral fat and the remaining 10 % in phospholipids. The neutral fat consisted chiefly of triglycerides; cholesterol and cholesterol esters representing only a minor part of this fraction. No free fatty acids or soaps appeared in the lymph. The results indicated that glycerides might be completely hydrolysed in the intestinal lumen of the rat and then resynthesized in the intestinal wall. In another study with soybean oil the oral absorption in rats when fed at 17% of the diet was found to be 95 -98% (Nolen, 1972). The distribution of the fatty acids in the triglycerides of the lymph was determined upon oral administration of triglycerides of known structure to rat (Mattson and Volpenhein, 1961).The extent of absorption of palmitic acid depended on the form in which it was fed (rates between 52 an 96 %). Absorption was greatest when palmitic acid was fed as β-palmitoyl diolein, and least when it was fed as the free acid. Metabolism: Fatty Acid Glycerides (mono-, di-, and tri-esters of carboxylic acids with glycerol) have a common metabolic fate that involves stepwise hydrolysis to the carboxylic (e.g. fatty) acids and glycerol. Carboxylic acids and glycerol feed into physiological pathways like the citric acid cycle, sugar synthesis, and lipid synthesis. Fatty Acid Glycerides constitute a large part of the human diet. Triglyceride fats are a major source of calories in the human diet. Matulka (2009) summarized that the metabolism of Medium chain triglycerides in the canine is a process whereby lipases from the buccal cavity and pancreas release the fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract where they are absorbed. Unlike long chain triglycerides (LCT), where long chain fatty acids (LCFA) form micelles and are absorbed via the thoracic lymph duct, MCFA are most often transported directly to the liver through the portal vein and do not necessarily form micelles. Also, MCFA do not re-esterify into MCT across the intestinal mucosa. MCFA are transported into the hepatocytes through a carnitine-independent mechanism, and are metabolized into carbon dioxide, acetate, and ketones through b-oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. Adolph (1999) summarized that lipids are not only structural building blocks of cells and tissues but at the same time suppliers of C- atoms for a number of biosynthetic pathways as well as carriers of essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, fatty acids are precursors of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids and therefore have important metabolic functions. Fatty acids can be divided into three groups, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Each class of fatty acids has a preferential specific role. Saturated fatty acids (medium or long-chain) are more devoted to energy supply, but one should not forget their specific structural role. The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n–3 and n–6 families have very important structural and functional roles and ideally should not be utilized for energy purposes. Excretion (Lipolysis): Typical dietary lipids from vegetable oils, termed long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT), are degraded by salivary, intestinal and pancreatic lipases into two fatty acids and a monoacyl glycerol; whereas, MCT are degraded by the same enzymes into three fatty acids and the simple glycerol backbone. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are readily absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream and transported to the liver for hepatic metabolism, while long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are incorporated into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system. MCFA are readily broken down to carbon dioxide and two-carbon fragments, while LCFA are re-esterified to triacylglycerols and either metabolized for energy or stored in adipose tissue.

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PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

Metabolism upon parenteral application in humans: In a human volunteer study on the use of Medium and Long Chain Triglycerides for parenteral nutrition different types of lipid emulsions were infused to male volunteers (see 7.10.5, Schulz, 2002). Biomonitoring of blood triglycerid levels upon single bolus, short time infusion, 12 -hour low concentration infusion and 8 -hour higher concentration infusion revealed that intravenous application of triglycerides in human subjects at concentrations of 100 mg/kg bw/h were well tolerated resulting in a dynamic equilibrium. Sensitisation data: - Frequency, level, duration of symptoms observed: 24 and 48 hours after challenge application a original induced site and a virgin (not induced) site (the volar forearm) was observed for skin irritation. NO. OF PERSONS WITH/OUT REACTIONS COMPARED TO STUDY POPULATION - Number of subjects with positive reactions on induction application: 0 (24 h exposure, reading 48 h after exposure) - Number of subjects with positive reactions on challenge application: 0 (readings 24 and 48 h after exposure) - Number of subjects with negative reactions: 54 The test substance was not skin sensitising in a repeated insult patch test in 54 volunteers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

CARBOMER (CAS: 9007-20-9 / 9003-01-4 / 76050-42-5 / 9062-04-8 / 9007-16-3 / 9007-17-4) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/et/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/22071/7/6/1

- Carbopol® Polymers Toxicology Studies: https://www.ulprospector.com/documents/1174279.pdf?bs=77&b=3734&st=20&r=eu&ind=personalcare Additional information: When dogs were chronically fed up to 1.0 g/kg/day carbomer (32 months), and when rats chronically received less than 4.0% carbomer in their diet (six and one-half months), there was no significant effect on body weight, food consumption, mortality, behavior or blood chemistries. Hematology, gross pathology, histology, and urinalyses of treated animals were comparable to those of controls. Rats fed carbomer at dietary levels of 0.1%, 0.5% or 5.0% for six and one-half months exhibited various organ weight changes. Dogs fed 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg/day carbomer for six and one-half months manifested gastrointestinal irritation and marked pigment deposition within Kupffer cells of the liver.

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ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) 1 500 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit) > 2000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritating Additional information: SIPOMER B-CEA was tested for primary dermal irritation/corrosion in 3 New Zealand White rabbits. Each of the 3 rabbits received three 0.5 ml doses of the test article (a liquid) on a dry compress in a single dermal dose to 2.5 cm2clipped area of the skin. The doses were held in contact with the skin under a semi-occlusive patch for an exposure period of 3 minutes, 1 hour, and 4-hours, respectively. Cutaneous examinations were performed at removal of the dressing, after wiping of the remaining test article, then daily for up to 14 days. Exposure for 3 minutes produced very slight erythema (score 1) in 2/3 animals at removal of the dressing. The effects resolved completely by the 24-hour observation time. No oedema was observed. Exposure for 1 hour produced very slight erythema (score 1) in all 3 animals at removal of the dressing. On one site, erythema increased to well-defined (grade 2) at 72 hours. The effects resolved completely by day 7 (2/3 animals) or day 10 (1 animal). No oedema was observed. Exposure for 4 hours produced very slight erythema (score 1), and very slight (2/3 animals) to well-defined oedema (1 animal). Oedema resolved completely by the 72-hour observation time. On 3 test sites, the erythema increased to well-defined by the 72-hour scoring and persisted at day 7 on one site. Additional findings included superficial lightening and desquamation on 3 sites and 1 site, respectively. These effects resolved completely by day 14. The individual mean scores for each animal were 1.33 – 1.33 – 1.33 for erythema, and 0.33 – 0.67 – 0.33 for oedema. (or PII: 1.92) Based on these results, SIPOMER B-CEA should not be classified as a skin irritant according to GHS criteria.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data of eye irritation about exact compound. Analogue is acrylic acid. Due to the presence of up to 20% acrylic acid in the UVCB, using a direct analogy, Carbomer is considered as causing serious eye damage.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising Additional information: Some positive test results were obtained with acrylic acid in Guinea pigs. The effects were attributed to the presence of the impurity alpha,beta-Diacryloxypropionic acid in the test substance. Based on the in vivo data on the analogue acrylic acid, the registered substance is considered not to bear a skin sensitization potential.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Based on 4 different Ames tests on its analogue acrylic acid up to concentrations ranging between 1000 and 5000 µg/plate with or without exogenous metabolic activation, the registered substance is considered to be devoid of mutagenic potential in bacterial systems.

Acrylic acid did not induce gene mutations in CHO cells (HGPRT locus) in one study but was positive in four distinct mouse lymphoma assays and in two in vitro chromosomal aberration tests. In the mouse lymphoma assays small colonies were induced preferentially, thus the mutagenic potential of acrylic acid seems to be limited to clastogenicity.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: At this tonnage band, the reproductive toxicity screening assay that is regulatorily required has not been provided, based on the existing higher-tier studies with the analogue acrylic acid: one two-generation (OECD 416) and one prenatal development (OECD 414) toxicity studies. Both studies showed no relevant reproductive or developmental effects.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

low bioaccumulation potencial Additional information: In Vivo Studies: C3H mice and Fischer 344 rats, respectively, were treated by gavage (40 or 150 mg/kg bw) with [1-14C]-acrylic acid. Mice rapidly absorbed and metabolised orally administered acrylic acid, with about 80% of the dose exhaled as 14CO2 within 24 h. Excretion in urine and faeces accounted for approximately 3% and 1% of the dose, respectively. Elimination of the 14C radiolabel from plasma, liver and kidney was rapid but it was slower from fat. The disposition of orally administered acrylic acid in rats was similar to the results obtained from mice. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of rat urine and rat and mouse tissues indicated that absorbed AA was rapidly metabolized by the ß-oxidation pathway of propionate catabolism. No unchanged AA was detected 1 h after oral administration; however, several metabolites that were more polar than AA were measured, including 3-hydroxypropionate. Neither AA nor its metabolites were detected at later times after oral administration (Black et al., 1995). Sprague-Dawley rats received single oral doses of [2,3-14C]-acrylic acid (4, 40 or 400 mg/kg bw in a 0.5 % aqueous methylcellulose solution). Within 8 hours, 35-60% of the dose was eliminated from the animal, mostly as expired CO2. After 72 hours, 44-65% of the radioactivity had been eliminated via expired air, while 2.9-4.3% remained in urine, 2.4- 3.6% in faeces and 18.9-24.6% in tissues examined (adipose tissue 9-15%, liver 1.7-2.2%, muscle 6.5-7.5% and blood 0.8-1.1%) (De Bethizy et al., 1987). The HPLC profile of metabolites observed in the urine of rats indicated two major metabolites. One of the major metabolites co-eluted with 3-hydroxypropionic acid. Radioactivity could not be detected at the retention times corresponding to that of 2,3-epoxypropionic acid or N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine leading to the conclusion that AA is not epoxidized to 2,3-epoxypropionic acid in vivo. This result was supported by an in vitro study. Hepatic microsomes were prepared using conventional methods from rats and incubations were started by the addition of 10 µL of [2,3-14C]-acrylic acid. No epoxidized metabolites could be detected and the parent compound was recovered from the incubation mixture unchanged (DeBethizy et al., 1987). In addition, Glutathione Depletion Studies were conducted in rats that were administered doses of 4, 40, 400 or 1000 mg/kg bw AA by gavage. One hour following oral administration of acrylic acid in rats a significant depletion of NPSH in the glandular stomach was reported at doses above 4 mg/kg bw. In the forestomach NPSH depletion

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occurred at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw. No significant effect of acrylic acid on NPSH in the blood or liver was observed (DeBethizy et al., 1987). In Vitro Studies: Dow Chemical (1979) have studied the metabolism of acrylic acid in rat tissue homogenates. Acrylic acid did not react with reduced glutathione either in the presence or absence of the soluble enzyme fraction. Non-protein sulfhydryl concentrations were not appreciably lower in blood after addition of acrylic acid in vitro (Dow Chemical, 1979; Miller et al., 1981). The rate of 14CO2 formation from [14C]-acrylic acid was measured in vitro with preparations from rat liver hepatocytes. Rapid oxidation of acrylic acid to CO2 was observed. Mitochondria isolated from the liver homogenates were incubated with acrylic acid under the same conditions and yielded higher rates of acrylic acid-oxidation than homogenates. HPLC analysis of the mitochondrial incubation mixtures indicated 3-hydroxypropionic acid as a major metabolite of AA (Finch & Frederick, 1992). Black et al. (1993) determined the rate of the in vitro oxidation of acrylic acid in 13 tissues of mice. The maximal rate of acrylic acid oxidation in kidney, liver and skin was 2890, 616 and 48 nmol/h/g, respectively. In remaining organs acrylic acid was oxidized at rates less than 40% of the rate in liver. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid was the only metabolite detected by HPLC analysis. Acrylic acid oxidation rates and blood tissue partition coefficients were studied in slices of rat tissue using [1-14C]-acrylic acid. Acrylic acid oxidation in rat kidney and liver slices was described by saturable kinetics with maximal rates of about 4 and 2 μmol/h/g, respectively. Acrylic acid oxidation rates in 11 additional tissues were 40% or less than that in liver (Black & Finch, 1995). Computational Modeling Data: A hybrid computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) dosimetry inhalation model was constructed to estimate the regional tissue dose of acrylic acid in the rat and human nasal cavity, respectively (Frederick et al., 1998). This study provides a scientific basis for interspecies extrapolation of nasal olfactory irritants from rodents to humans. By using a series of short-term in vivo studies, in vitro studies with nasal explants, and computer modeling, regional nasal tissue dose estimates were made and comparisons of tissue doses between species were conducted. To make these comparisons, this study assumes that human and rodent olfactory epithelium have similar susceptibility to the cytotoxic effects of organic acids based on similar histological structure and common mode of action considerations. Interspecies differences in susceptibility to the toxic effects of acidic vapours are therefore assumed to be driven primarily by differences in nasal tissue concentrations that result from regional differences in nasal air flow patterns relative to the species-specific distribution of olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. The rodent model uses two olfactory compartments to incorporate both the olfactory epithelium in the projection extending along the dorsal meatus and the ethmoid olfactory region. This model was based on a compartmental rat nasal model of Bush et al. (1998). The human model uses one olfactory compartment since the human nasal cavity lacks a counterpart for the rodent ethmoid olfactory region (Subramaniam et al., 1998). The liquid phase of the model of Bush et al. was modified to include the effect of buffering capacity on the ionization of the acid in the mucus, diffusion of both the ionized form of the acid and the non-ionized species, liquid:air partition coefficients, tissue:blood partition coefficients (Black and Finch, 1995), and metabolism of acrylic acid (Black and Finch, 1995). A hybrid CFD-PBPK inhalation model was constructed with the aim to evaluate the relationship between inhaled acrylic acid vapour concentration and the tissue concentration in various regions of the nasal cavity of rats and humans, respectively. An explicit effort was made to derive the parameters for rat and human used in the model either from experimental data or from physicochemical principles without "fitting" model parameters (gas phase diffusivity: 0.1 cm2/sec; air minute volumes: 250 mL/min (rat), 7500 mL/min (human); blood flow to nasal cavity (human) estimated). Deposition of vapours in the rat nasal cavity is relatively insensitive to significant variation in the gas phase mass transport coefficients, but the human CFD-PBPK model was sensitive to variation in air phase and liquid phase parameters (liquid diffusivity, mucus:air partition coefficient). Unidirectional simulations were conducted with the model at a flow rate of 500 mL/min (rat) to estimate the steady-state tissue concentration in the anterior olfactory epithelium lining the dorsal meatus of the rat nasal cavity over a wide range of acrylic acid vapour concentrations (0 to 25 ppm for one hour). A dose-response of acrylic acid exposures was simulated for an adult resting male rat and an adult resting male human using the appropriate inspiratory flow rate (based on the minute volumes of each species), nasal anatomy, and nasal air flow patterns from CFD simulations. The cyclic flow simulation was conducted for a reference resting rat and human exposed to 2 ppm acrylic acid for 3 min (minute volume 250 mL/min (rat), 7500 mL/min (human)).

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The acute inhalation, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the nasal olfactory epithelium is the most sensitive tissue to the effects of inhalation exposure to organic acids and that the sustentacular cells are the most sensitive cell type of this epithelium. The CFD-PBPK model simulations indicated that the olfactory epithelium of the human nasal cavity is exposed to two- to threefold lower tissue concentrations of a representative inhaled organic acid vapour, acrylic acid, than the olfactory epithelium of the rodent nasal cavity when the exposure conditions are the same. The magnitude of this difference varies somewhat with the specific exposure scenario that is simulated. The increased olfactory tissue dose in rats relative to humans may be attributed to the large rodent olfactory surface area (greater than 50% of the nasal cavity) and its highly susceptible location (particularly, a projection of olfactory epithelium extending anteriorly in the dorsal meatus region). In contrast, human olfactory epithelium occupies a much smaller surface area (less than 5% of the nasal cavity), and it is in a much less accessible dorsal posterior location. In addition, CFD simulations indicated that human olfactory epithelium is poorly ventilated relative to rodent olfactory epithelium. These studies suggest that the human olfactory epithelium is protected from irritating acidic vapours significantly better than rat olfactory epithelium due to substantive differences in nasal anatomy and nasal air flow. Discussion on absorption rate: The absorption of [14C]-acrylic acid from acetone, water, and phosphate buffer was measured through human and mouse skin in vitro. Membranes were mounted in glass diffusion cells and acrylic acid was applied in each solvent at 0.01 %, 0.1 %, 1 %, and 4 %, respectively (100 µL/cm2) under occlusive conditions. Samples were taken from the receptor solutions at recorded times, between 0 and 32 hr, and assayed for 14C content which was regarded as equivalent to acrylic acid. Steady state absorption rates were calculated to be between 0.007 µg/cm2/hr (human, 0.01 % AA in phosphate buffer) and 201 µg/cm2/hr (mouse, 4 % AA in acetone). Thus, absorption rates were influenced by the vehicle (acetone > water > phosphate buffer) and were proportional to the applied concentration in each vehicle. Mouse skin was 3 times more permeable than human skin under the conditions of this in vitro study (BAMM 1988). C3H mice and Fischer 344 rats, respectively, were treated dermally (10 or 40 mg/kg bw in acetone) with [1-14C]-acrylic acid. After cutaneous application to mice, about 12% of the dose was absorbed, while the remainder was apparently evaporated. Approximately 80% of the absorbed fraction of the dose was metabolised to 14CO2within 24 h. Excretion in urine and faeces each accounted for less than 0.5% of the dose. Elimination of radioactivity from plasma, liver, and kidney was rapid; however, levels in fat were higher at 72 h (0.5% of the higher dose) than at 8 h (0.1% of the higher dose). After cutaneous administration to rats, 19-26% of the dose was absorbed. Disposition of the absorbed fraction of the dose was similar to results found in mice. Results from an in vitro experiment with rat skin (Frantz cell) showed that at least 60 % of the applied dose evaporated and about 25% was absorbed, confirming the in vivo results. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of rat urine and rat and mouse tissues indicated that absorbed AA was rapidly metabolized by the ß-oxidation pathway of propionate catabolism (Black et al., 1995).

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not induce phototoxicity Additional information: Clinical studies with carbomer and its various salts showed that these polymers have low potential for skin irritation and sensitization at concentrations of 0.5%, 5.0%, 10.0% and 100%. When tested on humans at 1.0% concentration, carbomer and the various salts also demonstrated low potential for skin irritation and sensitization. Further, formulations containing up to 0.25% carbomer demonstrated low potential for human skin irritation, sensitization, phototoxicity, and photo-contact allergenicity.

DATA ON MAN

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Human Repeated Insult Patch Tests Carbopol homopolymer was impregnated into a 1" X 1" square piece of surgical gauze and moistened with 0.2 mL distilled water just prior to application to the skin of 54 human volunteers. In order to evaluate the skin irritation and sensitization potential of this product, a series of 12 applications was conducted with each panelist during the primary/induction phase. On four consecutive days of weeks 1, 2 and 3, the patch containing the test material was applied to its designated site. The patches were removed and the contact sites were examined 24 hours after each application. Following a one week rest period (week 4) a challenge phase was conducted on week 5 with 4 applications of the test material on a virgin site of each volunteer. Carbopol homopolymer produced no visible effect in 41 subjects out of 54 during the primary irritation/activation period. Faint or moderate reddening of the skin occurred on one occasion in 10 subjects, 2 times on one subject and 4 times on another subject. These effects would put Carbopol homopolymer in the category of a weak skin irritant. Two subjects out of 53 displayed solitary episodes of faint or moderate reddening in the challenge phase; however, the investigators concluded they did not display a sensitizing reaction. It was concluded that the results furnish no basis for contraindicating skin contact with Carbopol homopolymers under similar or less stringent conditions than the testing conditions used.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - Carbopol® Polymers Toxicology Studies

CETEARYL ALCOHOL (CAS: 67762-27-0 / 8005-44-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

750 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16007/7/6/1. Additional information:

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) >10000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit) >8000 mg/kg

It is concluded that the substance Alcohols, C16-18 does not meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for acute oral effects

Additional information: Acute oral toxicity

Alcohols, C16-18 is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Considering the data for linear alcohols in the range 1- octanol to 1-docosanol and including unsaturated alcohols, the oral LD50values range from > 5000 mg/kg to well over 10,000 mg/kg, with most of values representing the maximum administered dose.

ClinicalSigns. Few, if any signs of toxicity were reported following oral administration of the linear alcohols ranging from C6 to C22 alcohols. At doses approaching acute lethality

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loss of appetite, lethargy and diarrhoea was reported for most members of the linear alcohols. Animals surviving a large oral dose showed no evidence of any delayed or irreversible effects following acute administration of any of these alcohols. In decedents irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract and typical agonal changes were observed, however no substance specific observations could be recognised for any of the materials of this sub-category. There are no observations reported to suggest a potential for CNS depression following administration of a single oral dose of a linear alcohol within this category.

Conclusion:The category of the long chained aliphatic alcohols (linear and essentially linear) is of a low order of acute toxicity upon oral administration.Alcohols, C16-18 was not classified according to EU or GHS criteria.

Acute inhalation toxicity

Alcohols, C16-18 is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22.The available data cover the lower (1-hexanol and 1- octanol), intermediate (1-decanol, 1-dodecanol) and higher (1-tetradecanol, C16-18alcohols) chain-lengths of the linear alcohols subcategory.

The volatility of the category of aliphatic alcohols as a whole is low. Saturated vapour pressures for the higher chain alcohols are extremely low; for example the calculated concentration of a saturated atmosphere of 1-dodecanol and 1-octadecanol at ambient conditions is in the order of 10-2and 10-5mg/L, respectively. Most experimental studies used the maximum achievable vapour concentrations or aerosols for the assessment of the acute lethal concentration. For all substances tested the LC50values exceeded the maximum achievable vapour concentrations. Even the more volatile members of this category (e.g. 1-hexanol, C6-12 essentially linear alcohols [Types B and C], 1-heptanol and 1-undecanol) showed no evidence of toxicity after a single exposure for 1 – 6 hours

None of the acute inhalation studies provided any evidence of a potential for CNS depression for the category of aliphatic alcohols. This conclusion is further supported by data in mice indicating that inhalation of high concentrations (up toca. 10,000 ppm) of 1-heptanol for short periods of time did not induce anaesthesia.

Conclusion: Inhalation of vapours of long chained alcohols in the range C6-C22 at levels up to the saturated vapour pressure is unlikely to be associated with significant toxicity.Alcohols, C16-18 was not classified according to EU or GHS criteria.

Acute Dermal Toxicity

Alcohols, C16-18 is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcoholswithin a carbon chain length range of C6-C22.

For the linear alcohols in the range, C6 - C10 most of the reported LD50values in rabbits are in the range 2000 - 4000 mg/kg. For the alcohols C12and higher the acute dermal LD50values were 8000 mg/kg or higher. Although some incidental LD50values below 2000 mg/kg were reported, these values generally represented the maximum dose tested. Substances with a chain length beyond C18 have not been tested but on the basis of the consistent low acute dermal toxicity for alcohols with a chain-length of C16 and below and the consistently low oral acute toxicity for the category as a whole it is expected that aliphatic alcohols in the range C18 – C22 are of a low order of acute dermal toxicity.

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Clinical signs.Occluded exposure for 24 hours generally caused local dermal irritation. There was a clear (inverse) relationship between the chain length and the severity of the dermal effects. The severity of the irritation was graded as moderate – severe for the lower members of this category; typical observations included erythema, oedema, wrinkling, desquamation and cracking. The grading of the local effects for the aliphatic alcohols with a longer carbon chain was reported as slight-moderate. Animals showing signs of significant local irritation displayed signs of toxicity such as general weakness, anorexia, lethargy; it is not possible to ascertain if these findings were secondary to the irritation or evidence of direct systemic toxicity.

Conclusion:The category of the long chained aliphatic alcohols is of a low order of acute toxicity upon dermal administration. Alcohols, C16-18 was not classified according to EU or GHS criteria.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritant Following a 24 hour semi-occlusive exposure to rabbit skin Alcohols, C16-18 is classified as non-irritant based on either EU or GHS criteria. The alcohols with chain lengths of C16-18 are non-irritant to skin.

Based on the data that was reported a NOAEL following dermal administration of fatty alcohol blend for a minimum of 90 days was less than 100 mg/kg/day. However the NOAEL has been based on a local irritation effect rather than a systemic effect. Therefore it is proposed (by the author of the EPSR) that on the basis of a lack of systemic effects reported in the study, the NOAEL following dermal administration of fatty alcohol blend for a minimum of 90 days is greater than 1000 mg/kg/day.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritant Result: not irritating . Based on the Draize scores reported it is considered that Alcohols, C16-18 is not not an eye irritant according to either EU or GHS criteria.The alcohols with chain lengths of C16-18 are non-irritant to eye.

SKIN SENSITISATION

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not sensitising

Additional information: Respiratory sensitisation.

There are no Respiratory sensitisation studies available.

Due to the absence of chemical groups or other structural alerts this substance is not considered to exhibit an high hazard potential.

Alcohols, C16-18 is of low priority for further work based on a low hazard potential is of low priority for further work based on a low hazard potential.

There is no information available from single or repeated inhalation exposures in laboratory animals or from human experience allowing a conclusion on potential respiratory tract irritation and sensitisation of the aliphatic alcohols.

Therefore testing for Respiratory sensitisation does not need to be performed.

Migrated from Short description of key information: There are no Respiratory sensitisation studies available. Due to the absence of chemical groups or other structural alerts this substance is not considered to exhibit an high hazard potential. Alcohols, C16-18 is of low priority for further work based on a low hazard potential is of low priority for further work based on a low hazard potential. There is no information available from single or repeated inhalation exposures in laboratory animals or from human experience allowing a conclusion on potential respiratory tract irritation and sensitisation of the aliphatic alcohols. Therefore testing for Respiratory sensitisation does not need to be performed.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

A QSAR model predicts that the permeability of Alcohols, C16-18 to human skin is quite low. The permeability coefficient was determined to be 0.001 mg/cm2, which is around 1% of the skin penetration rate. Predicted dermally absorbed coefficient was determined to be Kp (est)=2.04 cm/hr.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

There are conclusive but not suffcient data for the classification of substance Alcohols, C16-18 with regard to mutagenicity/genetic toxicity. It is concluded that the substanceAlcohols, C16-18 does not meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for Mutagenicity-Genetic Toxicity

In vitro Studies

Bacterial tests

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In a reliable study (Thompson, P.W. , 1996), performed according to OECD guideline 471, the C16 alcohol Kahlcol 6098 did not increase the reverse mutation rate in histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate. This concentration was not cytotoxic. Hexadecan-1-ol (C16) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a valid and reliable study (Iglesias G, J J Hlywka, J E Berg, M H Khalil, L E Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), behenyl alcohol (C22) did not increase the reverse mutation rate in histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to and including 1000 µg/plate. It is concluded that the test substance is negative for mutagenicity in bacteria under the conditions of the test. Docosan-1-ol ( behenyl alcohol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a reliable study (Henkel KGaA.,1981), the C16 alcohol Lanette 16 (Lorol 16) did not increase the reverse mutation rate in histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to 2500 µg/plate. There was some evidence of cytotoxicity in some strains at higher concentrations (500 and/or 2500 µg/plate) in the absence of metabolising fraction only. Hexadecan-1-ol (C16) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a reliable study (Thompson, P.W. ,1996) conducted according to OECD guideline 471, the C18 alcohol Kalcohl 8098 did not increase the reverse mutation rate in any of the histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium tested in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate. The top concentration was not cytotoxic. It is concluded that the test substance is negative for mutagenicity to bacteria under the conditions of the test. Octadecan-1-ol (C18) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a reliable study (Henkel KGaA., 1981), conducted using a protocol similar to OECD guideline 471, the C18 alcohol Lanette 18 did not increase the reverse mutation rate in histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to 2500 µg/plate. Slight cytotoxicity was evident at 2500 µg/plate. Octadecan-1-ol (C18) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

Non-bacterial test

In a reliable study (Iglesias G, J J Hlywka, J E Berg, M H Khalil, L E Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), according to a protocol that is similar to OECD 473, behenyl alcohol (C22) did not increase the incidence of chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster V79 cells in the presence or absence of metabolising fraction at concentrations up to 20 ug/ml. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity at this dose level. Docosan-1-ol ( behenyl alcohol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In vivo Studies

Dodecan-1-ol (C12) has been tested a reliable study (Henkel KGaA., 1992), conducted according to OECD guideline 474, no genotoxicity was seen in mice after a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg bw. . The test substance, dodecan-1-ol is closely related to the registration substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a reliable study (Iglesias G, J J Hlywka, J E Berg, M H Khalil, L E Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), behenyl alcohol (C22) did not increase the incidence of micronuclei in mouse

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bone marrow cells after a single oral gavage dose of up to 500 mg/kg bw. Docosan-1-ol ( behenyl alcohol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

Stearyl alcohol (Hachiya N, Takeya A, Takizawa Y,1982), did not increase the incidence of micronucleated cells in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes following a single oral dose level up to and including 1450 mg/kg or a total of 2920 mg/kg adminstered as 4 doses in a 24 hour period. It is concluded that the test substance is negative for induction of micronuclei under the conditions of the test. Octadecan-1-ol (C18) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

Conclusion:Alcohols, C16-18 is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22 and do not have a genotoxic potential.

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcinogenic

Studies in animals.

Data availability.There are no data available for the category of the long chained alcohols reporting in detail about carcinogenicity studies according to current testing standards. Several of the linear alcohols have been tested in experimental investigations studying the potential for initiation, promotion or co-carcinogenicity, however as a rule these data have a low reliability and suffer from significant shortcomings regarding the reporting details, the number of animals, the use of non-standardised or unvalidated protocols, and lack of control of confounders (e.g. local irritation). As a whole the information available on carcinogenicity is regarded to have limited reliability.

Hexanol-1, 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol and 1-octadecanol were tested in one or more mouse skin painting studies using applications 2 - 3 times weekly for periods up to 60 -70 weeks. Development of local skin tumours was not reported in any of these assays. All of these experiments were conducted as part of investigative studies into co-carcinogenicity or tumour promotion properties of aliphatic alcohols (Sicé, 1966; Bingham, 1969; Van Duuren, 1976).

The aliphatic alcohols were applied repeatedly over periods up to 60 weeks to the skin of mice that had been initiated or were co-exposed with carcinogens such as 7, 12- dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene or benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). In most of the experimental protocols the application of aliphatic alcohols induced significant dermal irritation at the site of treatment and led to formation of local tumours; in some cases a decrease in latency of tumour development or co-carcinogenicity was reported (Sicé, 1966; Van Duurenet al., 1976; Bingham, 1969).

In other assays 1-octanol, 1-dodecanol or 1-octadecanol were repeatedly injected into the peritoneal cavity or implanted in the bladder of mice. No induction of primary lung tumours was recorded, however a low incidence of benign bladder tumours was reported (Stoner, 1973; Bryanet al, 1966). Ando (1972) published a study in which small groups of mice (n = 4-6), implanted intra-peritoneally with Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, were exposed i.p. to different doses of 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol and 1- octadecanol once daily for 5 consecutive days. Although a prolongation of survival time was observed, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the carcinogenic potential of these alcohols.

Conclusion.Several members of the category of the long chained alcohols have been tested as control substances in skin painting studies. Even taking into account the limitations of these experiments, the data show that none of aliphatic alcohols tested have a potential to induce local skin tumours upon repeated dermal application at or above the maximum tolerated (irritant) dose. However, these data are unsuitable to assess properties such as co-carcinogenicity or tumour promotion for this category of alcohols. Most of

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the study protocols considered here have almost certainly induced considerable local effects, however details of the irritation responses are limited and were reported only in a few cases. Irrespective of the causative agent, irritation at the site of application is a significant confounder in skin painting studies and its role in the tumour development of non- genotoxic chemicals has been well established (for examples see Nesselet al., 1998, 1999; Argyris, 1985).

The genotoxic potential of the long chain alcohols has been well investigated, bothin vitroandin vivoand no concerns were identified for genotoxicity. Furthermore they lack structural elements of concern for interaction with DNA (Ashby and Tenant, 1991). Together with the lack of response upon repeated application the skin painting studies long chained alcohols are regarded to be of little concern regarding carcinogenicty.

There are conclusive but not suffcient data for the classification of substance Alcohols, C16-18 with regard to carcinogenicity.

Carcinogenicity: IARC, NTP, ACGIH and OSHA do not classify this substance or its components as a carcinogen or suspect carcinogen.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

It is concluded that the substance Alcohols, C16-18 does not meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for Reproductive toxicity

Additional information: Oral exposure

In a reliable study(Hansen, E. 1992), development was assessed as part of a combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity study, conducted according to draft OECD guideline 422. The NOAEL for maternal and foetotoxicity in rats was 2000 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose level). There was no evidence of teratogenicity from the limited examination of the pups that was carried out. Octadecan-1-ol (C18) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELrat = 2000mg/kg bw/day

In a reliable study (Iglesias G, JJ Hlywka, JE Berg, MH Khalil, LE Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD guideline 414, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity, teratogenicity and foetotoxicity in rabbits, was 2000 mg/kg/day (highest dose tested). The study was performed in compliance with GLP. Docosan-1-ol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELrabbit = 2000mg/kg bw/day

In a reliable study (Iglesias G, JJ Hlywka, JE Berg, MH Khalil, LE Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD guideline 414, the NOAEL was 1000 mg/kg/day for maternal toxicity, teratogenicity and foetotoxicity in rats receiving behenyl alcohol by gavage for 15 days premating, during mating and up until gestation day 17. This is based on the absence of adverse effects in any of the parental, reproductive or foetal parameters examined. Docosan-1-ol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELrat = 1000mg/kg bw/day

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In a briefly-reported study (Rodwell D E, Mercieca M D, Rusch G M, Tasker E J,1988), an NOAEL of 200 mg/kg bw/day was determined for maternal toxicity and an NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day for developmental toxicity in the rat after oral administration on days 6 to 15 of gestation. Hexan-1-ol (C6) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELrat = 1000mg/kg bw/day

Dermal exposure:

The developmental toxicity of 2 -EH following dermal absorption was examined in a OECD TG 414 rat study that was conducted under GLP. 2 -EH was applied to the skin of 25 females at 252, 840, and 2520 mg/kg bw/day under an occlusive dressing during gestational days 6 -15 for 6 hours per day. The dose levels were selected based on the results of a preliminary study (Tyl et al., 1992).

The maternal toxicity was mild. There were no deaths or severe clinical signs of toxicity. A reduced body weight gain in high-dose rats was noted, and local skin irritation in rats at the intermediate and the high dose level.

2 -EH had no adverse effect on the maternal gestational parameters, or maternal organ weights, or on the fetal weight, sex ratio, viability, or the incidence of malformations and variations.

Therefore, the NOAEL for maternal systemic toxicity was 840 mg/kg bw/day, based on the effects on body weight gain; the NOAEL for skin irritation was 252 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity and teratogenicity was 2520 mg/kg bw/day.

2-ethylhexan-1-ol is a substance supporting the category Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELMaternal: (840 mg/kg bw d)

NOAEL developmental toxicity and teratogenicity : (2520 mg/kg bw d)

Inhalation exposure:

Groups of approximately 15 sprague-dawley rats were exposed to 7 h/day on gestation days 1-19 to 3500 mg/m3 1-hexanol, which was the highest concentration which could be generated as a vapor. Dams were weighed daily for the first week of exposure and weekly thereafter and were sacrificed on day 20. Fetuses were serially removed, blotted dry, examined for external malformationa, sexed, weighed, fixed, and examined for visceral or skeletal defects.

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In a reliable study (Nelson B K, Brightwell W S, Khan A, Krieg E F Jr, Hoberman A M,1989), an NOAEC of 3500 mg/m3 (the highest achievable concentration in the test system) was determined in the rat for maternal toxicity and developmental toxicity after administration by inhalation for 7 hours/day on gestation days 1 to 19.Hexan-1-ol (C6) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAECrat = 3500mg/m3

Toxicity to reproduction: other studies Additional information Docosanol administered by gavage to rats aged 6-7 months for 28 days did not affect bodyweight or the weights of any of the organs weighed other than a statistically significant increase in weight of

the seminal vesicles at the lower dose levels (1 and 10 mg/kg/day). There were no histological differences in the accessory sexual organs.

Docosanol had no effect on the weight or histology of the prostate in intact rats but increased the RNA/DNA quotient in the ventral prostate. Plasma LH and testosterone were reduced. In orchidectomised rats docosanol increased the prostate and adrenal weight but there was no increase in orchidectomised and adrenalectomised rats, a weight reduction being observed. Also docosanol had a thymolytic effect in intact rats but not in adrenalectomised rats where the thymus weight was increased. These results suggest a stimulation of adrenal steroid secretion but this may not be the only effect of docosanol.

Docosanol is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18, and it is considered that read-across is valid.

No NOAEC identified : 100 mg/kg bw d)

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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Distribution results were reported for lauryl alcohol (98% pure). 95% of the dose adminstered was recovered from the application site at 24 hours after dosing. 0.13% remained in the body while 0.10% was excreted in the urine and faeces. 2.61% was excreted in expired air as CO2. The ratio of the amount of compound excreted via expired air to the amount absorbed is the expiratory excretion rat. It was 91% for lauryl alcohol. The respiratory excretion rates for all the other alcohols investigated were >65% although all the actual data is not reported.

Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length. The absorption rate was investigated in different solvents (squalene, castor oil, triethyl citrate (TEC). The percutaneous absorption rate of undiluted n-octanol was 50%, this was increased in squalene but decreased in castor oil or TEC. This was also reported with the other alcohols tested and the tendency was more pronounced at higher concentrations.

The degree of skin irritation was proportionally related to the degree of percutaneous absorption.

Interpretation of results: no bioaccumulation potential based on study results Following skin application of lauryl alcohol about 2.84 % of the administered dose was absorbed. Of this absorbed dose >90% was excreted in expired air (CO2). A similar trend was observed with the other alcohols tested. Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length and was affected by solvent and concentration.

At least 65% of the absorbed dose is excreted as CO2 in the expired air. Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length and was affected by solvent and concentration

Additional information: Oral repeated dose toxicity The NOAEL for 13 week dietary feeding study in rats is ca 750 mg/kg/day (males 723, females 875) based on reduced weight gain and food consumption. The toxicological significance of observed changes in organ weights, all in the absence of histopathological change, is questionable. Increased liver weights at higher dose levels may be indicative of a mild adaptive effect on the liver. In view of the structural and chemical similarities, it is considereed that the results of the study can be used for read-across to Alcohols, C16-18. Dermal repeated dose toxicity A 90-day dermal toxicity study in rats with fatty alcohol blend (56.7% decanol, 42.7% octanol) at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg resulted in severe irritation at the application site. Severe irritation including fissuring of the skin occurred in 40% of the animals at 100 mg/kg/day and 80% of the animals at the limit dose. Slight changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, and organ weights were noted at the limit dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day. NOAEL has been based on a local irritation effect rather than a systemic effect. Therefore it is proposed (by the author of the EPSR) that on the basis of a lack of systemic effects reported in the study, the NOAEL following dermal administration of fatty alcohol blend for a minimum of 90 days is greater than 1000 mg/kg/day. Inhalation repeated dose toxicity Under the conditions of the test no treatment-related toxic effects were found in male and female Wistar rats which were exposed to 2-ethylhexanol vapor up to 120 ppm ie. 638.4 mg/m³ . (Klimisch HJ; Deckardt K; Gembardt C; Hildebrand B,1998).The substance Alcohols, C16-18, the subject of this dossier) is expected to exhibit very similar toxicity due to its close structural similarity to 2-ethylhexanol. Comparable metabolism would occur. Correcting for molecular weight, a conservative NOAEC of 1188.79 mg/m3 can be derived (638.4 x 242.45) / 130.2 =1188.79 mg/m3

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not phototoxic

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DATA ON MAN

Alcohols, C16-18 or Cetostearyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol or cetylstearyl alcohol is a mixture of fatty alcohols, consisting predominantly of cetylandstearyl alcohols and is classified as a fatty alcohol.

It is used as an emulsion stabilizer, opacifying agent, and foam boostingsurfactant, as well as an aqueous and nonaqueous viscosity-increasing agent. It imparts an emollient feel to the skin and can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions,and anhydrous formulations. It is commonly used in hair conditioners and other hair products

Clinical skin irritation and sensitization studies of product formulations containing 8.4%, 6.36%, 6.0%, 4.0%, 3.3%, 3.25%, 3.0%, 2.85%, 2.0%, and 1.0% Alcohols, C16-18 produced no substantial evidence of irritation or sensitization.

Based on the available data it is concluded that Alcohols, C16-18 or Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Isostearyl Alcohol, Myristyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use.

Alcohols, C16-18 do not induce skin sensitization in humans, and there is no conclusive evidence that they induce eczema.

No serious injuries or fatalities have been reported following accidental ingestion of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols.

In this inter-laboratory assessment of the human patch test hexanol gave responses significantly lower than the positive control and results were similar between laboratories. N-hexanol was therefore not considered as a skin irritant.

Neurotoxicity. There is no evidence in the available toxicity studies or scientific literate to indicate neurotoxic effects of the of Alcohols, C16-18 in humans or laboratory animals. There are conclusive but not suffcient data for the classification of substance Alcohols, C16-18 with regard to Neurotoxicity.

Immunotoxicity. There is no evidence in the available toxicity studies or scientific literate to indicate Immunotoxic effects of the Alcohols, C16-18 in humans or laboratory animals. There are conclusive but not suffcient data for the classification of substance Alcohols, C16-18 with regard to Immunotoxicity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- HERA http://www.heraproject.com - MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

CITRIC ACID (CAS: 77-92-9 / 5949-29-1) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

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250 -- European Chemical Agency ECHA.EU https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15451/7/6/1 There are no reliable 28-day or 90-day studies available, so this endpoint is waived. Numerous studies have been reported in the literature and are discussed below. The most reliable studies are 10- day studies in rats and mice, with the following results:

NOAEL (10 d) 4000 mg/kg bw/day rats (unidentified gender)

LD50 (10 d) 5660 (+/- 0.44) mg/kg bw/day rats (unidentified gender)

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mouse) 5400 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw Additional data: Acute intraperitoneal LD50 values of 940 in mice and 725 mg/kg in rats (males only) were determined in a reliable study conducted according to an appropriate test protocol. The study was not conducted according to GLP.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

A reliable study conducted largely in accordance with OECD 404 and in compliance with GLP, found the citric acid to be mildly irritating to the skin of rabbits. Current EC criteria would find the material to be non-irritant.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Category 2 (irritating to eyes) based on GHS criteria A generally reliable study, apparently conducted according to OECD 405 and GLP, reported that a 30% aqueous solution of the test substance caused well defined to moderate conjunctival irritation that had not fully resolved after 14 days. A 10% solution was associated with weak to moderate conjunctival effects, resolved after 7 days. Given the 30% solution effects would have been allowed to dissipate for 21 days, it is likely the test substance would not be considered irritating to the eyes according to EU criteria (please see attached expert letter as reference).

SKIN SENSITISATION

No data are available which suggest that citric acid should be classified as a skin or respiratory sensitiser according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

No data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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Citric acid (CAS number 77-92-9) has been tested in a number of bacterial assays, all of which gave negative results. There is also information from a lower reliability study that citric acid does not cause chromosome aberrations in vitro: this result does not agree with a recently published study. Evidence for genetic toxicity has been described in published results from an in vitro micronucleus study and an in vitro comet assay. An in vivo chromosome aberration study does not support the conclusion of the recently reported in vitro studies in mammalian cells, and an in vivo rodent dominant lethal assay also showed no evidence of chromosome damage.

Citric acid is negative in in vivo genotoxicity testing, although effects have been observed in some in vitro studies. Moreover, it has been used as a food additive over a long period. In addition, citrate plays a central role in cellular metabolism, so it is considered that classification for mutagenicity is not required according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.

CARCINOGENICITY

In a rat feeding study, animals dosed with 5% citric acid in the diet did not show an excess of tumours in comparison with control animals when tested over a period of 2 years (Horn et al., 1957). However, there was limited evidence that high doses of citrate salts increased the incidence of tumours produced by co-administration of known bladder carcinogens (Inouea et al., 1988; Ono et al., 1992; de Camargo et al. 1991; Fukushima et al.1986; Behnke et al., 1964). Where citric acid or citrate salts were administered alone during these studies, no dose-related tumours were noted.

No reliable carcinogenicity studies are available, however, further testing is not considered necessary because:

• The substance is not classified for mutagenicity; and

• There is no evidence from long term human exposure to citric acid that it is a carcinogen.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

n accordance with Annex XI, Section 1 of REACH, the evidence based on:

(1) The available developmental toxicity studies. A study by the Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973) researched the teratogenic effects of citric acid in mice (NAOEL > 241 mg/kg/d), rats (NAOEL > 295 mg/kg/d), rabbits (NAOEL > 425 mg/kg/d), and hamsters (NAOEL > 272 mg/kg/d), There were no reported teratogenic effects in any of the species tested;

(2) A long history of human exposure. For example, Citric Acid is naturally present in common fruit and vegetables. It is also added to processed food and beverages. (HERA 2005). In addition, Citric Acid has well established and documented metabolic pathways in humans. (WHO Food Additives, Series 5, 1973);

is sufficient to fulfil the requirements for this endpoint.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Citric acid is a metabolic intermediate vital to the TCA respiration pathway found in all animal and plant cells. There is little evience that citric acid and the citrate salts have deleterious effects, even in large doses. Indeed there is some support for the fact that citric acid in the human diet is favourable by inhibiting the formation of calcium oxalate kidney and bladder stones. This statement is applicable to the citrate salts since once absorbed citrate salts will dissociate into citric acid and their counter-ion.

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PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

No data

DATA ON MAN

In a skin prick test which were not conducted according to any guideline and not in compliance to GLP and with very limited provided details, it was observed that the test substance, citric acid, casued positive results in 3 of 91 patients whereof one of the patients also reacted to benzoic and propionic acids.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inspiratory flow rate on the cough response to citric acid (Barros et.al., 1990.) It is considered by the authors that the cough response to citric acid is produced mainly by irritation of the larynx and trachea. Variations in the inspiratory flow rate might lead to changes in deposition of the drug, and consequently in the cough threshold.

The effect of inspiratory flow rate was studied in 11 healthy non-smoking volunteers aged 23 to 29 years (9 male, 2 female). The test substance was administered by inhalation of a nebulised solution via apparatus which limited and measured the inspiratory flow rate to 50, 100 and 150 l/minute of increasing concentrations of citric acid.

The test was finished when a cough was produced after each inhalation at one concentration (cough threshold) or the maximum concentration was reached. Each concentration was given at three different flow rates. The exposures were repeated on 3 days at least 48 hours apart.

The mean cough threshold was determined to be 21 (±9-54) mg/l at an inspiratory flow rate of 50 l/min and 43 (±13-141) mg/l at 150 l/minute. It was concluded that inspiratory flow rate should be controlled when cough challenges with citric acid are performed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FDA

COLLAGEN (CAS: 9007-34-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

8600 -- - VKM Report 2016:65, https://vkm.no/download/18.761cd04215dabef8a9e82c2d/1502797650515/Risk%20assessment%20of%20%22other%20substances %22%20%E2%80%93Collagen%20from%20fishskin.pdf

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mice) 50 ml/kg

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data

SKIN SENSITISATION

not classified as sensitizer Additional information: however, some people may be intolerant, depending on the origin of the collagen itself. Parts of the population that can be especially affected by fish collagen are persons that are allergic to fish. However, no studies were found that investigated the sensitisation in the general population.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not genotoxic / mutagenic Additional information: The induction of chromosomal aberrations was studied in CHL/IU cells (a cell line consisting of fibroblasts derived from the lungs of newborn female Chinese hamsters) exposed to fish collagen (produced by solubilized tilapia skin) at concentrations of 1.3, 2.5 and 5 µl/ml for a short treatment (time not indicated) with and without metabolic activation, and for 24 hours without metabolic activation (chromosomal aberration test ISO 10993-3:2003) (Yamamoto et al., 2014). There were no significant differences in structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations between treatment groups and control.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Collagen and gelatin are proteins of variable solubility that will be partly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after digestion. Collagen and gelatin hydrolysate are processed forms, which are more water-soluble. Used as a nutritional supplement, the role of the gelatin will mainly be as a supply of amino acids. Most amino acids in collagen may be used in protein synthesis. This is not the case for hydroxyproline which is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced from proline after incorporation into a peptide chain by post- translational hydroxylation. Most dietary hydroxyproline appears to be absorbed in small peptides by the so-called IMINO system transporters (Broer et al., 2009). Absorbed hydroxyproline will be oxidized in the body after conversion to glycine and pyruvate (Wu et al., 2011). No human or animal studies on metabolism and excretion of collagen, gelatin or collagen/gelatin hydrolysates from fish were found. However, as collagen and gelatin are proteins of variable solubility that will be partly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is anticipated that the absorbed parts will become building blocks of new proteins in the body.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

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no data

DATA ON MAN

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) To measure the absorption of the collagen hydrolysate from cod skin, the concentration of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in human blood was determined after ingestion of the collagen hydrolysate (Shigemura et al., 2014). Healthy volunteers (two females and two males, average age 27 years) fasted for 12 hours before ingesting 30.8, 153.8 and 384.6 mg/kg bw of collagen hydrolysate dissolved in 100 ml of water (that is 2, 10 and 25 g for a 65 kg person). All four volunteers ingested the three different doses of collagen hydrolysate with a week-long washout between the ingestions. Approximately 10 ml blood was collected from each participant before and 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after ingestion. The hydroxyproline-containing peptide levels in human plasma were measured. A dosedependent increase of free hydroxyproline in plasma was found after ingestion of collagen hydrolysate. The quantity and structures of food-derived gelatin hydrolysates in human blood from three sources of type I collagen were compared by Ohara et al. (2007) in a single-blind crossover study. Five healthy male volunteers ingested type I gelatin hydrolysates from fish scale, fish skin or porcine skin after 12 hours of fasting. Amounts of free form hydroxyproline and hydroxyproline-containing peptide were measured over a period of 24 hours. Hydroxyprolinecontaining peptides comprised approximately 30% of all detected hydroxyproline. For free form hydroxyproline and for hydroxyproline-containing peptide, the AUC0-24 h varied in order of fish scale gelatin hydrolysate ≥ porcine skin gelatin hydrolysate ≥ fish skin gelatin hydrolysate. Proline-hydroxyproline was a major constituent of hydroxyproline-containing peptides. The quantity and structure of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in human blood after oral administration of gelatin hydrolysate depended on the gelatin source.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS -TOXNET database on toxicology

- ECHA database on REACH registered substances - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - VKM Report 2016:65

DIMETHICONE (CAS: 63148-62-9 / 9006-65-9 / 9016-00-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - CIR, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/FAR_Methicones_032022.pdf

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat)> 2000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rat) > 2008 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit)> 2000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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Slightly irritatant Additional information: Three rabbits and 3 guinea pigs were exposed to non-occlusive, daily applications of 0.5 ml of Dimethicone (100 cm2 /s; dynamic viscosity or specific gravity values were not provided) to a 2.5 cm2 patch of closely shaven skin for 10 d. No erythema or signs of skin irritation or inflammation were noted in the animals. In an acute dermal toxicity study, undiluted, Dimethicone (57,000 kg/m⋅s) was applied to the shaved backs of 5 male and 5 female adult New Zealand White rabbits, under occlusion, for 24 h, at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw. Erythema was observed at the application site in all 10 rabbits, but resolved by the 7th day of observation.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

mild to minimal irritant Additional information: Most ocular irritation studies using rabbits classified Dimethicone, ranging in concentration from 10% to 35%, as a mild to minimal irritant. The most common finding was a conjunctival reaction. However, instillation of 0.005 ml 15% Dimethicone produced minor to moderate conjunctival irritation in all 6 rabbits; the irritation cleared in 5 of the 6 rabbits within 72 h. Additionally, a few studies reported conjunctival reactions, chemosis, and persisting redness, especially when the eyes were unrinsed. Similar to Dimethicone, Methicone and Vinyl Dimethicone also produced conjunctival reactions.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer Additional information: Dimethicone (tested undiluted and at 79%) was not a sensitizer in 4 assays using mice and guinea pigs. It was not a sensitizer at 5.0% in a clinical HRIPT using 83 subjects

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

Penetration of Dimethicone (9.5 kg/m⋅s and 332.5 kg/m⋅s) was examined in female human abdominal skin and vaginal tissue. Both viscosities were applied in infinite doses for 96 h to the donor side of split-thickness human abdominal skin sections (reference standard) and full-thickness human vaginal tissue mounted in Franz in vitro diffusion cells. (The identification of the vehicle and receptor fluid was not provided.) The dermal flux rate for Dimethicone (332.5 kg/m⋅s) in abdominal skin was 0.3 ng/cm2/h, compared to 2 ng/cm2/h for vaginal tissue; while the flux rates for Dimethicone (9.5 kg/m⋅s) in abdominal skin were 0.2 ng/cm2/h and 6 ng/cm2/h for vaginal tissue. The authors concluded that there was a low penetration rate, which occurred more rapidly in vaginal tissue, for both viscosities. In a dermal penetration study, the authors sought to determine if Dimethicone interacts with and alters the stratum corneum lipid microstructure. Excised human stratum corneum tissue samples were obtained from the inner thigh of a healthy 50 yr-old woman and the abdomen of a healthy 26 yr-old man. An in vitro model lipid system containing stratum corneum fatty acids was also used to mimic the skin barrier. These tissue samples were rinsed with 0.001% m/m trypsin inhibitor and stored for 48 h in 76% humidity, at ambient temperature, to achieve an approximately 20% hydration level. The hydrated samples were then treated for 20 min in various viscosities of excess Dimethicone (332.5, 475, 950, or 19,000 kg/m⋅s) at 37 ºC, removed with a cellulose tissue, and analyzed for change using thermal profile, x-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. All results indicated that Dimethicone did not disturb or interact with the liquid crystalline structure of the upper layer of the epidermis, and hence is not likely to penetrate the skin barrier.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not genototxic / mutagenic Additional information: Dimethicone tested negative for genotoxic effects in multiple Ames tests, at up to 5000 µg/plate, bacterial reverse mutation assays, at up to 79% in formulation, micronucleus tests, at up to 5 g/kg, and in mouse cell and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) assays, at up to 10,000 µg/ml, both with and without metabolic activation.

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CARCINOGENICITY

not carcirogenic Additional information: Dimethicone was negative for carcinogenicity in both an oral (up to 2.5% Dimethicone in diet for 76 wk) and a dermal carcinogenicity study (lifetime application; 50 µl of the test article (motor oil) that contained an unspecified amount of Dimethicone) using mice. One treated mouse in the dermal study had a palpable skin mass at the application site during wk 65, which regressed by wk 67; no application site dermal neoplasms were microscopically confirmed in either treated or control mice.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: Dimethicone was tested in numerous oral-dose (using rats) and dermal-dose (using rats, rabbits, monkeys) reproductive and developmental toxicity studies. In an oral study with rats, 3.3 ml/kg/d Dimethicone was administered directly to the stomach for 6 d. Males treated with 1 of 3 Dimethicone samples (no further details provided) had significantly decreased body weight and/or decreased testes or seminal vesicles weights. No treatment-related adverse findings were noted in pregnant females or fetuses, dosed orally, via diet, and dermally. In an intergenerational study, a motor oil containing an unspecified amount of Dimethicone was applied undiluted in doses of 0.1, 0.4, and 1.5 ml/kg, to the shaved backs of the parental (P1) and first generation (F1) of Sprague-Dawley rats, daily for an 8-wk premating period, 3-wk mating period, and throughout gestation and lactation. No statistically significant differences in mortality or survival rates were seen in F1 rats on day 0 (parturition), however, mortality after parturition was significantly decreased in the 0.4 and 1.5-ml/kg groups. Conversely, mortality in the F2 litter was significantly increased in the 0.4 ml/kg group on day 0. Absolute testes weights significantly reduced in the adult F1 male rats of the 1.5 ml/kg group, beginning wk 7, but the relative testes to body weight ratio was not significantly different from controls

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Several acute pharmacokinetic studies in dogs, rats, and a monkey reported minimal gastrointestinal absorption of Dimethicone and up to 99.99% recovery of the administered dose via excretion.1 In a dose study, beagle dogs were fed 91% Dimethicone at a dose of 300 mg/kg/d for 120 d in the diet. Although one female showed atrophy of the spleen, and another female had slightly reddened rugae near the stomach and mucus in the intestine, Dimethicone was not detected in any organs or considered absorbed.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

In human studies, absorption was seen in humans following ingestion of a Dimethicone sample containing lowmolecular-weight polymers. Dermal upper back exposure to Dimethicone for 10 d did not increase blood or urine silicone concentrations in men

In a human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT), Dimethicone (11,875 kg/m⋅s) was tested neat as a negative control, and was used as a vehicle for a 5% (v/v) solution of an unspecified test substance. Sodium lauryl sulfate (0.1% aqueous solution) was used as a positive control. Of the 115 subjects enrolled, 106 completed the study; no subjects withdrew due to adverse reactions to the test substance. Induction consisted of 9 consecutive applications, where 0.2 ml of Dimethicone was applied under a semi-occlusive dressing for 24 h. The test sites were evaluated in the following 48 - 72 h. After the 9th application, there was a 10 to 15-d non-treatment period. Challenge occurred in the sixth week of the study; the substance was applied to an unexposed site for 24 h, and graded after 24 - 48 h. No evidence of sensitization to Dimethicone, as a control or vehicle, was observed.

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Formula Code -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European Medical Agency

DISODIUM EDTA (CAS: 139-33-3 --- 6381-92-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

500 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14817/7/6/2 Additional information: Once the survivors were placed on a control diet the diarrhea, when present, subsided the within 24 hours. The animal that had previously received 5000 mg/kg bw/day Na2H2EDTA still had low food consumption and died within l week. All other animals survived this 4-week period . The animals that had received 2500 mg/kg bw/ day Na2H2EDTA gained weight more slowly than did the other animals and weighed significantly less than controls at the end of the 4-week withdrawal period. The chelating agent was not detectable in the urine after 2-3 days, nor in the feces after 7 days. The autopsies revealed no significant findings. - EGTA was better tolerated in the diet than EDTA

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) 2 800 mg/kg bw LOAEC inhalation (rat) ca. 30 mg/m³ air

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

Not classified as skin irritant / corrosive Additional information: Irritant / corrosive response data: - 20 h application: a very slight erythema was observable in one animal which was fully reversible within 24 h; a well defined erythema was observable in animal 2, which was fully reversible within 72 h. - 1-15 min exposure did also cause no edema or erythema - A well defined erythema was observed on the ear of both animals which was fully reversible within 48 h.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

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Not classified as eye irritant / corrosive Additional information: Irritant / corrosive response data: Both animals showed some redness of the conjunctivae (score 1), 24 h after application of the test susbtance. The same effect was observed in the talcum powder treated eye. This effect was fully reversible 48 h in animal 1 and at least within 8 days in animal 2.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising Additional information: The Magnusson Klingman Test according to OECD Test Guideline 406 using Na2EDTA (purity 91 %) was chosen as key study. This test was performed under GLP by BASF (2000). 10 test animal and 5 control animals were used. A 0.5 % substance concentration in corn oil was used for intradermal induction and a 30 % test concentration for topical induction. Control animals were treated with corn oil as vehicle control. The challenge was conducted with 30 % Na2EDTA in corn oil. 3/10 test animals showed a discrete patchy erythema 24 h after patch removal, after 48 h 0/10 showed a patchy erythema. 7 days later a re-challenge was conducted using 30 % substance in corn oil. 1/10 test animals exhibited a discrete patchy erythema after 24 h, which was reversible within 48 h. Control animals did not exhibit skin reaction after challenge or re-challenge. The positive control group using 20 % mercaptobenzodiazol induced positive skin sensitisation reactions in 7/10 animals at the 24 and 48 h reading. With Na3EDTA a Repeated Insult Patch Test gave a negative result (0/10 animals) (Henck et al., 1980). Within 10 days the animals received 4 topical treatments (0.1 mL) of 10 % Na3EDTA in dipropyleneglycolmethylether; at the third treatment Freud''s adjuvants was injected additionally. 2 weeks after the last treatment the challenge was conducted using 10 % Na3EDTA in dipropyleneglykolmethylether. Within the same test Henck et al. also tested for cross-sensitisation between the known skin sensitizer ethylenediamine (EDA) and Na3EDTA. Animals were sensitized with EDA and challenged topically with Na3EDTA on the one flanc and EDA on the other. None of the animals reacted positive after the challenge with Na3EDTA, but all of the animals which were challenge with EDA showed a slight to marked erythema and slight edema. Therefore, it was concluded that Na3EDTA does not cross-sensitize with EDA. Two studies on dogs with airway hyperresponsiveness using Na2EDTA have been performed. In those dogs bronchoconstriction can be induced. However, considering the fact that no adverse acute or chronic respiratory health effect was reported in workes exposed to Na4EDTA or edetic acid, these results do not warrant a labeling according to EU or GHS critieria.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

SKIN ABSORPTION - The maximum activity detected in urine was 0.001%

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not considered to be classified for genetic toxicity under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Additional information: Several in vitro and in vivo tests using Na2EDTA are available. Additional information of EDTA free acid and other Na salts of EDTA have been used for the overall risk assessment. Na salts of EDTA were tested negative in several ames tests. Na salts of EDTA were tested negative in several mouse lymphoma assays. Only one mouse lymphoma assay using edetic acid was positive. However, it was not clear whether this effect was due to the test substance or the pH change. Several other in vitro tests have been performed, and in general EDTA was not genotoxic in vitro. In vivo, somatic cells in mice (bone marrow cells) showed negative results with respect to the endpoints micronuclei, aneuploidy and sister chromatid exchanges. In germ line cells negative results were obtained for induction of structural chromosomal aberrations in spermatogonia, for induction of aneuploidy in primary and secondary spermatocytes, and also for induction of dominant lethals. A positive result was obtained in a micronucleus test with spermatids after ip application, indicating that aneugenic effects may be induced in specific phases of spermatogenesis (late spermacytogenesis). The effect was linked to the use of an extremely high dose in the LD50 range. Since the induction of aneuploidy is based on a threshold mode of action, the potential for induction of aneuploidy will not be expressed at low doses. Furthermore, the effects may be indirect, resulting from the lower intracellular bioavailability of essential elements. On balance, EDTA and its sodium salts may show a low aneuploidogenic potential at extremely high doses. On the basis of the various negative findings and the assumption of a threshold mode of action for aneugens, it can be concluded that EDTA and its sodium salts are not mutagenic for humans. This result was also confirmed by the independent evaluation of the MAK Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the work area (MAK, 46. Lieferung, 2009).

CARCINOGENICITY

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substance is not considered to be classified for carcinogenicity under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, as amended for the tenth time in Regulation (EU) No 2017/776. Additional information: A standard carcinogenicity study on mice and rats using Na3 EDTA did not demonstrate that the test substance is carcinogenic in experimental animals. 50 male and 50 female Fischer 344 rats were administered with 3750 and 7500 ppm (equivalent to about 248 and 495 mg/kg bw/day) daily in the diet for 103 weeks. Matched control groups were composed of 20 male and 20 female animals. The average body weights of treated males and females were comparable to those of the matched controls throughout the study. No treatment-related clinical signs were observed and no statistically significant differences in survival noted. Inflammatory and degenerative changes were observed in about the same frequency in all groups. The lesions appeared to be related to age and not to the administration of the test substance. A high incidence of tumors has been observed in the reproductive and endocrine systems and low incidences occurred in the hematopoietic, respiratory, integumentary, and digestive systems. No neoplasms were observed in the nervous, musculoskeletal, or urinary systems. No tumor appeared in a statistically significant positive trend in either dose groups or sexes. A variety of endocrine tumors were found, some types occurring only in treated animals. However, these tumors occurred in low numbers and have frequently been seen in untreated animals in other studies. Therefore, they are probably unrelated to treatment. In a similar study in mice, 50 male and 50 female B6C3Fl mice were administered with the same dose concentrations (3750 and 7500 ppm, equivalent to about 469 and 938 mg/kg bw/day) daily in the feed for 103 weeks. Matched control groups were composed of 20 male and 20 female animals. In male mice only the high-dose group showed a decrease in average body weight compared to the controls throughout most of the study period. In female mice average body weights of the treatment groups were depressed in a dose-related manner during the study period, although the effect was small. No treatment-related clinical signs were observed and no statistically significant differences in survival noted. Inflammatory and degenerative changes were observed in about the same frequency in all groups. The lesions appeared to be related to age and not to the administration of the test substance. A variety of neoplasms were found in both treated and control animals that were well known from historical controls of the same strain. There was a high incidence of tumors in the hematopoictic, endocrine, digestive, and respiratory systems. The incidence of neoplasms in other systems was variable. For all tumor types observed no statistical significance were seen between incidences in dose groups and control groups. With the exception of a splenic hemangioma in a control female and a 3750 ppm-male, all of the tumors of the hematopoietic system were malignant lymphomas or leukemias. The distribution of endocrine tumors varied little between treated and control mice. For all groups, the incidences of hepatic neoplasms were considerably higher in males than in females. Liver tumors occurred in the 3750 ppm-dose (10/44, 22 %) and 7500 ppm-dose (10/47, 21 %) male groups. Percentage was approximately the same as in the male controls (3/19, 16 %). Primary neoplasms of the respiratory system were observed in both treated and control groups. The highest incidence of pulmonary neoplasms was found in the 7500 ppm-dose male mice (control: 2/18, 11 %; 3750 ppm: 8/44, 18 %; 7500 ppm: 12/45, 26 %). This may suggest a treatment related effect. Lung tumors were frequently seen in mice of this strain and age, and therefore, the increase of incidence in this mouse study is probably not related to treatment. In conclusion, the non-significantly increased incidence of some tumor types observed in the study provides no clear evidence of carcinogenic effects in the mice.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

adverse effect observed NOAEL: 250 mg/kg bw/day Additional information: 2 fertility studies using Na2EDTA are available. However, those studies are of limited reliability. Therefore, a multigeneration study with CaNa2EDTA has been used for the risk assessment. This did not give evidence for adverse effects on reproductive performance and outcome for doses of up to 250 mg/kg bw/day. For estimating a NOAEL, other studies were not taken into consideration because of methodological flaws. Hence, the NOAEL is 250 mg/kg bw/day for CaNa2EDTA. The toxic and teratogenic effects of Na2EDTA were studied in female CD rats following different routes of administration (dietary, gavage, s.c) during g.d. 7-14 (Kimmel, 1977). Dietary exposure to 3 % Na2EDTA amounting to an average dose of 954 mg Na2EDTA/kg bw/day resulted in reduced food intake, severe diarrhea and severe weight loss in the dams during treatment and produced a significant proportion of fetal deaths (about 33% resorptions/litter), significantly lower average fetal weight and gross external, internal and

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skeletal malformations in about 71% of the survivors. Treatment with 1500 or 1250 mg Na2EDTA/ kg bw/day administered by gavage (respectively 625 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg twice daily) resulted in severe toxicity to the dams (7 out of 8 animals died in the 1500 mg dose group), in particular 36 % maternal deaths, significantly reduced weight gain, and diarrhea in the 1250 mg dose group and a significantly higher proportion of (about 21 %) malformed survivors. Treatment with 375 mg/kg bw administered subcutaneously produced signs of severe pain (vocalisations and shock) to the dams and resulted in 24 % maternal deaths, significantly reduced food intake and maternal weight loss during the period of treatment. Fetal toxicity (about 32 % resorptions/litter, significantly reduced fetal weight) and a rate of about 4 % malformed survivors/litter were reported for this route of application. In a further developmental study, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed during various periods of gestation to purified diets adjusted to either 100 or 1000 ppm zinc (provided as zinc carbonate) and containing 2 or 3 % Na2EDTA corresponding to 1000 or 1500 mg/kg bw daily intake (Swenerton & Hurley, 1971). The groups of 8 to 16 females had been set on the control diet at least 5 days before breeding and mated to normal stock-fed males. The evaluation of treatment related effects to the dams was not indicated in this study, except for the report on moderate to severe diarrhea in all females that were fed diets containing Na2EDTA. While obviously complete reproductive failure occurred with the 3 % Na2EDTA/100 ppm zinc diet fed during g.d. 0-21, with the 2 % Na2EDTA/100 ppm zinc diet reproductive outcome was essentially comparable to that of controls, however, with lower mean body weight of the pups and with 7 % malformed of the fullterm fetuses. Exposure to the 3 % Na2EDTA/100 ppm zinc diet during the period of g.d. 6-14 and 6-21 resulted in respectively 40 % and 54 % dead or absorbed fetuses, reduced number of dams with live pubs, clearly reduced mean fetal body weight and ratios of respectively 87 % and 100 % malformed living offspring. Gross malformations comprised cleft palate, severe brain deformities, eye defects, micro- or agnathia, syndactyly, clubbed legs and tail anomalies. The reported fetotoxic and teratogenic effects were similar to those from earlier experiments with zinc deficient diets administered to pregnant rats for various periods of during gestation (Hurley, 1966). In contrast, the live offspring of dams fed 3 % Na2EDTA supplemented with 1000 ppm zinc from g.d. 6-21 did not exhibit any malformations, and the mean number of live pups/litter and the mean fetal body weight were comparable to those of controls. The authors concluded from this study that Na2EDTA ingested during pregnancy was teratogenic, whereas supplementation with zinc prevented the detrimental effects of EDTA. It was suggested that the congenital anomalies caused by EDTA were due specifically to zinc deficiency. This was also supported by zinc analyses of fetuses (Hurley & Swenerton, 1966), where clearly lower zinc contents were found in fetuses from deficient mothers in comparison to those from zinc supplemented dams, indicating that the reported effects rather occur because of a direct lack of zinc in fetal tissues than from indirect effects of maternal metabolism on fetal development. EDTA and four of its salts were evaluated for their teratogenic potential in CD albino rats (Schardein et al., 1981). Groups of 20 females were treated by gavage during g.d. 7-14 with 1000 mg EDTA/kg bw/day as well as with equimolar doses of disodium, trisodium, calcium disodium and tetrasodium edetate (dissolved and suspended in phosphate buffer with final pH values ranging from 3.9 to 9.2). The dose level had been selected from preliminary studies with edetic acid in which there had been some evidence of both maternal and fetotoxicity under the same experimental conditions. For the dams significant drug-related reactions including diarrhea and depression of activity were reported. The former occurred in all drug groups with highest incidences for tetrasodium edetate (90 %) and edetic acid (80 %) and lowest incidence for calcium disodium edetate (10 %). Three dams died during treatment with disodium edetate. Besides slightly decreased food intake in all test groups, treatment with all of the test compounds caused reduced weight gain in the dams during the treatment period. The mortality index of offspring in all treated groups as measured by postimplantation loss was comparable to that of the vehicle and untreated control group. None of the test compounds significantly affected litter size at term or mean fetal body weight when compared to either control. Fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal anomalies. Incidental findings of skeletal anomalies did not reveal a definitive pattern regarding treatment with a particular compound. The authors stated that under these experimental conditions no teratogenic effects were evidenced even at maternally toxic doses. Toxicity to reproduction: other studies Additional information Several in vitro tests for teratogenicity have been performed. In a study of Schmid (1985) 9.5 days old rat embryos were cultured in heat inactivated male rat serum containing Aroclor induced liver S9-mix and 10 - 300 µg/ml EDTA (unclear whether the free acid or a salt was tested). After 48 h incubation no effects on crown-rump and head length or degrees of differentiation were observed. There were also no malformations observed. In another study there was also no interference with normal cell differentiation of murine neuroblast cells (clone N1E-115) (no information regarding the concentrations available) (Mummery, 1984). However, severe cytotoxicity was observed with an EC 100 of 292

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µg/mL and an NEC of 2.9 µg/mL. (1984) conducted a teratogenic test in vitro with cell cultures of forelimb buds and midbrains of 13 day old rat embryos. He reported that up to 500 µg/mL EDTA had no effect on forelimb bud differentiation, but inhibited CNS differentiation at with an IC50 of 2.8 µg/mL and an NEC of 1 µg/mL. 292 µg/mL EDTA also inhibited the cell differentiation to myotubes and ganglia in Oregon R Drosophila embryonic cultures (Bournias-Vardiabasis,1983). In an additional study by (1984) 40 mg/kg bw of EDTA sodium salt were administered to rabbits on the 12th day of gestation. 16 h later embryos were removed and midbrain and forelimb buds cultured for 5 days. EDTA inhibited cell culture development by less than 20%. It was stated that EDTA interferes with the cell culture development. In a not very reliable study by Gassett (1977) 0.1 or 3% EDTA solution were dropped into the eye of 4 rabbits 6 times a day. The treatment was performed from sixth to the eighteenth day of gestation. Fetuses were obtained by cesarian section at day 29 of gestation. No teratogenic effect was reported for both EDTA concentrations, however at the 3% dose group the number of fetuses alive dropped from 23 in the 0.1% dose group to 8. In parallel the number of aborted or resorbed fetuses increased from 3 to 19. Two additional reports on the treatment of pregnant woman with CaNa2EDTA are available. In one case an 8 months pregnant woman was treated for 7 days with 75 mg/kg bw/day CaNa2EDTA for lead poisoning (Angle, 1964). 4 weeks later the mother delivered of normal infant (3.2 kg); developmental assessment of this boy at age 4 3/4 revealed nothing abnormal. In the other case a 7th month pregnant woman was treated with 0.5 g CaNa2EDTA/day intravenously 3 times a week for 4 weeks (Abendroth, 1971). The delivered infant was healthy and a follow up check at age of 4 also revealed nothing abnormal.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Some poorly reported toxicokinetics studies using the disodium salt of EDTA have been performed. Additionally studies using Ca and Na salts of EDTA are available. According to the dissociation equilibrium of edetic acid, administration of different sodium salts will result in the formation of various anionic species of EDTA in dependence on the intestinal pH value. In whatever salt EDTA is administered, it is likely to chelate metal ions in vivo. Therefore, the studies using CaNa2EDTA have been used as read-across (see chapter 13 for read-across justification). It can be assumed that the systemic absorption from the intestinal tract is low. The obtained data can be used to predict that dermal absorption should be even lower. Additionally absorbed EDTA does not undergo any biotransformation and is excreted unchanged. In toxicokinetics studies on humans as well as rats the CaNa2 and Na salts of EDTA are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (2 to 18 % in rats; less than 5 % in humans) CaNa2EDTA does not penetrate the skin, only 0.001 % were absorbed within 24 h of administration. Intravenously applied EDTA is rapidly excreted in urine (humans 50. % within the first hour 98 % within 24 h; rats: 95 % to 98 % within 6 h). These data were also confirmed by the independent evaluation of the MAK Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the work area (MAK, 46. Lieferung, 2009). Discussion on bioaccumulation potential result: In a study conducted by Foreman et al. (1953), 50 mg/kg bw of 14C-labelled calcium salt of EDTA were administered to rats orally (gavage), intraperitoneally, intravenously or intramuscularly. After oral application calcium EDTA was poorly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract (2 - 18 % within 24 h). Most of the administered dose was excreted by feces 80 - 95 % and much less in urine (2 - 18 %). After parenteral application 95 - 98 % (i.v.: 96.09 %; i.p.: 98.67 %; i.m.: 95.35 %) of the radioactivity was excreted in urine within 6 h after application, while less than 0.1 % was exhaled as CO2. None of these tissues contained at this time point more than 0.5 % of the radioactivity administered. Two additional studies on the toxicokinetics of CaNa2EDTA after i.p. application are available. In one study rats got 10 injections of 300 - 436 mg/kg bw/day 14 C-labelled CaNa2EDTA. 66 to 92 % of the administered dose were recovered in urine while generally less than 5 % were excreted by feces. 24 h after the last injection kidneys showed less than 0.1 % of the radioactivity (Doolan, 1967). In the other study, 18 rats got a single i.p. application of 400 mg/kg bw 14[C]CaNa2EDTA. Within 22 h, 80 % of the radioactivity were excreted in urine, while the concentration in kidney homogenate was approximately 0.1 - 0.2 % during this time period (Miller, 1986). The effects of s.c. application of CaNa2EDTA on Zn, Cu and Mn metabolism were investigated in female dogs. CaNa2EDTA was applied with a dose of 280 mg/kg bw/ every 6 hours for 54 h. Urine was collected every 6 h and the Zn, Cu and Mn content analysed. CaNa2EDTA application increased the urinary excretion of Zn, Cu and Mn significantly

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(Ibim, 1992). In addition, in poorly documented studies by Yang (1964) the toxicokinetics of Na2EDTA were analysed in rats. After gavage application of 47.5, 95 and 142.5 mg/kg bw the amount of EDTA ingested was proportional to the amount of urinary excretion with a peak excretion 4 h after application. After gavage administration of 400 mg/kg bw to weanling and adult rats roughly 90 % of the dose were recovered in feces, while only 5.3 % (adults) - 8.6 % (weanlings) were recovered in urine within 48 h. It was therefore assumed that most of the orally applied EDTA is not absorbed. After a single gavage application of ca. 475 mg/kg bw to rats, the gastrointestinal tract was removed in intervals up to 32 h and the EDTA content analysed. All EDTA passed through the stomach within 12 h and 93 % of the dose was recovered in the colon after 32 h, which demonstrated a poor absorption from GI tract. The EDTA contents of the small intestine and urine reached a maximum about 4 h after dosage. Urinary excretion over the period of 32 h cumulated to 6 % of the dose. In an additional study, Yang stated that of a dietary dose of 300, 600 and 3000 mg/kg bw 82 %, 44 % and 45 % could be recovered in urine and feces. However, it is unclear were the residual percentage of Na2EDTA remained. Foreman & Trujillo (1954) studied the toxicokinetics of 14C-CaNa2EDTA in young, healthy male volunteers. 4.2 mg/person were applied i.v. or i.m. 50 % of the dose was excreted in urine within 1 h (i.v.) or 2.5 h (i.m.). Within 24 h, > 98 % of the dose was excreted in urine after both applications. The half-live blood clearance was 1 h 5 min (i.v.) or 1.5 h (i.m.) respectively. Additionally, Foreman administered 14C-CaNa2EDTA orally at a dose of 1.5 mg/person. CaNa2EDTA was poorly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. Within 72 h, 91 % of the dose was excreted in feces and 4.2 % in urine. No test substance could be detected in blood. Discussion on absorption rate: In a study on young, healthy, male volunteers Foreman & Trujillo (1954) investigated the dermal absorption of CaNa2EDTA. 3 mg of a mixture of 14C-labelled and unlabelled substance was prepared in water soluble base. The past was applied over an area of 100 cm² for 24 h under occlusive conditions. In one study Na salt was used instead of Ca salt. The maximum activity in the urine was 0.001 % of the administered dose.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

Exposure related observations in humans: - The study indicates that CaNa2EDTA passes through the body unchanged and is excreted via the kidney by both glomerular filtration and tubular excretion. - The turnover time from the blood is approximately 1 h after iv administration. - It is poorly absorbed from the GI-tract. - It does not penetrate the skin.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

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ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN (CAS: 70445-33-9) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

100 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16725/7/6/2

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

moderate irritant

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

According CLP regulation: H318: Causes serious eye damage

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not genotoxic / mutagenic according in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria: S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic reproductive NOEL 50 mg/kg bw/day

Teratogenecy: not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

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PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE (CAS: 29031-19-4) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

2149 -- - https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cot/tox200826.pdf

Additional information: A NOAEL of 2700 mg/kw bw was reported in rats given glucosamine sulphate for 52 weeks. The NOAEL in dogs given glucosamine for 26 weeks was 2149 mg/kg bw/day (Setnikar et al, 1991).

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 8000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not classified as skin irritant

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not classified as eye irritant

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

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Skin permeation of Glucosamine Sulfate was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley full-thickness rat skin. Freshly excised rat skin was mounted between the donor and receptor cell (area of diffusion was 2.14 cm2 ). Donor cells, facing the stratum corneum surface, contained 5% Glucosamine Sulfate aqueous solution (3 ml). Receptor cells, which faced the dermis side, were filled with normal saline solution (12 ml). At predetermined time intervals, 0.5 mL of the receptor solution was withdrawn and refilled with the same volume of fresh receptor solution. Samples were analyzed by HPLC. The skin permeation rate (amount recovered in receptor fluid) was determined to be 13.27 µg/cm2 /h. MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Blood levels, tissue distribution, and excretion patterns of radioactivity were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats (44 rats/ sex) after oral administration of Glucosamine HCl diluted with unlabeled Glucosamine Sulfate (dose not reported). Plasma, urine, feces, blood, and organs/tissues were evaluated for radiolabel concentrations. At 1 - 2 h after administration, Glucosamine radioactivity was bound to or incorporated into plasma proteins. After peaking at 2 - 4 h, radioactivity declined from plasma at a slower rate (t1/2 = 46 h). Approximately half of the radioactivity was excreted as [ 14C]carbon dioxide, and 40% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine. Only 2% of the administered dose was excreted in feces. Radioactivity analysis in tissues and organs revealed that the from the labeled Glucosamine quickly entered into all tissues, included cartilage, reaching a maximum at 8 h.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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The penetration The penetration of a 10% Glucosamine Sulfate cream into the synovial fluid of patients with knee osteoarthritis (134 subjects/group) was evalauted. For treated groups, cream (2 g) was placed on the knee, for 1-3 h, followed by synovial fluid collection. A control group was not subjected to any treatment, but their synovial fluid was collected. Synovial fluid from both treated and control groups was evaluated for Glucosamine concentrations via HPLC. The mean Glucosamine concentrations in treated and control patients were 100.56 ng/ml and 17.83 ng/ml, respectively (p < 0.0001). ADME The pharmacokinetics of Glucosamine after oral administration of crystalline Glucosamine Sulfate and Glucosamine HCl were evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers (5 male and 7 female). 25 Volunteers received once-daily, oral administrations of crystalline Glucosamine Sulfate soluble powder at a dose of 1500 mg, or Glucosamine HCl capsules at a dose of 500 mg, for 3 consecutive days, alone, or in combination with chondroitin sulfate (400 mg). Glucosamine was determined at steady state in plasma collected up to 48 h after the last dose by a validated LC-MS/MS method. After Glucosamine Sulfate administration, peak concentrations (Css, max) and extent of exposure (AUCss) averaged 9.1 ± 6.3 µM and 76.5 ± 23.0 µM/h, respectively. Significantly lower plasma concentrations (p ≤ 0.005) were determined after the administration of Glucosamine HCl alone (Css, max and AUCss averaged 4.5 ± 1.8 µM and 21.4 ± 7.6 µM/h, respectively), or in combination with chondroitin sulfate (Css, max and AUCss averaged 3.3 ± 1.0 µM and 13.8 ± 5.4 µM/h, respectively). CLINICAL STUDIES Case Reports A 76-yr-old woman with arterial hypertension and osteoarthritis was referred for evaluation after an episode of urticaria after drug intake. The patient was prescribed Glucosamine Sulfate for osteoarthritis, and suffered from erythematous lesions and facial swelling within several hours after Glucosamine Sulfate intake. The following day, 5 min after a new dose, the patient developed tongue, facial, and throat swelling with facial erythema. She was treated in the emergency department with antihistamines and corticosteroids. Symptoms resolved within 4 h. After a washout period, a skin prick test and intradermal test with Glucosamine Sulfate was performed. The skin prick test yielded negative results, however, the intradermal test (concentration of 1.5 mg/ml) yielded positive results with a papule of 35 mm2 . The intradermal test in 10 healthy volunteers was negative. RISK ASSESSMENT Glucosamine Sulfate: The Norwegian Food Safety Authority calculated margin of safety (MoS) values for the use of 10% Glucosamine Sulfate in a body lotion, leg cream, and face cream, and from overall exposure from cosmetics. These values were calculated assuming 100% dermal absorption, a NOAEL value of 430 mg/kg/d, and a calculated relative daily exposure of 123.20, 43.50, and 24.13 mg/kg bw/d, for the body lotion, leg cream, and face cream, respectively.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EFSA, European Food Safety Agency

GLYCERIN (CAS: 56-81-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

10000 -- - European Chemical Agency ECHA.EU https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14481/7/6/1

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

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LD50 (oral) rat 27,200 mg/kg Results for natural and synthetic glycerine were comparable with an oral LD50 of 27,200 mg/kg. LC50 (inhalation) rat 5.85 mg/L LD50 (dermal) guinea pigs 56,750 mg/kg

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

A round-robin testing program was conducted in 14 laboratories. The dermal irritation potential was examined. Glycerin was considered to be non irritating to the skin in rabbit irritation studies in 14 testing laboratories.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

A round-robin testing program was conducted in 20 laboratories. The eye irritation potential was examined.

Based on the results obtained from 20 different testing laboratories, glycerin was considered to be nonirritating in 19 laboratories and of questionable irritation in one laboratory.

SKIN SENSITISATION

Glycerol failed to provoke an SI of 3 or more at any test concentration examined, despite employing relatively high doses of material (maximum concentration 100%) and is thus considered to be non-sensitising.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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In the available evaluations performed by official bodies (OECD 2002, EFSA 2017) a number of additional genotoxicity toxicity studies were evaluated and summarised. The overall conclusion was that there is no in-vitro or in-vivo data that indicates glycerol to have a genotoxic potential.

EFSA conclusion: Glycerol did not show any genotoxic activity in different in vitro assays, which include negative results in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), in chromosome aberration assays and in studies on DNA damage in mammalian cells. Questionable results obtained in a HGPRT gene mutation assay did not show a dose–response effect and were therefore judged of no biological significance. A lack of valid in vivo genotoxicity data was not of concern since clear negative findings were observed in in vitro assays. On this basis, the Panel considered that glycerol as a food additive did not raise concern with respect to genotoxicity.

OECD conclusion: There are no structural alerts (expert judgement) which raise concern for the inherent mutagenic potential of glycerol. In vitro, glycerol was negative (with and without metabolic activation) in Ames tests and did not induce chromosomal effects in mammalian cells. The responses seen in a limited gene mutation study in mammalian cells are of uncertain biological relevance as the doses were not maximised. Only two in vivo studies are available. A negative result was observed in a chromosome aberration test, and an increase (not statistically significant) in post implantation loss was seen in a rat dominant lethal assay. However, for both assays, the limited details reported and absence of a positive control, mean no reliable conclusions can be drawn from the in vivo data.

Thus, overall, there is no in vitro or in vivo data that indicates glycerol to have a genotoxic potential.

CARCINOGENICITY

There was no indication of a carcinogenic response in rats fed 8000 mg/kg/day glycerol in the diet for 2 years.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

The study has limitations but there was no evidence of any adverse effects on reproductive parameters. NOAEL (chronic) rat 2 000 mg/kg bw/day There is no evidence of a developmental toxicity effect in rats, mice and rabbits. The highest dose levels ranged from 1180 mg/kg/day in rabbits to 1310 mg/kg/day in rats.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Glycerol is considered a primordial biomolecule found in all species of living organisms. It is a building block for lipid synthesis and one of the end products of lipid metabolism. Glycerol is also one of the degradation products of glucose metabolism. Reliable information about toxicokinetics is available from literature and was evaluated and summarised by the OECD (SIDS Initial Assessment Report 2002) and EFSA (Re- evaluation of glycerol (E 422) as a food additive 2017). There was no new relevant information identified up to and including 2021 (most recent literature research).

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not phototoxic

DATA ON MAN

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In a study of 420 patients with eczema, 419 showed no irritation or sensitization when tested with a 50% solution in water. One individual reportedly was sensitized but the study design does not prove that. The dermal irritation potential was examined in 33 humans, 30 female and 3 male. Under the conditions of the study, Glycerine USP (25% concentration) exhibited no clinical irritation when tested in humans.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- European Chemical Agency ECHA. - FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FDA - Cosmetic Ingredient Review CIR - Worth Publishers, Inc., 70 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 1970

GLYCERYL STEARATE (CAS: 31566-31-1) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

2000 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/2133/7/6/1

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 5 000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (ratl) > 2 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritatingAll available studies on skin and eye irritation showed no irritating potential of the category members.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritating All available studies on skin and eye irritation showed no irritating potential of the category members.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising All available studies showed no skin sensitisation potential of the category members.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: In none of these studies mutagenicity in bacteria could be observed. In none of these studies clastogenic effects in mammalian cells could be observed. In none of these studies mutagenicity in mammalian cells could be observed.

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcinogenic Additional information: Based on expert judgment, there is no evidence that members of the Glycerides category cause carcinogenicity.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: Based on the results of the study, the NOAEL for developmental toxicity in male and female rats of the F1 and F2 generation was 1342 and 2262 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. These doses corresponded to a concentration of 25000 ppm of the test substance in the diet. Overall conclusion fordevelopmental toxicity/teratogenicity The available data on the developmental toxicity/teratogenicity of Glycerides comprise reproductive/developmental toxicity screening studies (see Toxicity to reproduction) as well as (pre-natal) developmental toxicity studies with category members. Only one study reported foetal effects in rabbits given 4280 mg/kg bw/day of Medium Chain Triglycerides, attributable to maternal toxicity. The substance did not produce any effects in rats at the same dose level and in rabbits given 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Altogether, no effects on (pre-natal) development were observed in any of studies in rats, rabbits and mice. NOAEL values for (pre-natal) developmental toxicity were all at or well above the currently applied limit dose value of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Thus, no hazard was identified. Based on the available data and following the category approach, all members of the Glycerides category are considered to have no toxic effects on intrauterine development.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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Bioaccumulation of fatty acids takes place, if their intake exceeds the caloric requirements of the organism.

In the study by St-Pierre (2004) with 12-[1-14C]acetoxy-octadecanoic acid-2,3-diacetoxy-propyl ester (surrogate of Glycerides, castor-oil-mono, hydrogenated, acetates (CAS 736150-63-3), systemic distribution of the radiolabelled material was confirmed in rats. Radioactivity was detected in all tissues and organs sampled (adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract and content, kidneys and adrenals, liver, thymus and the remaining carcass) with highest levels recovered in the gastrointestinal tract, liver and the remaining carcass. Due to excretion and absorption of the radiolabelled material, the radioactivity content in the gastrointestinal tract decreased rapidly over the course of the study (168 h). This was similar for the radioactivity recovered in liver, whereas the radioactivity found in the carcasses was nearly constant at the selected time points, indicating that the radiolabelled material may have been distributed to other tissues than the ones selected for analyses. Based on the results of this study, no bioaccumulation potential was observed for 12-acetoxy-octadecanoic acid-2,3-diacetoxy-propyl ester.

Metabolism

Glycerol can be metabolised to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be incorporated in the standard metabolic pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Fatty acids are degraded by mitochondrial β-oxidation which takes place in the most animal tissues and uses an enzyme complex for a series of oxidation and hydration reactions resulting in the cleavage of acetate groups in form of acetyl CoA. The alkyl chain length is thus reduced by 2 carbon atoms in each β-oxidation cycle. The complete oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid requires an additional isomerisation step. Alternative pathways for oxidation can be found in the liver (ω-oxidation) and the brain (α-oxidation). Thus iso-fatty acids such as isooctadecanoic acid have been found to be activated by acyl coenzyme A synthetase of rat liver homogenates and to be metabolised to a large extent by ω-oxidation. Each two-carbon unit resulting from β-oxidation enters the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA, through which they are completely oxidized to CO2. Acetate, resulting from hydrolysis of acetylated Glycerides, is readily absorbed and feeds naturally into physiological pathways of the body and can be utilized in oxidative metabolism or in anabolic syntheses (CIR, 1983, 1987; IOM, 2005; Lehninger, 1998; Lippel, 1973; Stryer, 1996; WHO, 1967, 1974, 1975, 2001; Adolph, 1999).

Excretion

As far as Glycerides are not hydrolysed in the gastrointestinal tract, they are excreted in the faeces.

In general, the hydrolysis products glycerol and fatty acids are catabolised entirely by oxidative physiologic pathways ultimately leading to the production of carbon dioxide and water. Glycerol, being a polar molecule can readily be excreted in the urine. Small amounts of ketone bodies resulting from the oxidation of fatty acids are excreted via the urine (Lehninger, 1998; IOM, 2005; Stryer, 1996).

In rats given a single dose of 12-[1-14C]acetoxy-octadecanoic acid-2,3-diacetoxy-propyl ester at 5000 mg/kg bw, the mean total recovery of radioactivity in the excreta of the 72 h period post-dose was 108.5% of the dose (urine, 6.5%; faeces, 24.5%; CO2, 77%; and cage wash, 0.5%). Most of the recovered radioactivity (97.5%) was excreted by 24 h post dose (St-Pierre, 2004). The results thus confirm that Glycerides are mainly excreted as CO2 in the expired air as a result of metabolism.

A detailed reference list is provided in the technical dossier (see IUCLID, section 13) and within the CSR.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

non phototoxic

DATA ON MAN

Medium chain and long chain triglycerides are used in humans for parenteral nutrition. Well tolerated intravenous concentrations during a 12 hour infusion were found to be 100 mg triglycerides/kg bw/h.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL (CAS: 84776-03-4 / 8001-21-6/ 164250-88-8) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

9250 -- - ECHA, European Chemical Agency. This NOAEL data of Soybean oil, deodorizer distillate which is closest in chemical composition, production technology and properties.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

Not expected to be acutely toxic. Ingestion of a single dose is unlikely to cause harm.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

Not expected to be classified as corrosive/irritant to skin

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Not classified as an eye irritant or considered seriously damaging to the eye.

SKIN SENSITISATION

Not expected to be classified as a respiratory sensitizer. Does not demonstrate potential for skin sensitization.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

Not expected to be classified as germ cell mutagenic, carcinogenic nor as a reproductive toxicant. This substance or mixture is not found on the following international and US lists: NTP, IARC, and OSHA.

CARCINOGENICITY

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Formula Code -

Not expected to be classified as germ cell mutagenic, carcinogenic nor as a reproductive toxicant. This substance or mixture is not found on the following international and US lists: NTP, IARC, and OSHA.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Not expected to be classified as germ cell mutagenic, carcinogenic nor as a reproductive toxicant. This substance or mixture is not found on the following international and US lists: NTP, IARC, and OSHA.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (SINGLE EXPOSURE): Not expected to be classified as a specific target organ toxicant (single exposure). SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (REPEATED EXPOSURE): Not expected to be classified as a specific target organ toxicant (repeated exposure). ASPIRATION HAZARD: Not expected to be classified as presenting an aspiration hazard.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

According data of CIR experts HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL using on human''s body is safe

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - ECHA, European Chemical Agency - FDA, Food and Drug Administration - CIR, Cosmetic Ingredient Review

MENTHOL (CAS: 1490-04-6 / 2216-51-5 / 89-78-1 / 15356-60-2 ) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

188 -- - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/. Additional information: In a valid 2 years oral feed study in rats the NOAELs were 375 mg/kg bw/d for male rats and 667 mg/kg bw/d for male and female mice. For female rats the NOAEL is 188 mg/kg based on slightly reduced body weight at 375 mg/kg bw. For repeated dermal and inhalative toxicity no valid studies are available.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

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LD50 (oral) rat 3180 mg/kg bw LD50 (dermal) rabbit >5000 mg/kg LC50 (inhalation) rat 5289 mg/m3 NO(A)EL rat: Males&females: <4225 mg/m³ Acute Toxicity: other routes: LD50 of menthols from natural sources and synthetically produced was 1000 to 2500 mg/kg bw in rats. In the reliable acute oral toxicity study demonstrated a low systemic toxicity with a LD50 higher than 2000 mg/kg bw.

In the acute inhalation study a LC50 > 5000 mg/m³ was (rat, aerosol, 4 h) was determined.

According to CLP classification criteria (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008) a classification is therefore not justified.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

According CLP: H315: Causes skin irritation. Specific concentration limits: Concentration range (%): > 25 Hazard categories: Skin Irrit. 2 Additional data:The day before the experiment was started the rabbits were weighed and an area of 10 x 10 cm on the back was clipped as closely as possible with an electric clipper. On the experimental day the rabbits were physically restrained on a test table, and the backs were treated on six different fields: Two anterior treatment sites, two centrally located test sites and two posterior treatment sites. To each of the fields about 0.5 ml of one of the test concentrations was applied and covered with gauze packs, 2.5 x 2.5 cm. The gauze packs were secured with a cross of 1 cm wide adhesive tape and fixed with Scanpor tape, 7.5 cm width, loosely wound round the trunk. Five test concentrations were used: 100%, 50%, 25%, 5%, or 1%. After an exposure time of 4 hours the tape and packs were remoced and the treated skin was cleaned with soap and lukewarm water. The skin reactions were read. With the undiluted test substance menthol was irritating to the skin (erythema sore: 3 and and edema score: 3). The undiluted compounds were irritating to the skin. Dilution of the compounds led to a pronounced decrease in the irritating properties of the compounds. No skin reaction at all were observed for D-menthol and menthol liquid at 5 % dilution and for L- and D/L-menthol at 1 % dilution.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

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According CLP: H319: Causes serious eye irritation. Specific concentration limits: Concentration range (%): > 25 Hazard categories: Eye Irrit. 2 Additional data: About 0.1 ml of the test article solution or vehicle was placed in the left or right eye, respectively, of each rabbit by gently pulling the lower lid away from the eyeball to form a cup into which the test substance was dropped. The lids were then gently held together for about one second. The eyes were examined and the grade of ocular reaction was recorded 1 hour later. 24 hours later an examination was performed before and after installation of oculoguttae flouresceini. After the examination the eyes were rinsed with 20 ml of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The eyes were also examined 48 and 72 hours after the treatment, as well as on day 7. Based on the cornea score = 2.1 a classification as Cat.2, H319 is adequate. However, considering the cornea score = 1.9 of the solvent a classification is not necessary, but taken into account the hole database, a classifiaction as Eye Irrit. 2; : C>25% seems adequate.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not considered to have sensitizing properties This is in agreement with the OECD SIDS initial assessment that concluded: All studied isomers of menthol are moderately irritating to the skin and slightly irritating to the eye. The skin sensitization potency of menthol isomers in animals and humans is low.(OECD SIDS 2003). Additional information: The sensitisation potential of L-menthol (CAS 2216-51-5) was investigated by means of the Buehler Test for sensitisation in guinea pigs. The test procedure followed the OECD guideline 406. A concentration of 25% w/v of the test substance in ethanol:DEP (1:1) was selected for induction and challenge and no sensitization potential was identified (Cutbert 1991). A LLNA with L-menthol (CAS 2216-51-5) is available as a secondary source evaluated within the OECD SIDS initial assessment on the menthols and showed also no skin sensitization potential. In addition a limited skin sensitisation study using a modified Draize procedure reported no sensitization potential for brasilian methol ( racemic, l-enthol, d-menthol) (Hopf, 1974). The OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report 2003 evaluated L, D, and racemic L/D menthols together and gives the rational for a menthol category as follows: "Category Rationale: The menthols category is comprised of the isomers L-menthol, D-menthol, the racemate and menthol (unspecified isomers). The menthols can be considered as a category because of their similarity in physico-chemical, toxicological, ecotoxicological and environmental fate properties….In summary, the available toxicity data indicate very similar toxicity profiles for all of the menthol isomers investigated." The category justification is documented in a comprehensive 15 page annex to the SIDS Assessment report (Annex 1: Menthols Category Justification). The annex is attached to the study record entry on the OECD SIDS evaluation in the chapter “Toxicokinetics) as attached background material.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Menthol was investigated in the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). Result: negative, no evidence of mutagenic activity of menthol was seen (with and without mutagenic activation). Additional, menthol was evaluated as negative in a cytogenetic assay and also in a CHO/HGPRT test. In an in-vivo micronucleus assay no indication for a mutagenic effect was found. In all relevant (key-studies) in vitro genetic toxicity assays (Ames test, cytogenetic test, CHO/HGPRT test) and the in-vivo micronucleus test, menthol was negative.

CARCINOGENICITY

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Not carcinogenic A bioassay of dl-menthol for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administrating the test chemical in feed to Fisher 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. No carcinogenic effects were observed at the highest applied doses. Additional information: In male and female rats the survival rate was not affected by treatment and no carcinogenic effects of D/L-menthol were found in any organ.

In mice of either sex, no tumors occurred in dosed groups at incidences that were significantly different from those for corresponding control groups.

From the available studies a classification according to CLP classification criteria (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008) is not justified.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

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Not toxic to reproductive Additional information Development toxicity/teratogenicity studies on rats, rabbits, mice and hamsters revealed no evidence of teratogenic effects of menthol. NOEAL (rat): 218 mg/kg bw/day Fertility study:

In the EOGRTS study according OECD 443, the NOAEL for systemic toxicity in the F0 and F1 adult animals was concluded to be the intermediate dose of 419-499 mg/kg/day for males and 455-594 mg/kg/day for females, based upon the impaired body weight gain at the high dose level.

Based on the results obtained in this study it was concluded that the No-Observed-Effect-Level (NOEL) for reproductive performance of the F0 and F1 Cohort 1B animals was the intermediate dose of 419-499 mg/kg/day for males and 455-594 mg/kg/day for females due to lower litter size observed in both generations at the high dose level, a level which was associated with reduced food consumption and body weight gain in the parental animals of both generations.

The NOEL for the F1 and F2 offspring up to weaning was concluded to be the intermediate dose of 512-611 mg/kg/day due to reduced pre-weaning growth in both generations.

Developmental toxicity/teratogenicity studies:

The administration of up to 218 mg/kg (body weight) of the test material to pregnant rats for 10 consecutive days had no clearly discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls. The administration of up to 185 mg/kg (body weight) of the test material to pregnant mice for 10 consecutive days had no clearly discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls.

The administration of up to 405 mg/kg (body weight) of the test material to pregnant hamsters for 5 consecutive days had no clearly discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls.

The administration of up to 425 mg/kg (body weight) of the test material to pregnant rabbits for 13 consecutive days had no clearly discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls.

Based on the results of the EOGRTSand the developmental toxicity studies a classification according to CLP classification criteria (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008) is not justified.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

The OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report concludes on toxicokinetics, metabolism and distriburion:

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"L-, D/L- and the unspecified menthol isomer are well absorbed by the oral route of exposure and are mainly excreted as glucuronides. In rats an extensive enterohepatic circulation additionally leads to various hydroxylated degradation products. Glucuronides and degradation products are eliminated mainly via urine, minor quantities via the faeces."

IDS Initial Assessment Report 2003 evaluated L, D, and racemic L/D mentols together and gives the rational for a menthol category as follows:

"Category Rationale: The menthols category is comprised of the isomers L-menthol, D-menthol, the racemate and menthol (unspecified isomers). The menthols can be considered as a category because of their similarity in physico-chemical, toxicological, ecotoxicological and environmental fate properties.

Additional information: The category justification is documented in a comprehensive 15 page annex to the SIDS Assessment report (Annex 1: Menthols Category JustificationCategory Justification). The annex is attached to this study entry as attached background material. The main information of the Annex 1 is also copied below:

"As structural isomers, the members of the menthol category share the same molecular weight. Of particular importance to environmental effects are the values for partition coefficient (log Kow), vapour pressure and water solubility.

The enantiomeric menthols have identical physical properties (apart from their specific rotation), but the racemates differ from the optically active forms in, for example, their melting points. The slight differences are within the range of uncertainty range of laboratory tests.

The water solubility was determined for three products. Due to the similar molecular structures, no significant differences in the solubility are expected. The vapour pressure at environmental relevant temperatures was determined for L-menthol and an unspecified isomer mixture. As well as for the parameters above, similar values are expected for D-menthol and the racemate.

Investigations on toxicokinetics show that L-, D/L- and the unspecified menthol are well absorbed via the oral route. For all of the isomers, elimination is rapid and mainly occurs as glucuronic acid conjugates via urine, minor amounts via faeces. Significant differences in toxicokinetic properties of menthol isomers were not reported.

The available toxicity data indicate very similar toxicity profiles for D -, L-, D/L-menthol and the unspecified menthol isomer mixture. In mammalian species the low toxicity is manifested in LD50 values generally greater than 2000 mg/kg bw in acute studies, limited toxicity in repeated dose studie s, and no effects in teratology evaluations. Irritation to skin and eyes was slight to moderate. The low hazard potential is not unexpected, since the FDA regulates menthol as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) component and an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0-4 mg/kg bw for L- menthol and D/L-menthol was adopted in 1999 by the Joint FAO/WHO Committee.

All of the products have been tested for acute oral toxicity, skin and eye irritation in rodents, often following identical test protocols.

Data for sensitization, repeated dose toxicity, genetic toxicity, fertility, and carcinogenicity are available for D/L-menthol and mostly for L-menthol as well.

D/L-menthol is a racemic mixture of the D- and L- isomers and contains both isomers in equal proportion. Data gaps for D-menthol and the unspecified isomer mixture can therefore be filled by the respective results with the racemic mixture and the doses for each isomer might be equivalent to half of the total tested D/L -dose.

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L-menthol showed no embryotoxic or teratogenic properties at not maternally toxic dose levels (maternally toxic dose levels were not tested). No experimental data with the other menthol isomers is available with regard to developmental toxicity. Since there is no indication of a relevant difference between the isomers in their toxicokinetics and metabolism, and since this is further supported by all other available toxicological data, which do not show any evident differences in the respective toxicological profiles, there is no reason to assume that the stereoisomeric properties may affect the toxicological properties of the menthol isomers. Hence, a similar result in developmental toxicity studies would reasonably be expected from studies with D-menthol, the racemate or the unspecified menthol isomer.

Because of the low hazard potential of the chemicals in the menthols category, no further toxicity tests are recommended."

(OECD SIDS Assessment Report, Annex 1: Menthols Category JustificationCategory Justification).

The OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report concludes on toxicokinetics, metabolism and distriburion:

"L-, D/L- and the unspecified menthol isomer are well absorbed by the oral route of exposure and are mainly excreted as glucuronides. In rats an extensive enterohepatic circulation additionally leads to various hydroxylated degradation products. Glucuronides and degradation products are eliminated mainly via urine, minor quantities via the faeces."

Additional toxicological data: in vitro test: when haemolysates of infantile erythrocytes were mixed with 50, 100, 200 and 500 gamma menthol, the methaemoglobin content rose by up to 100 %, namely from 0.7 to 1.5%; these values are absolutely within physiological limits and this effect could be neutralized with vitamin C (test substance: unspecified isomer)

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

In an in vitro study with human liver samples menthol (isomer unspec.) inhibited the glucuronidation of 7 -hydroxy-4 -methylcoumarin ( 45% inhibition).

Allergic hypersensitivity was investigated in a group of 228 selected dermatologic patients by patch tests with menthol 1 % in petrolatum; incidence of pronounced sensitization: 1.3 %.

menthol racemic (8% in petrolatum) produced no irritation after a 48 h closed-patch test in human subjects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

PANTHENOL (CAS: 81-13-0 / 16485-10-2) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - ECHA, European Chemical Agency. Additional information:A read across approach was performed with the supporting substance DL-Ethyl Panthenol. In a 90 day subchronic GLP and guideline study in rats, the test item showed a NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In addition oral exposure of rats for 28 days resulted in a NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In a supporting subchronic oral toxicity study with DL- Panthenol the voluntary consumption of the test item by male and female rats in drinking water in the concentrations of 200, 50 and 20 mg/kg bw/day for a 90 day period showed essentially negative results. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) under the conditions of this study was considered to be 200 mg/kg bw/day. In conclusion no adverse effects releated on DL- Panthenol could be observed after oral exposure for 90 days.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

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LD50 (oral) rat > 2 000 mg/kg bw LD50 (dermal) rat > 2 000 mg/kg bw Additional information: Oral DL-Panthenol has not been tested for acute oral toxicity. Instead a read across approach from the supporting substance DL-Ethyl Panthenol was performed. For justification of read across please refer to the attachment in IUCLID5 section 13. In an acute oral toxicity study, groups of fasted, approx. 10 weeks old Wistar rats (5/sex) were given a single oral dose of DL-Ethyl Panthenol in water at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw and observed for 14 days. No animals died during the study. No clinical signs were observed during the study period. The body weight gain shown by the animals over the study period was considered to be similar to that expected of normal untreated animals of the same age and strain. Macroscopic post mortem examination of the animals at termination did not reveal any abnormalities. The Oral LD50 was determined to be > 2000 mg/kg bw. The close structural similarity between DL-Ethyl Panthenol and Panthenol strongly suggest that the LD50 for DL-Panthenol is also > 2,000 mg/kg bw. Dermal In an acute dermal toxicity study, groups of young adult (8 weeks old) Wistar rats (5/sex) were dermally exposed to DL-Ethyl Panthenol for 24 hours to (25 cm2 surface) at a limit doses 2000 mg/kg bw. Animals then were observed for 14 days. No mortality occurred during the study period. No clinical signs of ill health or behavioural changes were observed during the study period. Abnormalites in the treated skin area included scabs in one male between days 5 and 9. The body weight gain shown by the animals over the study period was considered to be similar to that expected of normal untreated animals of the same age and strain. However, three females showed low body weight gain over the second week of the study. Macroscopic post mortem examination of the animals at termination revealed a yellowish hard nodule in the papillary process of the liver in one female and pelvic dilation of the kidney in one male. These findings are incidentally noted among the animals of this age and strain and are considered not related to treatment with the test substance. The dermal LD50 value of DL-Ethyl Panthenol in rats was established as exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight. Inhalaltion Testing of inhalation toxicity of DL-Ethyl Panthenol was waived, as exposure via inhalation was not considered relevant. Justification for selection of acute toxicity – oral endpoint The close structural similarity between DL-Ethyl Panthenol and Panthenol strongly suggest that the LD50 for DL-Panthenol is also > 2000 mg/kg bw. For justification of read across please refer to the attachment in IUCLID5 section 13. Justification for selection of acute toxicity – inhalation endpoint Exposure via inhalation is not considered relevant, due to unlikely exposure via inhalation. Justification for selection of acute toxicity – dermal endpoint The close structural similarity between DL-Ethyl Panthenol and Panthenol strongly suggest that the LD50 for DL-Panthenol is also > 2000 mg/kg bw. For justification of read across please refer to the attachment in IUCLID5 section 13.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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not irritating Additional information: The test item DL-Ethylpanthenol was tested for skin irritation/corrosion to the intact rabbit skin in a test with three New Zealand White albino rabbits according to OECD guideline 404/EU method B.4 and under GLP. 0.5 mL of the test substance was applied to the intact skin of the shaved area on one flank on the shaved skin of the animals. The test area was wrapped with surgical tape. After 4 hours the wrapping was removed, the remaining test substance washed off and the application site observed for any signs of irritation/corrosion for 72 hours. No skin irritation was caused by DL-Ethylpanthenol after 4 hours of exposure in any of the three rabbits. There was no evidence of a corrosive effect on the skin. No staining of the treated skin by the test substance was observed. No symptoms of systemic toxicity were observed in the animals during the test period and no mortality occurred. According to the results obtained in this study, DL-Ethylpanthenol was considered not irritating to the rabbit skin.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritating Additional information: DL-Ethylpanthenol was tested for eye irritation in a GLP study compliant to OECD 405/EU Method B.5. Instillation of 0.1 ml of DL-Ethylpanthenol into one eye of each of the animals resulted in effects on the iris in two animals and on the conjunctivae in all three animals. Iridic irritation, grade 1, was observed on day 1 in the two animals and had resolved within 24 hours. The irritation of the conjunctivae consisted of redness and chemosis of the conjunctival tissues and discharge. The irritation had resolved completely within 7 days in two animals and within 14 days after instillation in the third animal. Treatment of the eyes with 2% fluorescein, 24 hours after test substance instillation revealed no corneal epithelial damage in any of the animals. There was no evidence of ocular corrosion. No staining of peri-ocular tissues by the test substance was observed. DL-Ethylpanthenol was considered as not irritating to the rabbit eye.

SKIN SENSITISATION

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not sensitising Additional information: In the key GLP and guideline study, DL-Panthenol was tested for skin sensitization in the Buehler test according to OECD guideline 406/EU method B.6. In the test group of 20 Pirbright White Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs, the test substance was applied undiluted in the induction and challenge application. A control group of 10 animals was used. Based on the results of this study and applying the evaluation criteria it was concluded that DL-Panthenol does not have a sensitizing effect on the skin of the guinea pig in the BUEHLER Test under the test conditions chosen.Based on the results of this study and applying the evaluation criteria it was concluded that DL-Panthenol does not have a sensitizing effect on the skin of the guinea pig in the BUEHLER Test under the test conditions chosen. A read across approach was performed with the supporting substance DL-Ethylpanthenol. For justification of read across please refer to the attachment in IUCLID5 section 13. In a supporting GLP and guideline study, the skin sensitizating properties of DL-Ethylpanthenol were evaluated in a Maximization test with guinea pigs according to OECD guideline 406/EU method B.6. A test group of 10 albino guinea pigs and a control group of 5 animals were investigated for signs of skin hypersensitivity after intradermal and epidermal exposure. Under the conditions used in this study, exposure of DL-Ethylpanthenol induced no sensitisation. Migrated from Short description of key information: DL-Panthenol was tested for its sensitizing effect on the skin of the guinea pig in the BUEHLER Test. It was concluded that DL-Panthenol does not have a sensitizing effect on the skin of the guinea pig in the BUEHLER Test under the test conditions chosen. A read across approach was performed in addition with the supporting substance DL- Ethylpanthenol. DL-Ethylpanthenol showed no sensitization in a maximization test with guinea pigs. Justification for selection of skin sensitisation endpoint: GLP and guideline study.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information from genetic toxicity in vitro: Bacterial reverse mutation assay: The substance DL-Panthenol was tested for its mutagenic potential based on the ability to induce point mutations in selected loci of several bacterial strains, i.e. Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, in a reverse mutation assay. Standard plate test (SPT) and Preincubation Test (PIT) both with and without metabolic activation with liver homogenate of Aroclor 1254 -pretreated male Sprague-Dawley rats were applied. Two independent experiments were carried out: 1st Experiment Strains: TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, TA 98, E. coli WP2 uvrA Doses: 0; 20; 100; 500; 2500 and 5000 µg/plate Vehicle: Water Type of test: Standard plate test with and without S-9 mix Number of plates: 3 test plates per dose or per control 2nd Experiment Strains: TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, TA 98, E. coli WP2 uvrA Doses: 0; 20; 100; 500; 2500 and 5000 µg/plate Vehicle: Water Type of test: Preincubation test with and without S-9 mix Number of plates: 3 test plates per dose or per control Negative controls treated with the vehicle (water) and positive controls treated with 2-aminoanthracene, N-methyl-N''-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 4-nitro-o-phenylendiamine, 9-aminoacridine, or 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide were included in each replicate. According to the results of the present study, DL-Panthenol was considered to be not mutagenic. Mammalian cell gene assay: Read across to the supporting substance DL-Ethylpanthenol was done. For justification of read across please refer to the attachment in IUCLID5 section 13. In a mammalian cell gene mutation assay, in chinese hamster V79 cells cultured in vitro were exposed for 4 hours to DL-Ethyl Panthenol, at concentrations of 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400 µg/mL in the presence and absence of mammalian metabolic activation S9 mix (rat liver). In a second test the chinese hamster V79 cell cultures were exposed to the same concentrations for 24 hours in the absence of metabolic activation. DL-Ethyl Panthenol was tested up to concentrations of 2400 µg/mL (approx 10 mM). No relevant cytotoxic effect was observed in the first experiment as relative cloning efficiency 1 did not go below 50 %. In the second experiment cytotoxicity was noted at 300 µg/mL and above. No substantial dose dependent increase of the mutation frequency exceeding the threshold of three times the mutation frequency of the corresponding solvent control occured with and without metabolic activation. Furthermore there was no dose dependent trend even below the threshold mentioned above as indicated by the missing statistical significance. Therefore, the data of this study are judged as non-mutagenic. The positive controls induced a distinct increase in mutant colonies and thus, showed the sensitivity of the test and the activity of the metabolic activation system. This study is classified as acceptable. This study fulfills the requirements of the Guideline OECD 476 for in vitro mutagenicity (mammalian forward gene mutation) data. Chromosome aberration assay: Read across to the supporting substance DL-Ethylpanthenol was done. For justification of read across please refer to the attachment in IUCLID5 section 13. DL-Ethyl Panthenol was assessed as to its ability to induce chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro.Without metabolic activation doses between 333 and 5000 µg/mL were tested after 24 hours continous treatment. With metabolic activation (S9- mix, rat) doses between 1000 and 5000 µg/mL were tested after a 3 hours pulse treatment. Two independent experiments were performed at a fixation period of 24 hours. Additionally the highest dose of 5000 µg/mL was tested in one experiment at a fixation period of 48 hours (i.e. after a 48 h continuous treament in absence and a 3 hours pulse treatment in presence of S9- mix). The sensitivity of the test system and the activity of the metabolic activation were demonstrated by using the direct acting mutagen mitomycin-C (MMC-C) and the promutagen cyclophosphamide (CP) as positive controls. Both substances increased significantly the rate of chromosome aberrations. The highest dose assayed was the maximal recommended one. Cytotoxicity as measured by reductions in the mitotic indices (MI) was observed after continuous (24 and 48 hours) exposures to DL-Ethyl Panthenol in both experiments. Exposure to DL-Ethyl Panthenol did not raise the rate of cells with chromosome aberrations. Based on the close structural similarity of D-and DL-Panthenol and due to the metabolism of DL Ethyl Panthenol to Panthenol it can be assumed that also DL-Panthenol is neither genotoxic nor mutagenic.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: Based on the results of the developmental toxicity/ teratogenicity study and the 90-days- oral repeated dose toxicity study (NOAEL = 1000 mg/kg bw/ d) with DL- Ethyl Panthenol, DL -Pantenol is not classified according to EU Directive 67/548/EEC or EU Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. For justification of read across please refer to the attachment in IUCLID5 section 13. Short description of key information: The assessment of toxicity to fertility was done by a read across approach from DL- Ethyl Panthenol. No adverse effects on spermatogenic endpoints (testicular and epididymal sperm numbers, sperm production rate, motility, and the percentage of morphological normal sperm), estrous cycle and reproductive organs could be observed in a subchronic 90- day oral toxicity study with DL- Ethyl Panthenol (see section 7.5.1). The close structural similarity between DL-Ethyl Panthenol and Panthenol strongly suggest that there are also no adverse effects on spermatogenic effects with DL- Panthenol. Developmental toxicity (read across): The objective of the study was to determine the potential of DL-Ethyl Panthenol to induce developmental toxicity after maternal exposure from implantation to 1 day prior to expected parturition, to characterize maternal toxicity at the exposure levels tested and to determine a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for maternal and developmental toxicity. The study was conducted in compliance with GLP regulations and in accordance with regulatory guidelines, including OECD 414. The test item, DL- Ethyl Panthenol, in the vehicle (deionized water), was administered orally by gavage to 3 groups of 25 bred female Crl:CD(SD) rats once daily from gestation days 6 through 19. Dosage levels were 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day administered at a dosage volume of 10 mL/kg. Dosages were selected following a range-finding study in which systemic exposure was demonstrated in the pregnant rat. A concurrent control group composed of 25 bred females received the vehicle on a comparable regimen. The females were approximately 14 weeks of age at the initiation of dose administration. All animals were observed twice daily for mortality and moribundity. Clinical observations, body weights, and food consumption were recorded at appropriate intervals. On gestation day 20, a laparohysterectomy was performed on each female. The uteri, placentae, and ovaries were examined, and the numbers of fetuses, early and late resorptions, total implantations, and corpora lutea were recorded. Gravid uterine weights were recorded, and net body weights and net body weight changes were calculated. The fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations and developmental variations. The analyzed dosing formulations were within the requested limits (85% to 115%), homogeneous, and stable after 10 days of refrigerated storage. All females survived to the scheduled necropsy on gestation day 20. There were no test article-related clinical observations noted at any dosage level. Additionally, there were no test article-related maternal macroscopic findings noted at the scheduled necropsy. There were no test article-related effects on body weights, body weight gains, net body weights, net body weight gains, or food consumption at any dosage level tested. Based on the parameters evaluated, including postimplantation loss, litter size, mean fetal body weights, and fetal sex ratios, intrauterine growth and survival were unaffected by test article administration at all dosage levels tested. There were no test article-related external, visceral, or skeletal malformations or developmental variations observed at any dosage level tested. There were no test article-related clinical findings or effects on maternal body weight, body weight gains, or food consumption observed at any dosage level. In addition, there were no test article-related effects on embryo/fetal development at any dosage level. Based on the results of this study, a dosage level of 1000 mg/kg/day, the highest dosage level evaluated, was considered to be the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for maternal toxicity and embryo/fetal development when DL- Ethyl Panthenol was administered orally by gavage to bred Crl:CD(SD) rats. Based on these data it can be concluded that animals fed with DL-Ethyl Panthenol are concurrently exposed to Panthenol. Due to structure similarity and the absence of any effect in the developmental toxicity study with DL-Ethyl Panthenol in rats up to the highest tested dose of 1,000 mg/kg bw/d, it is highly likely that DL- Panthenol shows any developmental toxicity.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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Absorption: With a molecular weight of 205.25 g/mol, a logKow value of -1.02 and a water solubility of 562.3 g/L DL⋅ Panthenol is likely to be absorbed in the GI tract. Due to the high water solubility the substance may not diffuse across plasma membranes. More likely gastro-intestinal absorption of DL- Panthenol is triggered by passage through aqueous pores or carriage with the bulk passage of water which is favoured for small (molecular weight around 200 g/mol), water soluble substances. Since there is an active transport mechanism for Pantothenic acid, active transport may also be likely for DL- Panthenol. It remains unclear if the active transport is enantiomer- specific as only the D- form of Pantothenic acid is transported. Nevertheless, extensive gastrointestinal absorption is expected for DL⋅ Panthenol based on physical chemical properties. Based on the low vapour pressure of 0.0036 Pa DL⋅ Panthenol does not vaporise in a sufficient manner to become available for inhalation exposure. Exposure to aerosols may occur. However, due to the high water solubility the substance is likely to solve in the mucus lining of the respiratory tract but subsequent systemic absorption is not likely. The substance characteristics and physical-chemical properties indicate that dermal absorption is likely. The physical state favours quick dermal absorption with liquids taken up more readily than dry particulates. Data available for D- Panthenol show that dermal absorption occurred following topical administration to rats, which was proven by the higher urinary excretion of Pantothenic acid, the oxidation product of D- Panthenol, in comparison to controls (Erlemann et al, 1962).In vitro dermal penetration studies with D- Panthenol using rat and pig skin also showed that dermal penetration occurred (unpublished DSM Nutritional Products Reports, Klecak, 1985). In conclusion, the available data suggest that DL- Panthenol will be systemically absorbed after skin exposure. Distribution: Following oral and dermal absorption DL- Panthenol is likely to systemically distribute through extracellular compartments. Data obtained from oral subchronic repeated dose toxicity testing give not rise to any target organ specificity. As D- Panthenol was shown to be rapidly metabolised to Pantothenic acid it may be concluded that DL- Panthenol undergoes a first pass effect in liver after oral application, indicating that distribution of the parent compound is limited through oral routes. Furthermore, oral absorption may be limited by microbiological degradation in the intestine. However, systemic distribution following dermal exposure is expected for DL- Panthenol, based on the toxicokinetic behaviour of the pure D⋅ enantiomer of Panthenol (Erlemann et al, 1962). The low half life, based on the presumed rapid metabolic degradation and subsequent quick urinary excretion, indicate a low potential for bioaccumulation. In addition, the low logKow of -1.02 also indicates a very low bioaccumulation potential. Metabolism: Based on the chemical structure, the substance may be metabolised by phase I and II enzymes, mainly in the liver. Initial alcohol oxidation by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) or alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ADH/ AlDH) will result in the generation of Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). Results obtained from D- Panthenol indicate quick oxidation to Pantothenic acid and it is expected that DL- Panthenol is metabolised through the same enzymatic pathways. Further, a hydrolysis of the amide- bond is proposed resulting in 2,4⋅ Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butyric acid and 3- Hydroxypropylamine. The parent compound as well as Pantothenic acid and the hydrolysis products may be readily conjugated by phase II metabolising enzymes like Glucuronosyltransferases and Sulfotransferases. No conversion into a toxic metabolite is expected as indicated by in vitro genetic toxicity tests performed with DL⋅ Panthenol and DL- Ethyl Panthenol. Excretion Data obtained from testing with D- Panthenol in rats indicate, that topical administered substance is quickly metabolised to Pantothenic acid, which is rapidly excreted via the urine. Similar is expected for DL- Panthenol, as metabolism of the parent compound will result into Pantothenic acid as well, triggered by the same enzymatic pathways. If administered orally, excretion may also occur via faeces as metabolic degradation via the intestinal microflora is expected. In conclusion, DL- Panthenol is expected to be systemically absorbed after oral and dermal exposure. Based on its physical chemical properties, the substance is not expected to diffuse into intracellular compartments. Moreover distribution through extracellular body fluids is likely. It is expected, that DL- Panthenol undergoes a first- pass effect in the liver after oral application. Metabolism will most likely include phase I enzymes and will result in the quick formation of Pantothenic acid. Excretion of the breakdown products will most likely occur via the urine. No bioaccumulation is expected.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

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no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Safety data sheets - -TOXNET database on toxicology

- ECHA database on REACH registered substances - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review

PHENOXYETHANOL (CAS: 122-99-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

500 -- - European Chemical Agency ECHA.EU https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15160/7/6/1 Several repeated oral dose toxicity studies were available. The benchmark dose method was used to derive a BMDL10. The most critical effect was determined to be the renal hyperplasia in male rats. Combining the subchronic and chronic studies in rats a BMDL10 of 369 mg/kg bw/day has been derived. In a 90-day repeated-dose dermal toxicity study in white rabbits toxicologically non relevant effects were observed. Therefore the highest dose tested (500 mg/kg bw/day) was designated as the NOAEL for systemic toxicity. In a 14-day inhalation study with rats pathological examinations revealed no treatment-related changes in either males or females. Morphological changes indicating irritation were found in nasal cavity, larynx and lung of male and female mid- and high-concentration animals. A NOAEC of 48.2mg/m³ was determined.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

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LD50oral (rat) 1 840 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit) > 2 214 mg/kg bw LC50 inhalation (rat) > 1 000 mg/m³ air (nominal) Acute oral toxicity:

CLP: Cat. 4 / EU: Xn R22

Acute dermal toxicity:

CLP: not classified / EU: not classified

Acute inhalation toxicity: (testing up to 1000 mg/m3 displayed no effects)

CLP: not classified / EU: not classified

Clinical signs: Apathy, prone position, narcotic state, morphine tail, opisthotonos, secretion of the conjunctiva, anaesthesia-like state and delayed mortality were observed (no further details).

LD50 ca. 300 microliters/kg (original finding, corresponding to approx. 333 mg/kg bw)

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

2-Phenoxyethanol is not irritating to rabbit skin A mild primary irritation was observed in one rabbit 1 hour after application, which was reversible within 24 hours (BASF AG, 1983). Although the test conditions were not in full accordance with OECD guideline 404, the results should be considered representative for the toxicological properties of 2-phenoxyethanol. 2-Phenoxyethanol was not an irritant to rabbit skin.

According to OECD 404, the skin irritation potential of 2-phenoxyethanol was determined (Sasol, 1983).The test substance was applied to the intact skin of rabbits for 4 hours under occlusive conditions. After removal of the test substance, no oedema, but very slight erythema were noted in 2 of 6 animals. All erythema were reversible within 48 hours. Under the test conditions, 2-Phenoxyethanol was not irritating to the skin.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

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Eye irritation: The single application of 0.1 mL unchanged test material in the eye of each of 3 rabbits clearly induced signs of irritation in all 3 animals; the signs were of maximal severity between 48 and 72 hours following application (BASF AG, 1983). Thereafter, a tendency to reversibility was observed and after 15 days, only one animal still displayed slight corneal opacity affecting less than ¼ of the corneal area of the treated eye. The test substance 2-phenoxyethanol is therefore considered an eye irritant.

Effects on eye irritation: irritating

Effect level: empty Endpoint conclusion: Adverse effect observed

Justification for classification or non-classification Skin irritation: not irritating to skin.

Eye Irritation:

EU: Xi R36

CLP: Cat. 2

SKIN SENSITISATION

Animal data

In the guinea pig maximisation test, undiluted 2-phenoxyethanol was used for the challenge after intradermal and epicutaneous induction (BASF AG, 2002). The observations at 24 h and 48 h after challenge exposition revealed no reactions in any animal. 2-Phenoxyethanol was not sensitizing to the skin of guinea pigs in the maximization test.

no adverse effect observed (not sensitising)

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

2-Phenoxyethanol was rapidly absorbed through rat skin mounted in both the static and flow-through diffusion cell with either aqueous ethanol or MEM as receptor fluid. The stratum corneum did not appear to be a good barrier to 2-phenoxyethanol penetration. Occlusion increased the permeability coefficient of 2-phenoxyethhanol in the static cell. The permeability profile and amount absorbed were similar for human and rat skin in the flow-through system with tissue culture medium. The mass balance recovery of 2- phenoxyethanol in the unocccluded studies was low; static diffusion 68% and flow-through diffusion cell 51% at 24 hr, due to the high evaporation, as confirmed by only 7.5% remaining on the aluminium foil at 24 hr. The losses from the skin decreased proportionally throughout the experiment due to the penetration of 2-phenoxyethanol into the skin and receptor fluid.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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2 -Phenoxyethanol was tested for genotoxic potential in an adequate battery of in vitro and in vivo tests with various end points.

In vitro: 2-Phenoxyethanol was not a point mutagen in studies on bacteria at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation (BASF AG, 2002; Sasol, 1994; Nipa Laboratories, 1982). Further tests on point mutations on the HGPRT locus in eukaryotic cells yielded also negative results (BASF AG, 2002, The Dow Chemical Company, 1987). In vitro testing on chromosome-damaging effects in Chinese hamster cell cultures indicated no effects with and without metabolic activation (BASF AG, 2002; Unilever, 1985).

The available data indicate that 2 -phenoxyethanol was neither an in vitro cell mutagen nor a clastogen.

In vivo: The in vivo assays also showed no mutagenic effects with 2-phenoxyethanol treatment. No chromosome-damaging effects were observed and testing on DNA damage in vivo via the UDS test in Wistar rat also failed to show mutagenic effects. (BASF, 2002, Nipa Laboratories, 1982; BASF AG, 2002; The Dow Chemical Company, 1988)

The available data indicate that 2-phenoxyethanol was not an in vivo cell mutagen or clastogen.

Overall, 2-phenoxyethanol is unlikely to pose a genotoxic hazard to man.

The available data indicate that 2-phenoxyethanol is not genotoxic. Negative in the Ames test, negative results in mammalian chromosomal aberration and gene mutation tests.

CARCINOGENICITY

NOAEL 249 mg/kg bw/day Two carcinogenicity (104 weeks) OECD 451 and GLP compliant studies are available. A drinking water study was conducted with F344/DuCrlCrlj rats. 50 rats per sex were exposed to nominal concentration of 0, 2500, 5000, and 10000 mg/L. Analytical concentrations in drinking water were determined with HPLC. Based on chemical intake data the mean intake of test substance across the duration of the study was estimated to be 124, 249, and 510 mg/kg/day in males and 191, 380, and 795 mg/kg/day in females. Mortality and clinical signs were investigated. Food intake, water intake and body weight were determined weekly during the first 13 weeks followed by measurements once every 4 weeks until study termination. After 104 weeks urinalysis, haematology, blood chemistry, gross pathology, organ weights and histopathology (both non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions) were examined. No neoplastic lesions were found in either sex. Additionally, a drinking water study with B6D2F1/Crlj mice was conducted. The study design and examination/observations were similar to the study in rats. However, the dose levels differed and were 0, 5000, 10000 and 20000 mg/L. Based on chemical intake data the mean intake of test substance across the duration of the study was estimated to be 468, 898, and 1701 mg/kg/day for males and 586, 1072, and 2058 mg/kg/day for females. After 104 weeks repeated dosing, no treatment related neoplastic lesions were found in either sex. Based on both rat and mice studies, there is no evidence of carcinogenic activity of the test substance in male or female rat and mice.

For DNEL derivation, the benchmark dose method was used to derive a BMDL10 on basis of repeated dose toxicity studies. BMDL10 = 369 mg/kg bw/day.

Based on the assessment of all available data classification in accordance with EU Directive 67/548/EEC (DSD) and EU Classification, Labeling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP) Regulation No. 1272/2008 is not warranted

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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

In a multi-generation study, fertility was minimally decreased at a dose that caused neonatal toxicity. The NOAEL for parental and neonatal toxicity was 375 mg 2- phenoxyethanol/kg bw/day.

In prenatal developmental toxicity studies, no effects on the developing foetus were seen in rats and rabbits (BASF AG, 2006 and Dow Chemical USA, 1985 and 1987).

In rats, oral administration of 2-phenoxyethanol elicited distinct signs of maternal toxicity at a dose level of 1,000 mg/kg bw/day (BASF AG, 2006). The test compound had no influence on gestational parameters and induced no signs of developmental toxicity up to and including the highest test dose of 1,000 mg/kg bw/day. In particular, there were no indications of teratogenic effects, which were causally related to the test substance. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity is 300 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for prenatal developmental toxicity was 1,000 mg/kg bw/day.

In rabbits, dermal administration of 600 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day resulted in intravascular red blood cell haemolysis and death of some dams (Dow Chemical USA, 1985 and 1987). No treatment-related malformations occurred. Also fetuses from animals treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day which survived to day 28 did not exhibit external, visceral or skeletal alterations. The NOAEL for teratogenicity and embryotoxicity was >600 mg/kg bw/day and for maternal toxicity was 300 mg/kg bw/day.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

According to OECD 417, biokinetic data of 2-phenoxyethanol were studied in male and female rats after single oral administration (BASF AG, 2007).In rats exposed to14C-2- phenoxyethanol, the test substance was rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with the highest plasma concentrations present 1-2 hours post- dosing.

After absorption, the radioactive material was distributed in different organs and tissues (GI tract, kidney, liver, pancreas, brain, muscle, heart, uterus, skin, bone marrow, and bone), tissue radioactivity concentrations generally declined with time parallel to plasma concentrations. In exhaled air, no relevant amounts of the administered radioactivity were detected as CO2. The excretory investigations indicated a rapid excretion and showed that recovered radioactivity was predominantly excreted via urine (urine: 92-94%; faeces: 1.9-2.9%). Furthermore the results demonstrated that there were no gender differences in the excretion pattern, irrespectively of the dose.

The bioavailability of the test substance was generally > 90% of the applied dose. The plasmakinetic data indicated that an increase of the dose resulted in a disproportional increase of the AUC-values, demonstrating a saturation of excretion with increasing dose.

In a second study according to OECD 417 (BASF AG, 2007),the investigation of the metabolism of 2-phenoxyethanol in excreta, bile and plasma samples of female rats after oral administration of14C-2-phenoxyethanol was carried out. The results of this study confirmed the biokinetic data of BASF AG(2007). Overall, the elimination of the test compound was fast with up to approximately 70% of the dose being excreted within the first 6 hours (urine and faeces).

The authors observed that 2-phenoxyethanol was nearly completely metabolised. In urine and bile, less than 0.7% of the dose had been assigned to the parent compound. The parent compound was mainly metabolised to phenoxyacetic acid (PAA) by oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl group to carboxylic acid(up to 64% of the dose). Seven further metabolites were identified with up to < 10% of the applied dose. The other metabolic changes of14C-phenoxyethanol were either ring sulfation after hydroxylation or conjugation

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with glucuronic acid at the side chain. In a further step, these metabolites were mainly hydroxylated at the ring and in one case the terminal hydroxyl group was oxidised to carboxylic acid. In another study, The Dow Chemical Company (1986) identified also only small amounts of the parent compound and increased amounts of the metabolite PAA in serum samples of rabbits. This finding is further supported by a publication of Lappin et al. (2002). In this study oral administration of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), a phenoxy herbicide, to the dog resulted in a significantly different pharmacokinetic profile to that observed in the rat. Excretion was much less rapid and metabolism more extensive in the dog and faecal elimination was an important route, particularly at higher doses. For the same dose levels area under the plasma curve (AUC) in dogs was up to one order of magnitude higher than in rats. These differences reflect the well-established low renal clearance of certain organic acids by dogs. Metabolic profiles from human volunteer studies, and indirect evidence from poisoning cases, suggest that in the case of MCPA (and the phenoxy herbicides in general) the rat is the more relevant model for human exposure.

BASF AG (2007) evaluated the relative rates of 2-phenoxyethanol metabolism in different species in vitro using liver S9 fractions. Since the haemolytic effects of 2- phenoxyethanol have been shown to be due to the intact parent compound (see chapter 7.9.3: BASF AG, 2007), any species differences in the overall metabolic fate of this compound could be useful in estimating interspecies variations in sensitivity to haemolysis. The results indicated that the in vitro metabolism of 2-phenoxyethanol was primarily NADPH dependent, producing PAA as the major metabolite. The following species differences in the rate of PAA formation were found (from the highest to the lowest rate): human > rat > mouse > rabbit. With the exception of the rabbit data, these results were consistent with the in vitro relative sensitivity of these species to the haemolytic effects of 2-phenoxyethanol (see section 7.9.3: BASF AG, 2007).

These data suggest that metabolism of 2-phenoxyethanol to PAA is likely a detoxification pathway that limits haemolysis. In conclusion, human blood cells appeared to be more resistant to 2-phenoxyethanol-induced haemolysis than rat or rabbit blood cells and human liver tissue appeared to more rapidly metabolise 2-phenoxyethanol than either rat or rabbit liver.

The dermal absorption of 2-phenoxyethanol through rat and human skin under static and flow-through conditions was investigated in in vitro studies by Roper et al. (1997). 2- Phenoxyethanol was rapidly absorbed through rat skin mounted in both the static and flow-through diffusion cell with either aqueous ethanol or modified Earle’s medium (MEM) as receptor fluid. The stratum corneum did not appear to be a good barrier to 2-phenoxyethanol penetration. Covering increased the permeability coefficient of 2-phenoxyethanol in the static cell. The permeability profile and amount absorbed were similar for human and rat skin in the flow-through system with tissue culture medium. The mass balance recovery of 2-phenoxyethanol in the uncovered studies was low; static diffusion 68% and flow-through diffusion cell 51% at 24 h, due to the high evaporation. Percutaneous absorption values were determined as follows:

Rat: static (uncovered skin, 24 h): 64 ± 4%; static (covered skin, 24 h): 98.8 ± 7.0%; flow-through (uncovered skin, 24 h): 43 ± 3.7%

Human: flow-through (uncovered skin, 6 h): 59.3 ± 7.0%

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Taking into account all metabolism/biokinetic data, there is no potential for bioaccumulation of 2-phenoxyethanol.

The physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of Troutman et al (2015) was developed in order to reduce uncertainty associated with interspecies extrapolation and to derive margins of safety that can be used for risk assessment of phenoxyethanol, particularly after oral and dermal exposure. The total uncertainty factor for extrapolation of animal data to humans could be reduced from 100 to 25, i.e. if the margin of exposure is >25 the use of phenoxyethanol can be considered as safe.

References:

Lappin, G. J. et al. (2002). Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in rat and dog. Xenobitika, Vol.32, No2, 153-163

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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Human data

Skin sensitisation to 2-phenoxyethanol should be considered a very rare cause of adverse reactions in humans using cosmetics and topical antiseptics containing 2- phenoxyethanol. Extensive case histories and volunteer studies exist and these consistently report very low incidence rates of the order of 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals exposed. Such rates would certainly not justify classification for this effect.

Only 15 patients developed a positive reaction to Euxyl K400 (consisting of MDGN and 2 -Phenoxyethanol in a proportion of 1 to 4). Of these, 11 were positive to MDGN and 2 to phenoxyethanol. Sensitisation was more common in men. The agreement between sensitisation to Euxyl K400 and MDGN was good (Kp = 0.68), whereas agreement between Euxyl K400 and phenoxyethanol was poor (Kp = 0.23).

- Urine analysis: In 89 % of the samples 2-phenoxyethanol was detected (>= 0.1 mg/l, Cmax= 151 mg/l). In the rotation printing area significantly elevated 2-phenoxyethanol levels were detected compared to the delivery area.

Prick test with the body lotion gave +++ reaction (histamine ++). In an open application test the single ingredients of the body lotion for 30 minutes resulted in strong wheal reaction with pseudopods to phenoxyethanol (PE). Tests with all other ingredients were negative. The prick test with Euxyl K 400 1% petrolatum and with a dilution series of PE resulted in ++ reaction to Euxyl K 400 in a ++ reaction to Euxyl K 400 and in a + reaction to 1.0 % PE, * to 5.0 % PE, and ++ to 10 % PE. The same test in 2 control persons gave negative results. The single components of the lotion (except PE) were negative also in the patch test. A serum sample from the patient was tested for IgE antibodies against PE with experimental prototype reagents. The test could not confirm the presence of IgE against PE. Total IgE were slightly elevated at 75.10 kU/I.An immediate reaction to PE with contact urticaria reaction to the body lotion was observed (1.0 % PE). The strong +++ wheal reaction to the body lotion is not completely consistent with the results of the dilution series with PE. The reason for this difference might be the vehicle. The dilution series were performed in an aqueous solution, by which the percutaneous penetration and absorption might have been lowered.

Skin prick test with phenoxyethanol (10 %, 5.0 %, and 1.0 % in petrolatum) was positive in the patient, and negative in the two controls. IgE antibodies were negative. Total IgE was slightly elevated.

Twelve panelists had reactions of varying duration following irradiation. Five had readily visible but mild reactions (a score of 1) at 1 hour, three panelists had scores of 1 at 24 hours, and one had a score of 1 at both 1 and 72 hour. All of these reactions had subsided by the next evaluation. The final two panelists had reactions at 1, 24 and 48 hours, and at 1, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. All of these reactions were readily visible but mild. One panelist also had a mild reaction at 72 hours at the unexposed patch site. This panelist had no reactions at the irradiated site. It was concluded that phenoxyethanol was not phototoxic under the conditions of the study. Occasional incidence of slight erythema were observed at the irradiation site, but these were not considered significant since erythema was occasionally observed at both non irradiated sites and blank control patch sites.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

- Safety Data Sheets - European Chemical Agency ECHA - Cosmetic Ingredient Review CIR - Food and drug administration FDA

POTASSIUM CETYL PHOSPHATE (CAS: 84861-79-0; 19035-79-1 ) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

800 -- - https://safety365.sevron.co.uk/substances/accessSDS/SDS-55012-58ca23ed9e3986.91027818

Additional information: NOAEL (Oral, rat) : 800 mg/kg bw/d Sub-chronic toxicity study (90-day)

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 (rat): > 5 000 mg/kg LD50 (rat): > 2 000 mg/kg (OECD Test Guideline 402)

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not skin irritant Additional information: Skin corrosion/irritation : No skin irritation (rabbit, OECD Test Guideline 404)

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Accoroding CLP: Causes serious eye damage. Additional information: Mild eye irritation (rabbit, OECD Test Guideline 405, 10% solution) temporary redness: Risk of serious damage to eyes.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer Additional information:

Did not cause sensitization on laboratory animals. (guinea pig, OECD Test Guideline 406)

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Additional information : The product passes into and partly through the skin of rats and pigs. https://safety365.sevron.co.uk/substances/accessSDS/SDS-55012-58ca23ed9e3986.91027818

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: not mutagenic (Ames test)

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

The substance or mixture is not classified as specific target organ toxicant, single exposure.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not induce phototoxicity Additional information: not phototoxic (guinea pig) no photoallergenic skin reaction (guinea pig, CTFA Test Guideline)

DATA ON MAN

Did not cause sensitization. (human) No skin irritation (human, Patch Test 24 Hrs.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE (CAS: 9007-28-7 / 9082-07-9) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - FDA, https://www.fda.gov/files/food/published/GRAS-Notice-000666---Chondroitin-sodium-sulfate.pdf

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ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) >10000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

irritant

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

irritant

SKIN SENSITISATION

not skin sensitizer Additional information: As part of the above described subchronic toxicity study, additional investigations were performed to determine potential allergenicity, if any, of chondroitin sulfate sodium (Masiello and Oberto, 2013). For this, immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgE in serum from rats treated repeatedly with chondroitin sulfate sodium for 13 weeks by the oral route (dose levels: control, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day) were measured. No significant differences between pre-test and Week 13 data, nor between control and treated groups data were observed, with the exception oflgG in females dosed with 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In these animals, IgG from Week 13 samples were significantly lower at statistical analysis than controls at 13 weeks. In general the direction of this finding is not considered a concern. In addition, most of the IgG from pre-test phase samples were similar to those recorded during Week 13, therefore the decrease of IgG was considered irrelevant. IgG values in females dosed with 1000 mg/kg bw/day after 13 weeks of treatment in fact, were no significantly different from pre-dose values in the same group of animals and their values are considered to be normal values in the population of rats. The investigators concluded that no inflammation or immunological processes occurred following chondroitin sulfate sodium administration. The findings from this study corroborate the safety of chondroitin sulfate sodium.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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Formula Code -

not genotoxic / mutagenic Additional information: In three separate studies, the mutagenic effects of non-animal chondroitin sulfate sodium, the subject of this GRAS assessment, were investigated (Miraglia et al., 2016). These methods included a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) using Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli WP2 strains, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration study in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (CHO), and a mutation in mouse lymphoma cell assay (Fluctuation Method). The results of these experiments indicate that chondroitin sulfate sodium is unlikely to be genotoxic. These studies support the safety of chondroitin sulfate sodium. In Ames test: Chondroitin sulfate sodium was assayed in the toxicity test at a maximum concentration of 5000 !lg/plate and at four lower concentrations spaced at approximately half-log intervals: 1580, 500, 158 and 50.0 !lg/plate. No toxicity was observed with any tester strain at any dose level, in the absence or presence of S9 metabolism. Chondroitin sulfate sodium did not induce two-fold increases in the number of revertant colonies in the plate incorporation or pre-incubation assay, at any dose level, in any tester strain, in the absence or presence of S9 metabolism. It is concluded that chondroitin sulfate sodium does not induce reverse mutation in S. typhimurium or E. coli in the absence or presence ofS9 metabolism (Miraglia et al., 2016; Bisini and Oberto, 2011).

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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In a study in rats and dogs, Conte et al. (1995) investigated biochemical and pharmacokinetics aspects of chondroitin sulfate following oral treatment. Chondroitin sulfate was found to be partially absorbed from the gut, both as intact chondroitin sulfate and as lower molecular weight fractions of depolymerised material. In another study with radio- labelled chondroitin sulfate, Palmeri et al. (1991) reported that following ingestion, chondroitin is found in the plasma and in tissues such as the liver, kidneys and cartilage. Partially depolymerised chondroitin sulfate was found to be excreted in the urine (Conte et al., 1991). In a study in six subjects, Baici et al. (1992) reported that oral consumption of 2 g of chondroitin sulfate (64% chondroitin sulfate A and 32% chondroitin sulfate C) by 18 subjects did not produce measurable changes in the total serum concentration of glycosaminoglycans, suggesting that chondroitin sulfate is not absorbed. The possibility that low molecular weight, desulfated oligomers and monomers may be produced and absorbed could not be ruled out. Baici et al. (1992) described the results of studies conducted by other investigators including Palmieri et al. (1990), Conte et al. (1991), and others. Palmeieri et al (1990) reported that over 70% of the radioactivity administered orally to rats and dogs is absorbed. Conte et al. (1991) reported that the absolute bioavailability of the glycosaminoglycan was 13.2% of the administered dose of chondroitin sulfate. In another study described by Biaci et al. (1992), it was reported that following administration of 35S04-chondroitin sulfate orally to rats only a small portion of the radioactivity was absorbed. The remaining radioactivity was excreted in the feces. When 35S04¬ chondroitin sulfate was administered orally to rats pretreated with antibiotics to depress the bacterial flora, almost all the radioactivity was found in the feces. It was concluded that sulfatases present in the intestinal bacterial flora were responsible for sulfate splitting from the chondroitin sulfate chain, and that no intact chondroitin sulfate can be absorbed through the intestinal wall. Palmieri et al. (1990) dosed Wistar rats and dogs orally with 16 mg/kg bw of a mixture of tritiated chondroitin sulfate A and C (MW 14,000 D). More than 70% of the radioactivity was absorbed. Plasma levels showed a rapid increase after oral administration, followed by a large plateau with a maximum at the 14th and 28th h in the rat and in the dog, respectively. Radioactivity was found in tissues, and urine was the main route of excretion. However, the known lability of tritium coupled with the use of a chromatographic gel size that could not distinguish compounds in the molecular weight range of concern raise doubts that the measured radioactivity can be equated to chondroitin sulfate. However, as summarized in a review article by Bali et al. (200 1 ), other studies support that chondroitin sulfate is absorbed in the intestinal tract. In general, oral administration of 2 or 3 g of chondroitin sulfate to humans produced an increase in the concentration of chondroitin sulfates in the blood after 3-6 hours.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

Specific Human Bioavailability Study In summary, the results of this comparative pharmacokinetic study showed that the bioavailability of chondroitin sulfate, ~Di-4S and ~Di-OS in extent of absorption (AUC) was significantly higher after the test formulation as compared to the reference formulation. The difference in rate of absorption (Cmax) was less marked, while no significant difference in tmax was noted between the formulations. The test formulation, administered in single dose, is able to yield an increase in plasma chondroitin sulfate and deriving disaccharides whose bioavailability is higher than that of the reference formulation (higher extent of absorption). The safety and tolerability of a single dose of both products was excellent. The safety assessment during this study showed 5 adverse events that occurred to 4 subjects (16.7%). These adverse events included cases of headache, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, Presyncope, and neck pain. All the adverse events occurred after administration of the reference formulation, while no adverse event was reported after administration of the test formulation (chondroitin sulfate sodium). The reported events were not judged to be related to the intake of the chondroitin sulfate on the basis of the physician evaluation. No serious adverse events occurred during the study and no subject discontinued the study due to adverse events or other safety concerns. Similarly, no clinically meaningful effect on vital signs, body weight or laboratory parameters were observed. The results of this study suggest that microbial derived chondroitin sulfate sodium behaves similar to that of animal derived chrondroitin sulfate. These findings also indicate the safety studies of animal derived chrondroitin sulfate are applicable to microbial derived chondroitin sulfate sodium. Human Observations In a number of clinical studies, the effects of chondroitin sulfate alone or in combination with glucosamine on osteoarthritis and certain other health endpoints has been extensively .investigated. These studies did not reveal adverse effects. While these studies were not specifically designed to assess toxicity, the absence of adverse effects provides support for the safety. In these studies, use levels of chondroitin sulfate primarily ranged from 800 to 1200 mg/day.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European medical agency - FDA, Food and Drug Administration

STEARIC ACID (CAS: 57-11-4) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

1000 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15163/7/6/1 Additional information: Reliable studies on oral repeated dose toxicity are available for the following category members: Subchronic: NOAEL oral = ca. 5000 mg/kg bw/d; CAS# 143-07-7, C12 (Fitzhugh 1960) Subchronic: NOAEL oral = 1000 mg/kg bw/d; CAS# 112-85-6, C22 (Nagao 2002) No data are available for repeated dose toxicity after dermal exposure and inhalation, respectively.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 5 000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit) > 2 000 mg/kg bw LC50 inhalation (rat) > 0.162 mg/L air (nominal) Additional information: Oral Acute oral toxicity by C18 fatty acid (stearic acid) was evaluated in a study performed in accordance to OECD guideline 401, where in a limit test five male and five female Wistar rats received 10 mL/kg bw stearic acid in DMSO at concentration of 5000 mg/kg bw by gavage (Kästner, 1981). Clinical signs including ruffled fur, strong salivation and much diminished activity appeared approximately 20 minutes after dosing, but subsided within 24 hours after dosing. Since only one male died on day 13 after dosing, the LD50 for stearic acid was found to be >5000 mg/kg bw. In another guideline study in accordance with GLP and OECD guideline 401 and EU method B.1, a LD50 of >2000 mg/kg bw was found when five male and five female Wistar rats were given oral doses of 10 mL/kg bw containing 2000 mg/kg bw stearic acid dissolved in propylene glycol (Daamen, 1989). One female showed dyspnoea, lethargy and bloody nose encrustation on the day of dosing and died. The pathologiocal examination revealed petichiae in the thymus. Apart from one male showing bloody eye encrustation on the day of dosing, no other clinical signs of toxicity were noted during the 14 day observation period. Another study was available which was performed according to GLP and OECD guideline 401. Five male and five female Sprague-Dawley rats received an oral application of 6000 mg/kg bw by gavage and were observed for mortality and clinicl signs for 14 days. Only two females showed subnormal weight gains, but no their clinical signs were noted. The pathological examination did not reveal any substance related effects. Since no mortality occurred, the LD50 was found to be >6000 mg/kg bw (Jones, J.R., 1979). Inhalation Inhalation of fatty acids as vapour is not expected due to the low vapour pressure of < 1 mmHg. Therefore, only very limited data on acute inhalative toxicity of fatty acids is available. However, the identified uses include spraying tasks where exposure to an aerosol of fatty acids can occur like use in cleaning agents. The only available data on acute inhalation toxicity of fatty acids are data of a published inhalation risk test with C8 fatty acid (octanoic acid; Smyth, 1962). No mortality of rats was reported after a 4-hour exposure to a saturated atmosphere which corresponds to a value of >0.1521 mg/L air based on QSAR calculation (Danish EPA Database, 2004). Although not reported in this study, respiratory irritation/corrosion as primary effect is expected for fatty acids with a chain length ≤C12 due to the corrosive/irritation properties of the short- and mid-chain fatty acids C6 – C12, respectively. In more detail, C8 fatty acids show corrosive properties to the skin at concentrations >70%. C9 fatty acid (at a concentration of >50%) and C10 fatty acid is irritating to skin and eyes, respectively. C12 fatty acid is not irritating to skin but is found to be irritating to eyes when applied with a concentration >70%. Members of the category with a chain length >C12 are only causing negligible effects when applied to the skin or eyes. Their respiratory uptake would therefore not lead to irritation, but they would be included in the pulmonary surfactant of the respiratory tract which is mainly composed of large portions of phospholipids based on long chain fatty acids.

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Formula Code -

Since in industrial and professional applications inhalation exposure is controlled by ventilation systems, personal protective equipment, and measuring devices, the inhalation exposure can be considered to be sufficiently controlled. Thus, it can be concluded that acute inhalation of fatty acids can cause irritation of the respiratory tract leading to classification and therefore no further testing shall be performed due to animal welfare reasons. Dermal Limited data is available on acute dermal toxicity of fatty acids since C8 fatty acid show corrosive properties at concentrations >70%, C9 (at a concentration of >50%) and C10 fatty acids are irritating to skin, respectively. The consequence after dermal application of these substances would therefore be irritation/corrosion as the primary effect. All other members of the category with longer chain length are only causing negligible effects when applied to the skin. A general prerequisite for systemic toxicity after dermal application is the permeability of the skin for the applied substance. Although the dermal penetration of fatty acids is very variable, in general they do not have significant systemic bioavailability (for details see IUCLID chapter 7.1).

Thus, no acute dermal toxicity by fatty acids is expected as it could be demonstrated by a LD50 value of >2000 mg/kg bw for C18 fatty acid (stearic acid) found in a in limit test performed according to internal company standards (Jones, 1979). Three male and three female New Zealand White rabbits received a dermal application of 2000 mg/kg bw stearic acid to 25% of the total body surface under occlusion for 24 hours. As result, slight diarrhoea was noted in one female animal on day 3 after treatment. All other animals appeared normal throughout the observation period. Laboured breathing on day 6 was noted in one male, which died the next day. Although the pathological examination revealed severe consolidation of the lungs, this finding was not considered to be substance related. Irritating effects were noted on the skin of all animals which were described as ranging from slight to severe. Four animals showed slight and moderate desquamation. Slight oedema and eschar formation were also noted in some animals during the first week of observation. However, these observed effects can be attributed to the severe conditions used for application which are not in line with current guidelines. However, a LD50 of >2000 mg/kg bw was found for stearic acid. Although the dermal absorption of C18 fatty acid6 (stearic acid) with 0.00026 mg/cm2is lower compared to fatty acids with shorter chain lengths (e.g. C12 fatty acid: 0.005 mg/cm2), even single or repeated oral uptake of C12 fatty acid does not lead to systemic effects due to the physiological function within the body. Moreover, dermal exposure can be considered to be sufficiently controlled in industrial and professional applications since the employees are wearing gloves and protective clothing. Thus, no acute dermal toxicity by fatty acids is expected and no further testing shall be performed due to animal welfare reasons.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritating Additional information: Skin irritation by stearic acid was evaluated in a study performed in accordance with federal guidelines (International Bio-Research, 1974). 0.5 mL of stearic acid was applied to the abraded skin of 6 New Zealand White rabbits under occlusion for 24 hours.at 24 and 72 hours after application revealed no signs of irritation. Although a longer application under occlusion than suggested according to actual guidelines, the resulting scores are 0, both for erythema and edema, respectively. Based on this, stearic acid can be regarded as not irritating to skin.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

not irritating Additional information: In a published study performed according to national guidelines, stearic acid was instilled into the eyes of six rabbits (Briggs et al., 1976). Mild conjunctival erythema was found in 2 animals at 24 and 48 hours while all signs of irritation hat subsided completely in 72 hours. Thus, a mean score of 0.2 for conjunctival erythema could be

The substance may contain few of lauric acid (C12), which is classified as R41/eye damage Cat 1. The specific concentration limit for the lauric acid is established as 70% based on a reliable experimental data. According to DPD (1999/45/EC) or CLP (1272/2008/EC) classification criteria for irritation/corrosion, stearic acid dose not fulfill the criteria for classification and thus a non-classification is warranted for this endpoint, as the concentration of C12 is lower than 70%.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising Additional information: Studies on skin sensitisation (animal and human skin sensitisation tests) are available for the following fatty acid category members: CAS# 124-07-2, C8 (Opdyke, 1981) CAS# 123-99-9, C9 (Lea, 1995) CAS# 334-48-5, C10 (Sauter and Ritz, 1975) CAS# 143-07-7, C12 (Gloxhuber and Potokar, 1979) All available skin sensitisation studies showed that fatty acids are not skin sensitising.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Studies on genotoxicity are available for the following fatty acid category members: in-vitro: - Gene mutation in bacteria: CAS# 142-62-1, C6: Ames: negative (Banduhn 1991) CAS# 124-07-2, C8: Ames RL4: negative (Gloxhuber and Wallat 1981) CAS# 90990-08-2, C8-18: Ames RL4: negative (Wallat 1982) CAS# 67701-06-8, C12-18: Ames RL4: negative (Sterzel and Broschard 1999) CAS# 143-07-7, C12: Ames RL4: negative (Gloxhuber and Wallat 1981) CAS# 112-85-6, C22: Ames RL4: negative (Gloxhuber and Wallat 1981) CAS# 112-85-6, C22: Ames: negative (Nakajima 2002) - Gene mutation in mammalian cells: CAS# 334-48-5, C10: Mouse Lymphoma Assay in-vitro: negative (Trenz 2010) - Cytogenicity in mammalian cells: CAS# 112-85-6, C22: Chromosomal Aberration test in-vitro: negative (Nakajima 2002) in-vivo: No data available. All available data on genotoxicity showed that fatty acids are not genotoxic. Endpoint Conclusion: No adverse effect observed (negative)

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: Studies on reproductive toxicity by the oral route are available for the following category members: CAS# 112-85-6, C22: NOAEL oral (fertility) = 1000 mg/kg bw/d; highest dose tested (Nagao 2002), OECD 422 No data are available for reproductive toxicity after dermal exposure and inhalation, respectively.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Absorption Due to the role as nutritional energy source, fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the intestine by different uptake mechanisms depending on the chain length. Short- and medium chain fatty acids (C1 - C12) are rapidly absorbedviaintestine capillaries into the blood stream. For butyrate (C4) for example, an absorption rate of 1.9 µmol/cm2/h (= 167

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µg/cm2/h) was found in the human intestine (McNeil et al., 1978). In contrast, long chain fatty acids (>C12) are absorbed into the walls of the intestinevilliand assembled intotriglycerides, which then are transported in the blood streamvialipoprotein particles (chylomicrons). This difference in the uptake mechanism of fatty acids is reflected by the percentage of absorption found when human infants were fed a diet containing different fat sources (Jensen et al., 1986). While an absorption of 99.9 % was found for C8 fatty acid, the long chain C18 fatty acid showed only 64.4 % absorption. The dermal penetration of fatty acid is very variable based on the heterogeneous physico-chemical properties such as melting temperature, solubility and polarity. The polarity, for example, decreases with increasing chain lengths and/or the abolition of ionisable charged groups, so that they are less-water soluble but more permeable through lipophilic membranes like the skin. As an example, unsaturated long chain fatty acids like oleic acid (C18) have been shown to increase the transepithelial water loss significantly compared to shorter unsaturated fatty acids (Tanojo et al., 1998). Unsaturated long chain fatty acids are therefore used in pharmaceutical transdermal drugs as a flux enhancer for drugs that do not readily cross the skin-barrier on their own. However, the fatty acid itself remains within the lipophilic dermal layer due its polarity. In contrast to the rapid uptake of fatty acidsviathe oral exposure route, fatty acids are in general poorly absorbed through skin, with a measured rate of less than 1 % after 24- hours exposure (Schaefer and Redelmeier, 1996). The dermal absorption of fatty acids ranged from moderate to very low according to QSAR calculations which are based on molecular weight, logPowand water solubility. The resulting calculated absorption rates are 0.021 mg/cm2for C8 octanoic acid, 0.005 mg/cm2for lauric acid (C12), and 0.26 µg/cm2for stearic acid (C18), respectively (Danish EPA Database, 2004). Thus, the dermal absorption is definitely lower than the absorption after oral uptake. This was demonstrated in a study where excretion of azelaic acid was analyzed in urine after dermal application of six healthy male volunteers with a single treatment with 5 g of an anti-acne cream containing 20% azelaic acid and after oral application (Taeuber et al., 1992). While 61% of orally administered azelaic acid was detected in the urine, only 2.2% azelaic acid was found in the urine after dermal application. The dermal uptake of fatty acid is further influenced by the fact that significant skin irritation/corrosion is observed for fatty acids with a chain length less than C10. In these cases local irritation/corrosion is considered as the primary effect. Taken together the experimental and calculated data show that fatty acids are almost completely absorbed after oral intake, whereas only limited dermal uptake has to be expected.

Distribution and Metabolism Fatty acids are absorbed through the intestine and transported throughout the body. Short chain fatty acids are taken up and transported complexed to albuminviathe portal vain into the blood vessels supplying the liver. Medium and long chain fatty acids are esterified with glycerol to triacylglycerides (TAGs) and packaged in chylomicrons (Spector, 1984). These are transportedviathe lymphatic system and the blood stream tohepatocytesin the liver as well as toadipocytesandmuscle fibers, where they are either stored (i.e. adipose tissue storage depots) or oxidized to yield energy. In addition, some cell types are known to synthesize medium and long chain fatty acidsviaelongation of shorter fatty acids (Hellerstein, 1999). The quantitatively most significant oxidation pathway (β-oxidation pathway) is predominantly located in the cardiac and skeletal muscle. In a first step, the fatty acids are converted toacyl-CoAderivatives (aliphaticacyl-CoA) and transported into cells and mitochondria by specific transport systems. Then, theacyl-CoAderivatives are completely metabolized to acetyl-CoAor other key metabolites by the efficient enzymatic removal of the 2-carbon units from the aliphaticacyl-CoAmolecule (Coppack et al., 1994). The complete oxidation of fatty acidsviathe citric acid cycle leads to H2O and CO2(Coppack, 1994; MacFarlane, 2008). Other pathways for fatty acid catabolism also exist and include α- and ω-oxidation. The resulting main metabolites are acyl-carnitine, acetyl CoA, fatty acyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA (Wanders et al., 2010). Excretion Fatty acids are metabolised by various routes in the body to provide energy. Besides this, fatty acids are stored as lipids in adipose tissue, used as part of cellular membranes, as well as precursors for signalling molecules and even long chain fatty acids. Thus, fatty acids are not expected to be excreted to any significant amount in the urine or faeces.

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PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

Sensitisation data Human Maximization test with 25 volunteers according to Kligman and Epstein, 1975 (Contact Dermatitis 1975:1:231-239) NO. OF PERSONS WITH/OUT REACTIONS COMPARED TO STUDY POPULATION - Number of subjects with positive reactions: 0/25 - Number of subjects with negative reactions: 25/25 - Number of subjects with equivocal reactions: 0/25 - Number of subjects with irritating reactions: 0/25 Exposure related observations in humans: other data Six healthy male volunteers received a single topical treatment with 5 g of an anti-acne cream containing 20% azelaic acid (AzA) onto the face, the chest and the upper back. One week later 1 g of AzA was given orally to the same subjects as aqueous microcrystalline suspension. Following the two treatments the renal excretion of the unchanged compound was measured TYPE OF EXPOSURE: - Dermal: 1 g azelaic acid in 5 g cream (Skinoren, Schering AG) was applied to ca. 5 cm2 skin. 2 g to chest, 2 g onto the back and 1 g to the face. One hour after application, the skin areas treated on the back and chest were covered with cotton tissue fixed with adhesive tape. After 24 h of exposure, the covering material was removed and the treated areas were washed with 25 ml of ethanol 70% (v /v) - Oral: 1 week after dermal application subjects received 100 ml of an aqueous micro-crystalline suspension containing 1 g azelaic acid in the morning before the breakfast was served TYPE OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT: Biomonitoring (urine) by HPLC EXPOSURE PERIOD: - Dermal: 24 hours - Oral: single application POSTEXPOSURE PERIOD: - Dermal: up to 3 days - Oral: up to 4 days After dermal application of 5 g of cream containing 20% of Azelaic acid at a skin area dose of 5 mg /cm2 maximum concentrations 7.8 ± 3.2 µg/ ml (11.29 ± 0.5% of the dose applied) have been measured in the urine within the first 24 h. During the 2nd and 3rd d 0.76 +0.49% and 0.12 + 0.15% of the dose, respectively, was excreted unchanged with the urine. The total amount of Azelaic acid excreted unchanged with the urine within 3 d was determined to 2.2 ± 0.7% of the dose. After oral administration a mean concentration of Azelaic acid of 424 + 104 µg/ml was found in the 0-24 h urine samples, corresponding to 61.2+ 8.8% of the dose administered. Excretion was complete within 24 h.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - Hellerstein, M.K., 1999. De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53 S53–S65. - Lehninger, A.L. 1970. Biochemistry. Worth Publishers, Inc.,. - Jensen, C. et al., 1996. Absorption of individual fatty acids from long chain or medium chain triglycerides in very small infants. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43: May 1986, pp 745-751. - MacFarlane, D.P., 2008. Glucocorticoids and fatty acid metabolism in humans: fuelling fat redistribution in the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Endocrinology (2008) 197, 189–204 - McNeil, N.I. et al., 1976.Short chain fatty acid absorption by the human large intestine. Gut, 1978, 19, 819-822 - Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fifth Edition. W. H. Freeman,. - Schaefer, H. and Redelmeier, T.E. 1996.Skin barrier: principles of percutaneous absorption. S. Karger Publishers, New York. - Spector A.A., 1984. Plasma lipid transport.Clin Physiol Biochem. 1984;2(2-3):123-34. Review. - Tanojo, H. et al., 1998. In vivo human skin barrier modulation by topical application of fatty acids. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1998 Mar-Apr;11(2):87-97. - Wanders, R.J. et al., 2010.Peroxisoms, lipid metaboism and lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Mar;1801(3):272-80 - Coppack, S.W. et al., 1994. In vivo regulation of lipolysis in humans. Journal of Lipid Research 35 177–193. - Dermwin v 1.43, US EPA, 2009. Estimation Programs Interface Suite™ for Microsoft® Windows, v 4.1.43],, DC,.

TRIETHANOLAMINE (CAS: 102-71-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - ECHA, European Chemical Agency. Additional information: oral: In a sub-chronic oral toxicity study, a NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day was established, the highest dose tested. dermal: In a sub-chronic dermal toxicity study, NOAELs of 125 and 250 mg/kg bw/day were established for local effects for males and females. Systemic NOAELs of 125 and 250 mg/kg bw/day were determined for males and females, respectively, based on kidney effects. Similar effects were observed in a sub-chronic dermal study in mice, performed according to the same protocol. inhalation: In a sub-acute inhalation toxicity study with rats, a NOAEC for systemic effects of 0.5 mg/L was established, the highest dose tested. 0.02 mg/L (the lowest dose tested) was considered to be the NOAEC for local effects in females. Since slight local effects were observed in males, this concentration was determined to be the LOAEC for local effects in males.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

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LD50 (oral) rat 6 400 mg/kg bw LC0 (inhhalation) rat 1.8 mg/m3, 8h: 1 chronic bronchitis, all other animals without findings LD50 (dermal) rabbit > 2 000 mg/kg bw. Additional information: Clinical signs: other: TEA derived from NH3: mild erythema at 24 hrs (intact and abraded skin) returning to normal on day 6 TEA derived from DEA: moderate erythema at 24 hrs (intact and abraded skin) returning to normal on day 10. Oral toxicity In an acute oral toxicity study (BASF AG, 1966), 5 Sprague-Dawley rats/sex/dose were exposed to 200 - 6400 mg/kg bw TEA by gavage and observed for 7 days. The LD50 was determined to be 6400 mg/kg bw for males and females. No deaths occurred at doses of 5000 mg/kg bw or below. At 200 mg/kg bw, slight agitation was observed up to 4 hours after exposure; at higher doses unsteady, elevated respiration, anancasm to chew, apathy, and reduced grooming was noticed. Two days after exposure, no clinical signs were observed. Gross pathology did not reveal any abnormalities. Dermal toxicity In a dermal limit test, rabbits were treated with 2000 mg/kg bw TEA on the intact or abraded skin and subsequently observed for a 14 -day period (EPA, 1989a). The test substance was either derived from NH3 (92% TEA) or DEA (88% TEA), both containing approximately 6.5% DEA. Mild erythema was observed following exposure to TEA derived from NH3 on the intact or abraded skin, returning to normal on day 6. Moderate erythema was observed following exposure to TEA derived from DEA on the intact or abraded skin, returning to normal on day 10. No mortality was observed, hence the LD50 was > 2000 mg/kg bw. Inhalation toxicity Due to its extremely low volatility, there is a lack of data documenting the acute inhalation toxicity. As good quality data for the oral and dermal route are available, in accordance with column 2 of REACH Annex VIII, a study regarding the inhalation route is not required. One limited report stated that whole-body exposure of rats to a saturated TEA atmosphere (approximately 1.8 mg/m3) at 20°C for 8 hours failed to cause any deaths. Therefore no LC50 value has been determined for this compound (BASF AG, 1966).

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritant for skin Additional information: In a skin irritation test performed according to OECD guideline 404 (not GLP-compliant), three rabbits were exposed to TEA using an occlusive application for 4 hours. Erythema and edema were scored at 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours and the mean score was 0 in all animals. The test substance was not a skin irritant under the conditions of this study (BASF, 1983).Several other studies, in which rabbits were exposed for up to 20 hours, yielded similar results (BASF 1956, 1966, 1967, 1971).

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritant for eyes Additional information: In an eye irritation test equivalent to OECD guideline 405 (non GLP-compliant), 6 rabbits/dose were exposed to undiluted TEA at dose volumes of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.1 mL. The eyes were not irrigated. Eyes were examined and scored according to Draize et al. (1944) 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after dosing. TEA was not an eye irritant under the conditions of this study (Griffith, 1980). The same conclusion was reached in an eye irritation test (non GLP-compliant, according to internal BASF standards), in which 50 µL of the test substance was instilled into the eyes of 2 rabbits, and irritation was scored 10 min, 1 and 24 hours and 8 days after administration (BASF AG, 1971). In addition, no eye irritation was observed in response to the application of 0.5 mL 20% TEA in water at pH 10 and pH 8 (BASF AG, 1956). Two other studies (performed according to internal BASF standards) demonstrated some mild irritation due to the application of 50 µL undiluted TEA to the rabbit eye, which was not fully reversible within 8 days in one animal (BASF AG, 1966, 1967). Overall, TEA is judged not to be irritating to the eyes.

SKIN SENSITISATION

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No sensitisation potential was reported in guinea pigs upon dermal sensitisation and challenge. Although allergic reactions to TEA have been reported, the substance is judged to have a very low sensitisation potential. Additional information: The sensitising potential of TEA was investigated in a Guinea Pig Maximisation Test according to OECD TG 406 under GLP conditions (Hoechst, 1988). Based on the results of a pre-test, animals were dermally injected twice with 0.1 mL 2% TEA on day 1, followed by an epicutaneous induction (occlusive) with 0.5 mL undiluted TEA for 48 hours starting on day 9, and a dermal challenge (occlusive) with 0.5 mL 10% TEA for 24 hours on day 22. Dermal reactions were evaluated according to Draize 48 and 72 hours after the start of the dermal challenge. No clinical signs were noticed and all readings were negative. Regarding the available human data, the positive reactions interpreted as allergic seem to be caused by exposure to TEA in cosmetics and/or topical therapeutic preparations possibly on damaged skin. The diagnosis of TEA contact sensitisation should therefore not be based on a positive patch test reaction alone but on a combination of history and - preferably -validation tests. The negative experimental findings in animals and the level of exposure to TEA in the population, together with the low frequency of positive reactions to low TEA concentrations in patch-tested patients indicate a very low sensitisation potential in humans, and the risk of sensitisation to TEA on uncompromised skin seems to be very low (Lessmann, 2009).

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

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Dermal absorption 15 mg/cm2. Additional information: On the basis of mass of triethanolamine per area of skin, the lowest dermal dose levels for rats and mice were equal at 1.09 mg/cm2. The skin of mice is thinner than that of rats, and this difference may explain the higher percentage of dose absorbed by mice. The highest dermal doses were 4 and 15 mg/cm2 for rats and mice, respectively. Triethanolamine enhances its own absorption, and the pronounced difference between the species was not unexpected. The percent of dose absorbed in each species increased with increasing dose, but in rats, the increase was not statistically significant. Both species rapidly excreted the absorbed dose, primarily in urine. In rats, less than 1% of the dose was present in the tissue samples (except the dose site) 72 hours after treatment; the heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen contained elevated concentrations of radiolabel relative to blood. 60% to 80% of dermally applied 79 and 1120 mg/kg triethanolamine was absorbed by female mice within 72 hours. Absorption in different matrices: 79 mg/kg bw group Blood: 0.00590% Dose site: 1.35% Faeces: 7.80% Urine: 48.2% Total: 57.3% 14.6% remained unabsorbed (dosing appliance, skin gauze, skin wash)

1120 mg/kg bw group Blood: 0.00627% Dose site: 0.576% Faeces: 13.0% Urine: 67.7% Total: 81.3% 6.75% remained unabsorbed (dosing appliance, skin gauze, skin wash)

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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Not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information TEA was tested in the Ames reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 97, TA 98 and TA 100 at a concentration up to 10000 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation. Treatment with TEA was not associated with reverse mutations in any of the strains tested (Mortelmans, 1986). In another bacterial mutation assay using S. typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli strains WP2 and WP2 uvrA, TEA was tested at concentrations up to 4000 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation. In this assay, TEA was not genotoxic in all the strains tested (Dean, 1985). TEA was also tested negative in a bacterial mutation study using S. typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli strains WP2 and WP2 uvrA with and without metabolic activation at concentrations up to 2000 µg/plate (TSCATS, 1989). In a fourth mutation assay, using S. typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 and E. coli strain WP2, TEA was tested at concentrations up to 20000 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation. In this assay, TEA was also tested negative (Innoue, 1982). Induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges was investigated in Chinese hamster ovary cells, exposed to concentrations up to 10100 µg/mL (which induced cytotoxicity). All tests were negative in the absence as well as the presence of metabolic activation (Galloway, 1987). TEA was also negative in the in vitro mouse lymphoma (L5178Y TK+/-) forward gene mutation assay (The Dow Chemical Company, 2010). Two independent assays at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1500 mg/mL in the absence and presence of an externally supplied metabolic activation (S9) system were performed. The highest concentration tested was the limit dose of 10 mM. Based on the available information, IARC (2000) concluded that TEA was not mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 or TA 1538 in the presence or absence of exogenous metabolic activation in a number of studies. TEA did not induce mutations in Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA and WP2 try- in the presence or absence of exogenous metabolic activation in two studies. In a single study, TEA was not mutagenic to Bacillus subtilis strains carrying uvrA or uvrA and polA mutations in the presence or absence of exogenous metabolic activation. However, when TEA was mixed with sodium nitrite, mutations were induced in this system without exogenous metabolic activation; this activity was lost in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation. TEA did not induce gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence or absence of exogenous metabolic activation in one study (TSCATS 1989A). In a single study, sex-linked recessive lethal mutations were not induced in Drosophila melanogaster by treatment with TEA either by diet or injection. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was not induced in rat primary hepatocytes exposed to TEA in two studies. TEA did not induce sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells in either the presence or absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Chromosomal aberrations were not induced in rat liver cells, Chinese hamster lung cells or Chinese hamster ovary cells by in-vitro exposure to TEA. It did not induce cell transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells.

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcinogenic Additional information In a dermal carcinogenicity study in rats performed to a similar method as OECD guideline 451 and under GLP, Fischer rats (60/sex/dose) were dermally exposed to 0, 32, 63, or 125 mg/kg bw/day (males) and 0, 63, 125, or 250 mg/kg bw/day (females) TEA in acetone, 5 days/week for 103 weeks (NTP, 1999). Ten male and ten female rats from each group were evaluated at 15 months for organ weights and histopathology.The survival rate of females in the 250 mg/kg bw group was slightly less than that of the vehicle controls. The mean body weight of females administered 250 mg/kg bw ranged from 9% to 12% less than that of the vehicle controls between weeks 73 and 93. Male and female rats receiving triethanolamine had irritated skin at the site of application; in dosed females, the site of application also had a crusty appearance. The number of animals in which these findings were observed increased with increasing dose. At the 15-month interim evaluation, the absolute left and right kidney weights and relative right kidney weight of females administered 250 mg/kg bw were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. The incidence of acanthosis at the site of application in males administered 125 mg/kg bw and the incidences of acanthosis, inflammation, and ulceration in dosed females were greater than in the vehicle controls at the 15-month interim evaluation and at the end of the 2-year study. Males in the 125 mg/kg bw group also had greater incidences of inflammation and ulceration than the vehicle controls, and females receiving 125 or 250 mg/kg bw had greater incidences of epidermal erosion than the vehicle controls at 2 years.

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There were no skin neoplasms at or away from the site of application that were considered related to treatment with triethanolamine. At the end of the study, renal tubule adenomas were observed in seven dosed males and in one vehicle control female and one female in the 63 mg/kg group. One male in the 125 mg/kg bw group and one female in the 250 mg/kg bw group had renal tubule hyperplasia. Extended (step-section) evaluation of the kidneys of all male rats revealed additional renal tubule adenomas in one vehicle control male, one male in the 32 mg/kg bw group, two males in the 63 mg/kg bw group, and three males in the 125 mg/kg bw group (including one male from the 15-month interim evaluation). An oncocytoma was also identified in one male in the 32 mg/kg bw group. Hyperplasia was identified in eight additional vehicle control males and in 19 additional dosed males. The total incidences (combined standard and extended evaluations) of renal tubule adenoma in dosed male rats were slightly greater than the vehicle control incidence (vehicle control, 1/50; 32 mg/kg bw, 2/50; 63 mg/kg bw, 6/49; 125 mg/kg bw, 4/50). The total incidence of hyperplasia in dosed and vehicle control males was similar (9/50, 8/50, 7/49, 6/50). The severity of hyperplasia in males in the 32 and 125 mg/kg bw groups was greater than that in the vehicle controls. Under the conditions of these dermal studies, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of TEA in male rats based on a marginal increase in the incidences of renal tubule cell adenoma. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in female rats receiving 63, 125, or 250 mg/kg bw TEA. Based on these results, IARC (2000) concluded that there was no significant increase in the incidence of tumours at any site. Dosed rats had varying degrees of acanthosis and inflammation and ulceration, female rats had epidermal erosion at the site of skin application. 63 mg/kg bw/day was established to be the NOAEL for local effects in males, and the LOAEL in females, based on acanthosis and chronic active inflammation at the application site.

In a dermal carcinogenicity study in mice performed to a similar protocol as OECD guideline 451 and under GLP, B6C3F1 mice (50/sex/dose) were dermally exposed to 0, 200, 630, or 2000 mg/kg bw/day (males) and 0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg bw/day (females) TEA in acetone, 5 days/week for 104 (males) or 105 (females) weeks (NTP, 2004). Survival of all dosed groups was similar to that of the vehicle control groups. Body weights of 2000 mg/kg bw males were less than those of the vehicle controls from weeks 17 to 37 and at the end of the study; body weights of dosed groups of females were similar to those of the vehicle controls throughout the study. Treatment-related clinical findings included skin irritation at the site of application, which increased with increasing dose and was more severe in males than in females. Gross lesions observed at necropsy included nodules and masses of the liver in dosed females. The incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) were significantly increased in all dosed groups of females. The incidence of hemangiosarcoma of the liver in 630 mg/kg bw males was marginally increased. The incidences of eosinophilic focus in all dosed groups of mice were greater than those in the vehicle controls. Gross lesions observed at necropsy included visible crusts at the site of application in all dosed groups of mice. Treatment- related epidermal hyperplasia, suppurative inflammation, ulceration, and dermal chronic inflammation occurred at the site of application in most dosed groups of mice, and the incidences and severities of these lesions generally increased with increasing dose. Under the conditions of this 2-year dermal study, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of TEA in male B6C3F1 mice based on the occurrence of liver hemangiosarcoma. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma. Exposure to TEA by dermal application resulted in increased incidences of eosinophilic focus of the liver in males and females. Dosed mice developed treatment-related non-neoplastic lesions at the site of application. In an oral carcinogenicity study in rats, Fischer rats (50/sex/dose) were daily exposed to 0, 1, or 2% TEA via the drinking water (corresponding to a dose of approximately 667 and 1333 mg/kg bw/day) for 2 years (Maekawa et al, 1986). In week 69, dose levels in females were reduced to 0.5 and 1% (corresponding to ca. 333 and 667 mg/kg bw/day), because of associated nephrotoxicity. A variety of tumours developed in all groups, but no statistically significant differences were observed to control levels. A positive trend towards increased occurrence of hepatic tumours in males and of uterine endometrial sarcomas and renal-cell adenomas in females was judged as not related to the treatment. It was concluded that TEA is not carcinogenic under these conditions in the Fischer rat, but is toxic to the kidneys. In another oral carcinogenicity study, B6C3F1 mice (50/sex/dose) were administered 0, 1, or 2% TEA in the drinking water (corresponding to a dose of ca. 1600 and 3200 mg/kg bw/day) for 82 weeks (Konishi et al, 1992). Neoplasms developed in all groups including the control group, but no dose-related increase in tumour incidence was observed. No adverse effects were noted on survival and organ weights. Thus, no evidence for carcinogenic potential of TEA upon oral administration was found in mice.

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TEA was evaluated in a genetically modified mouse skin papilloma model (Spalding, 1999, 2000). Doses up to 30 mg of TEA were administered topically to groups of 15 to 20 female Tg.AC mice five times per week for 20 weeks. The experimental design also included positive and negative controls. In contrast to the positive controls, which developed multiple papillomas, there were no increases in the incidences of skin tumours in mice receiving TEA. Thus, TEA has been reported to cause an increased incidence of liver tumours in female B6C3F1 mice after dermal application, but not in males nor in Fischer 344 rats (NTP 1999, 2004). Effects on choline metabolism have been suggested to play a role in hepatic tumorigenesis in mice. Choline deficiency induces liver cancer in rodents, and TEA could compete with choline uptake into tissues. In a mechanistic study, the potential of TEA to cause choline deficiency in the liver of mice as a mode of tumorigenesis was investigated (Stott, 2004). Groups of female B6C3F1 mice were administered TEA at 0 or the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 1000 mg/kg bw/day (trail I), and 0, 10, 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day (trial II) in acetone, 5 days/week for 3 weeks. Female CDF rats were also administered 0 or an MTD dose of 250 mg/kg bw/day TEA (trial II) in a similar manner. No clinical signs of toxicity were noted, and upon sacrifice, levels of hepatic choline, its primary storage form phosphocholine (PCho), and its primary oxidation product betaine, were determined. A statistically significant decrease in PCho and betaine was observed at the high dosage (26-42%) relative to controls and dose-related, albeit variable, decrease was noted in PCho levels. Choline levels were also decreased 13-35% at the high dose level in mice. No changes in levels of choline or metabolites were noted in treated rats. A subsequent evaluation of the potential of TEA to inhibit the uptake of 3H-choline by cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed a dose-related effect upon uptake. It was concluded that TEA may cause liver tumours in mice via a choline-depletion mode of action and that this effects is likely caused by inhibition of choline uptake. A similar mechanism was identified for hepatic tumorigenesis in mice upon exposure to the structural analogue substance DEA. This non-genotoxic mechanism displays interspecies differences in sensitivity with humans being much more resistant. Therefore, based on the available data, TEA is not considered carcinogenic for humans.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Effect on fertility: via oral route NOAEL (rat) 1 000 mg/kg bw/day Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route NOAEL (rat) 300 mg/kg bw/day Additional information: For the endpoint developmental toxicity/teratogenicity a WoE Approach is conducted using results from the registered substance TEA and studies performed with the structurally analogous substance MEA-HCl (CAS 2000-42-7). In a reproduction/developmental toxicity screening study with TEA, performed according to OECD guideline 421, Wistar rats (10/sex/dose) were exposed by gavage to 0, 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day during a premating period of 2 weeks and a mating period (max. 2 weeks) for both sexes, during approximately 1 week post-mating for males, and during the entire gestation period as well as 4 days of lactation for females. Food consumption, body weight, clinical signs, mating and reproductive performance (including determinations of the number of implantations and the calculation of the postimplantation loss in females) were examined in parental animals. At necropsy, animals were assessed for gross pathology and selected organs were weighed and examined histopathologically. In pups, bodyweight, viability and macroscopic changes were recorded. At necropsy on PND 4, all pups were examined macroscopically for external and visceral findings. At the high dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day, a decreased number of implantation sites, increased postimplantation loss and a lower average litter size were observed. No adverse effects were observed regarding reproductive performance, fertility or systemic toxicity at any dose level. Thus, the NOAEL for systemic toxicity as well as for reproductive performance and fertility in parental animals was established at 1000 mg/kg bw/day, the NOAEL for postnatal toxicity in the offspring was 1000 mg/kg bw/day, and the NOAEL for prenatal developmental toxicity was determined to be 300 mg/kg bw/day (BASF SE, 2010). In a Chernoff-Kavlok teratogenicity screening test, CD-1 mice were exposed to TEA by gavage in 3 phases: 1) 3 virgin females were exposed to 10, 100 of 1000 mg TEA/kg bw/day during 5 consecutive days; 2) 2 -4 mated females were exposed to 600, 1200, 2400, 4800 or 9600 mg TEA/kg bw/day on gestation days (GD) 6 -15; 3) 50 mated females were exposed to 1125 mg TEA/kg bw/day on GD 6 -15. In the main study (phase 3), exposure to TEA did not produce any evidence of developmental or maternal toxicity. Therefore, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity and developmental toxicity was established at 1125 mg/kg bw/day (NTP, 1987).

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As no developmental toxicity study (OECD guideline 414) is available for TEA, read across with the structural analogue MEA, for which developmental toxicity studies are available, is applied. In a GLP-compliant prenatal developmental toxicity study with rats, performed according to OECD guideline 414 (BASF SE, 1994) pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to the structure analogue MEA by gavage at dose levels 0, 40, 120, 450 mg/kg bw/day on days 6 - 15 of gestation. Signs of maternal toxicity were observed at the highest dose, manifested as reduced food consumption, lower mean body weights and impaired body weight gain. No reproductive and developmental toxicity parameters were affected. The NOAEL for developmental effects was thus established to correspond to 450 mg/kg bw/day; the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 120 mg/kg bw/day. In another comparable to guideline prenatal developmental toxicity study (Liberacki, 1996) rats and rabbits were exposed. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed dermally to 0, 10, 25, 75 and 225 mg/kg bw/day of MEA. Rats administered 225 mg MEA/kg bw/day exhibited a treatment-related increased incidence of skin irritation and the body weight gain was significantly decreased during the exposure period. Despite maternal effects observed among dams in the high dose group, reproductive and developmental toxicity parameters among exposed rats were unaffected at all dose levels. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was set at 75 mg/kg bw/day and the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was set at the highest dose level of 225 mg/kg bw/day. In the rabbit study exposure was via the dermal route to 0, 10, 25, and 75 mg/kg/day of MEA. The rabbits in the mid and high dose group exhibited signs of skin irritation, severe at the highest dose level. No treatment-related effects were observed on reproductive and developmental toxicity parameters. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was set at 10 mg/kg bw/day and the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was set at the highest dose level of 75 mg/kg bw/day (Liberacki,1996). In a preliminary study on the prenatal toxicity of MEA, female rats (10/dose) were exposed to 0, 50, 150, 300 or 500 mg/kg bw/day by gavage on gestation days 6 -15. Maternal toxicity was observed at the high dose only, and included reduced food consumption, impaired body weight gain, decreased total protein and albumin levels, and a thickened wall of the forestomach in 3 dams. No adverse effects on the fetuses occurred. Therefore, NOAELs for maternal toxicity and teratogenicity were established at 300 and 500 mg/kg bw/day (the highest dose tested), respectively (BASF SE, 1992). For the structural analogue substance MEA a two generation reproduction toxicity study of the hydrochloric acid performed in Wistar rats with dietary administration demonstrated clear NOAELs for systemic and reproductive toxicity including fertility at 300 mg /kg bw/day. Only at the highest dose, 1000 mg/kg bw/day, were minor effects noted. Males at this high dose levels showed minor effects on fertility in the form of decreased absolute and relative weights of epididymides and cauda . However, there was no histomorphological correlate of these findings in the organs, no effect upon testes or testicular sperm count, and no effect upon mating performance. Females at this dose level revealed decreased numbers of implants and increased resorption rates resulting in smaller litters associated with indications of systemic toxicity. There was virtually no effect on the pre- and postnatal development of the progeny in both generations up to the limit dose level of 1000 mg/kg bw/day representing a clear NOAEL for developmental toxicity (ACC and Cefic, 1994). Based on the results of the screening studies with TEA (oral route, rats and mice) and the available developmental toxicity studies with rats and rabbits (oral and dermal route of exposure) with MEA, TEA is not considered to be a developmental toxicant. Reproductive toxicity was also not identified as an additional concern during substance evaluation (cf. Substance Evaluation Report, August 2015). Mode of Action Analysis / Human Relevance Framework Available data indicate the capability of Ethanolamines to impair choline homeostasis. This underlines the hypothesis of an involvement of choline and an impaired choline uptake and/or metabolism after Ethanolamine exposure as “mode-of-action”. Rodents appear to be more sensitive towards effects on choline homeostasis and effects observed have been assessed to lack human relevance. For more details please refer to "Justification for non-classification" and to the Read Across Justification in IUCLID Section 13. Justification for classification or non-classification: Classification, Labelling, and Packaging Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 The available information is reliable and suitable for classification purposes under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. Based on available experimental information, the test substance is not classified for toxicity to reproduction or developmental toxicity according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), as amended for the tenth time in Regulation (EU) No 2017/776.

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The basis for this non-classification is as follows: 1. Effects on reproductive parameters were affected only in the presence of clear parental toxicity. In a standard screening study to OECD TG 421 (BASF, 2010), Triethanolamine (TEA) was administered by gavage (vehicle water) to groups of 10 male and 10 female Wistar rats at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg TEA/kg bw/day. At the highest dose level there was a statistically significant decrease in litter size and increase in post-implantation loss. The number of implantation sites was decreased by 20%, but this was not statistically significant. A reduction in maternal bodyweight gain during gestation is attributed to the smaller litter sizes in the high dose group. There were no treatment-related effects on postnatal survival or pup bodyweights. Although bodyweights in the high dose group were ca. 8% higher than control, this was not statistically significant and probably reflects, if anything, the smaller litter sizes. For the structural analogue Monoethanolamine (MEA) a two generation reproduction toxicity study in Wistar rats with dietary MEA-HCl administration demonstrated clear NOAELs for systemic and reproductive toxicity including fertility at 300 mg MEA-HCl/kg bw/day. Only at the highest dose, 1000 mg/kg bw/day, were minor effects noted. Males at this high dose levels showed minor effects on fertility in the form of decreased absolute and relative weights of epididymides and cauda epididymidis and, in the F0 generation only, a significantly lower number of homogenization resistant caudal epididymal sperm compared to control. However, there was no histomorphological correlate of these findings in the organs, no effect upon testes or testicular sperm count, and no effect upon mating performance. Females at this dose level revealed decreased numbers of implants and increased resorption rates resulting in smaller litters associated with indications of systemic toxicity. There was virtually no effect on the pre- and postnatal development of the progeny in both generations up to the limit dose level of 1000 mg/kg bw/day representing a clear NOAEL for developmental toxicity. 2. Effects of Ethanolamines can be explained by perturbation of choline-homeostasis as these effects have also been reported to occur in choline-deficient states either by nutritional choline deficiency or by genetic knockout of key enzymes such as choline kinase mimicking a choline deficient state as well. Thus, Ethanolamines-induced effects are plausibly secondary and in consequence of perturbation of choline homeostasis. This underlines the hypothesis of an involvement of choline and an impaired choline uptake and/or metabolism after Ethanolamine exposure as “mode-of-action”. 3. Rodents appear to be more sensitive towards effects on choline homeostasis and effects observed have been assessed to lack human relevance. Choline is an essential nutrient; however, rodents appear to be more susceptible towards an impaired choline-homeostasis than humans. Leung et al. (2005) summarized the evidence why humans are less susceptible for choline-deficiency than rodents in the context of the carcinogenicity endpoint (further references given within the original article):“…choline is an essential nutrient in all mammals, the proposed mechanism of DEA-induced choline deficiency is qualitatively applicable to humans. However, there are marked species differences in susceptibility to choline deficiency, with rats and mice being far more susceptible than other species including humans. These differences are attributed to quantitative differences in the enzyme kinetics controlling choline metabolism. Rats and mice rapidly metabolize choline to betaine in the liver and it is likely that choline oxidase activity determines choline requirements and controls species sensitivity to choline deficiency. For example, choline oxidase activity is much lower in primates than rodents and primates are less sensitive to choline deficiency. Humans have the lowest choline oxidase activity of all species and are generally refractory to choline deficiency, with evidence of choline deficiency observed only after prolonged fasting, significantly depressed liver function or deficient parenteral feeding. It is noteworthy that there was no evidence of GJIC inhibition in human hepatocytes treated with DEA or cultured in choline-deficient media.” For TEA it is reported that it decreases the hepatic levels of Phosphatidylcholine and Betaine, the primary oxidation product, up to 26-42% indicating a disturbance when TEA is given dermally to female B6C3F1 mice (Stott, 2004) at the high dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In this study by Stott et al. (2004) no changes on hepatic Phosphatidylcholine and Betaine were reported in F344-derived rats. However, only a single dose of 250 mg TEA/kg bw/day was tested in female rats for 3 weeks (5days/week). Higher doses of TEA applied orally as it has been done in the available OECD 421 might cause the same effects as observed in mice. Furthermore, a strain difference in rats’ sensitivity to choline depletion cannot be excluded. TEA also inhibited the ³H-choline uptake in vitro in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Moore and co-workers investigated the potential role of choline antagonism in the aetiology of Monoethanolamine (MEA)-induced implantation loss. When administered to pregnant rats during gestation days (GD) 1–3, 4–5, or 6–7, MEA had no effect upon implantation success. In a second experiment, MEA was administered either in the diet or by oral gavage from two weeks prior to mating through to GD 8. Parallel groups also received a diet supplemented with choline. In the absence of supplementary choline, MEA induced early resorptions, statistically significant only when administered in the diet. A slight reduction in implantation success was ameliorated by supplementary choline. It was concluded that implantation is affected by MEA only when exposure starts before mating; that dietary administration is more effective than gavage dosing; and that interference

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with choline homeostasis may play a role in the aetiology of this lesion. Two possible molecular targets were hypothesized for amine alcohols: the platelet activating factor (PAF) and the endocannabinoids. PAF is a choline-derived phospholipid autacoid, which is critical in pre-implantation development and implantation (Moore et al. 2018). Studies show that injection of a specific PAF antagonist into the uterine horn of pregnant rats once during GD 1-4 reduced the number of implanted embryos significantly (Acker et al., 1988). Competition between choline and ethanolamine for uptake into local tissues or within the pathways for PAF synthesis might explain the ameliorating effect of choline supplementation upon MEA-induced implantation loss (Moore et al., 2018). In a OECD TG 443 study performed with the structural analogue DEA the platelet activating factor (PAF) concentration in serum of the F0 females was reduced dose-dependently when regarding medians with a decrease of 31% in test group 3 (1000 ppm) compared to controls. As supporting evidence, in the OECD TG 443 study which is available for DEA a clear decrease in the choline levels was seen. The analytical results demonstrated the clear presence of choline in all plasma samples from the animals dosed with the test substance DEA (100 ppm, 300 ppm and 1000 ppm dosed animals) and in those from control, non-dosed animals. In general, it can be stated that the presence of the test substance DEA led to a reduction in the content of choline in the plasma samples analysed. This effect appears to be dose-dependent, in that higher dose levels were associated with greater choline reduction. This effect is most clearly visible at lower dose levels (100 ppm and 300 ppm), at which dramatic plasma choline levels could be seen. At higher dosing levels, although further minor plasma choline content reduction was observed, this was by no means as drastic. Furthermore, also in the offspring the analytical results demonstrated the clear presence of choline in all liver samples from the animals dosed with the test substance DEA (100 ppm, 300 ppm and 1000 ppm dosed animals) and in those from control, non-dosed animals. This was true from all time points investigated (4-day old pups, 22-day old pups and ~90-day old adolescents). In general, it can be stated that the presence of the test substance DEA led to a reduction in the content of choline in the liver samples analyzed. This effect appears to be dose-dependent, in that higher dose levels were associated with greater choline reduction, but only up to moderate dosing levels (300 ppm and 100 ppm, depending on the sampling day). At higher dosing levels, no further dramatic liver choline content reduction was observed. This effect was however, not observed in 4-day old animals, in which no clearly definable dose dependent trend is evident. In 22-day old animals this effect could be clearly observed, although the choline levels of the 100 ppm dosed animals have not yet attained minimal concentrations. In ~90-day old animals the effect is dramatic in that the liver choline levels of all non-control animals have reached an approximate minimum. Only a relatively minor further dose-dependency can be observed at this time point. For DEA various mechanistic in vitro and in vivo studies identified that choline depletion is the key event in hepatic carcinogenicity. DEA decreased gap junctional intracellular communication (GJIC) in primary cultured mouse and rat hepatocytes; induced DNA hypomethylation in mouse hepatocytes; decreased phosphatidylcholine synthesis; and increased S-phase DNA synthesis in mouse hepatocytes, but had no effect on apoptosis. All of these effects were mediated by the inhibition of choline sequestration, and were prevented with choline supplementation. No such effects were noted in human hepatocytes in vitro. Apparent differences in the susceptibility of two different mice strains (B6C3F1 > C57BL) were noted. B6C3F1 mice are extremely sensitive to non-genotoxic effects and are susceptible to spontaneous liver tumors. Moreover, chronic stimulation and compensatory adaptive changes of hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation are able to enhance the incidence of common spontaneous liver tumors in the mouse by mechanisms not relevant to humans (adapted from the DEA OECD SIAR, 2009). However, there are marked species differences in susceptibility to choline deficiency, with rats and mice being far more susceptible than other species including humans. It is reported that primates are much more resistant towards adverse effects of choline⋅deficiency and associated changes (Hoffbauer and Zaki, 1964). Moreover, quantitative data underline this species difference: choline oxidase, the key enzyme in converting choline into betaine is highly active in rodents whereas it plays a minor role in Humans (Sidransky & Faber, 1960). The reaction / metabolism with betaine occur mainly in the liver and is of minor importance for the overall metabolism of homocysteine in humans; it is of major significance only in rodents. This is because betaine is derived from choline, a pathway of minimal importance and hence of little relevance in primates, who have a paucity of choline oxidase in the liver (Lieber and Packer, 2002). Choline metabolism is connected to Phosphatidylcholine and Betaine. The latter is reported to be central for the synthesis of SAM (S-Adenosyl-Methionine), a principle methylating agent for biosynthetic pathways and maintenance of critical gene methylation patterns (Stott et al. 2004; Zeisel and Blusztajn, 1994). Taken together, similar effects on pre- and/or post-implantation losses were observed for Mono-, Di- and Triethanolamine. Additionally, Ethanolamines show similar effects on choline-metabolism. It is likely that the effects of TEA and its structurally analogues substances MEA and DEA on pre- and post-implantation in laboratory animals are mediated by

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effects on choline homeostasis rather than through direct embryo toxicity. These effects are inhibition of choline-uptake in the liver, subsequent perturbation of choline- homeostasis, with subsequent impairment of C1-metabolism, DNA-methylation, lipid metabolism, and intercellular communication. These effects are judged to be relevant for systemic toxicity of this group of substances, but are not evaluated to be direct effects on reproductive toxicity. However, rodents appear to be more sensitive towards effects on choline homeostasis and effects observed have been assessed to lack human relevance. Furthermore, effects observed for TEA on reproduction were observed in the presence of systemic toxicity and are regarded as secondary effect. Therefore, TEA is not subjected for classification on toxicity to reproduction or developmental toxicity according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008,as amended for the tenth time in Regulation (EU) No 2017/776. Reproductive toxicity was also not identified as an additional concern during substance evaluation (cf. Substance Evaluation Report, August 2015).

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

1. Physical-chemical properties TEA (MW 149.2 g/mol) is a liquid with a measured melting point of 20.5°C, a measured boiling point of 336.1°C at 1013.25 hPa, a measured vapour pressure of 0.00029 hPa at 21°C, and a dissociation constant (pKa) of 7.86 at 25°C. The octanol-water partition coefficient (log Pow) is -2.3 at 25°C, and the substance is fully miscible with water. 2. Data from acute and repeated dose toxicity studies Acute toxicity data indicate low toxicity: in rats the oral LD50 was 6400 mg/kg bw, no mortality was observed at or below 5000 mg/kg bw. Clinical signs (elevated respiration, anancasm to chew, apathy, reduced grooming) disappeared 2 days after dosing, and gross pathology at necropsy revealed no abnormalities (BASF AG, 1966). In an acute dermal toxicity study in rabbits, no mortality was observed up to the limit concentration and the LD50 was established to be > 2000 mg/kg bw (TSCATS, 1989). Due to its extremely low vapour pressure, exposure to TEA vapour is very unlikely. One report stated that whole-body exposure of rats to an atmosphere saturated with TEA vapour (concentration not given) at 20°C for 8 hours failed to cause any deaths, therefore no LC50 value was established (BASF AG, 1966). In an oral repeated dose study, rats were administered 0 - 1000 mg/kg bw/day in the diet for 91 days. Since no adverse effects were observed, the NOAEL was established to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day (TSCATS, 1989). In a sub-chronic dermal toxicity study, rats were treated with 0 - 2000 mg/kg bw/day on the skin for 90 days (Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1987a). At the highest doses, decreases in body weight, irritation and inflammation at the site of application were observed - ranging from minimal acanthosis at the lower doses to chronic active inflammation, erosion and ulceration in higher dose groups - accompanied by haematologic changes. NOAELs for local effects were determined to be 125 and 250 mg/kg bw/day for males and females, respectively. The NOAEL for systemic effects was established at 125 mg/kg bw/day, based on renal effects (i.e. increased kidney weight). Similar effects were observed in a sub-chronic dermal toxicity study in mice, receiving 0 - 4000 mg/kg bw/day TEA on the skin for 90 days (Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1987b). The kidneys were identified as the target organ at lower doses, accompanied by increased liver weights at the top dose level. Dermal irritation and inflammation was noted at the site of application. In an 28 -day inhalation toxicity study in rats, exposed to 0 - 0.5 mg/L TEA for 6 hours/day and 5 hours/week, the NOAEC for systemic effects was established at 0.5 mg/L since no adverse systemic effects were observed. The NOAEC for local effects (laryngeal inflammation) was determined to be 0.02 mg/L for females; since slight inflammation was still observed in males, this concentration was designated the LOAEC for local effects in males (BASF AG, 1993). 3. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Studies in experimental animals indicated that TEA is absorbed through the skin. No data on oral and inhalation exposure is available. Besides data regarding the dermal route, data on the i.v. route is also available. Differences in the rate of absorption between rats and mice have been described regarding dermal exposure. In mice, most of the topically applied14C-TEA is absorbed, and only 2% to 11% is detected at the site of application after 48 hours (Dow 1988,1989; Stott, 2000). The dermal absorption of TEA in rats was less extensive and much slower than in mice (Dow, 1988,1989). An absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion study by the NTP (2004) found that after 72 hours of exposure, only 20% to 30% of the applied dermal dose of TEA (68 or 276 mg/kg) was absorbed in rats and 60% to 80% was absorbed in mice (79 or 1120 mg/kg). These differences in absorption have been attributed either to the different doses used in comparative studies or to species-specific factors. No differences in tissue distribution were noted after i.v. or dermal exposure (NTP, 2004).

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The elimination of14C-TEA-derived radioactivity from the blood of mice after a 1 mg/kg intravenous injection displays two-phase elimination kinetics with an initial rapid distribution phase (0.3-0.6 hour half-life) followed by a slower elimination phase (10-hour half-life) (Dow, 1988,1989; Stott, 2000). Radioactivity in blood after dermal application of 2000 mg/kg neat TEA declined in a bi-exponential manner through 3-hour post-dosing with a rapid initial phase (half-life of 1.9 hr) followed by a slower terminal phase (half-life of 31 hr)(Stott, 2000). Both rats and mice rapidly excreted the absorbed dose, primarily in urine (followed by faeces) after i.v. and dermal exposure. Regarding dermal exposure, in rats, less than 1% of the dose was present in the tissue samples (except the dose site) 72 hours after treatment; the heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen contained elevated concentrations of radiolabel relative to blood (NTP, 2004). In addition to animal studies, human skin penetration of TEA was tested in vitro using diffusion cell techniques (Kraeling, 2003). Oil-in-water emulsions containing 1% or 5%14C- TEA were added to the stratum corneum side of 200-300 µm thick human skin sections and penetration of radioactivity into and through the skin (into a receptor fluid, sampled up to 24 hours after application) was determined. At pH 8.0, 1.1 and 1.2% of the dose was absorbed into the receptor fluid with a total penetration of 22.0 and 16.5% for 1 and 5% TEA, respectively. At pH 7.0, 0.43 and 0.28% was absorbed into the receptor fluid with a total penetration of 9.8 and 5.8% after 24 hours for 1 and 5% TEA, respectively. After 48 hours at pH 7.0, 0.68 and 0.60% was absorbed into the receptor fluid with a total penetration of 9.6 and 6.9%, for 1 and 5% TEA respectively. This pH-related difference reflects the higher percentage of unionised test material at pH 8.0. Specific investigations: other studies Clinical Observations and Body Weights No effects of dosing upon the clinical appearance, body weights, or weight gains of mice or rats were noted. In addition, no evidence of dermal irritation of dosing solutions was noted during the dosing period. In Vivo Choline and Choline-Related Metabolites In the initial mouse trial (Trial I), a 1000 mg/kg bw/day TEA dosage caused statistically identified decreases in betaine (26%) and PCho (35%) levels relative to vehicle treated controls. A smaller decrease in hepatic choline concentration (13%) was also observed, which was not statistically identified. In a subsequent dose-response experiment (Trial II mice), all three measured parameters were statistically identified by Trend Test as changing over the dose range, despite a noticeable degree of variability in the data. PCho levels were decreased by 18-20% at 100-300 mg/kg bw/day and by 42% at 1000 mg/kg bw/day compared to controls. Hepatic betaine levels were also decreased across most dosages, with minimal levels observed at the high dosage (29% decrease), and choline levels of high-dose-group mice were depressed by 35% compared to controls. Pairwise statistically significant changes were limited to high-dose groups. Administration of 250 mg/kg bw/day TEA to male CDF rats failed to cause a significant change in any measured parameter. In Vitro Choline Uptake TEA caused a statistically identified decrease in the uptake of 3H-choline by growing CHO cells. A dose-related decrease in uptake occurred from 0.67 mM to 1.34 mM concentrations, reaching a maximal inhibition of approximately 60-70% of control at 1.34 to 3.4 mM over the 10-min dosing period. A more pronounced response to DEA was observed, with a dose-related decrease in 3H-choline uptake observed from 0.048 to 0.15 mM, reaching a maximal inhibition of approximately 75% of control at 0.19 to 1.9 mM.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

skin irritation path test: In a study with 6 human volunteers, 2 cm2-patches soaked with the test material were applied for 24 hours to the upper arm, and skin irritation was scored upon patch removal and 24 hours thereafter (BASF AG, 1930). Besides slight biting and reddening in 1 subject, no irritation was observed and thus, the test substance was judged non-irritating.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

- Safety data sheets - -TOXNET database on toxicology

- ECHA database on REACH registered substances - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - Acker et al, Role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the ovoimplantation in the rat: effect of the specific PAF-acether agonist, BN 52021, Prostagaldins 35 (1988) 233-241 - Ethanolamine hydrochloride Modified Developmental Toxicity Study to detect potential effects on implantation after window dose exposure in Wistar Rats (Range-finding), Ethanolamines REACH Consortium, 2015 - Hoffbauer FW and Zaki FG (1965).Choline Deficiency in Baboon and Rat Compared. Arch Path 79: 364⋅369 - Leung HW, Kamendulis LM, Stott WT.(2005).Review of the carcinogenic activity of diethanolamine and evidence of choline deficiency as a plausible mode of action. Reg Tox and Pharmacol, 43: 260-271 - Lieber CS and Packer L (2002). S⋅Adenosylmethionine: molecular, biological, and clinical aspects-an introduction. Am J Clin Nutr 76(suppl): 1148–1150 - Moore et al (2018) Implantation loss induced by ethanolamine in the rat is ameliorated by a choline-supplemented diet, Reproductive Toxicology 78 (2018) 102–110 - OECD SIDS (2009). Diethanolamine. - Smyth et al, (1951).Range-finding Toxicity Data: List IV.Arch.Hyg. Occup. Med.4: 119-122 - Stott WT, Radtke BJ, Linscombe VA, Mar M-H, Zeisel SH (2004).Evaluation of the potential of triethanolamine to alter hepatic choline levels in female B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Sci 79:242-247. - Sidransky & Faber (1960). Liver choline oxidase activity in man and in several species of animals. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1960 Mar; 87:129-33. - Zeisel SH and Blasztajn JK (1994). Cholin and human nutrition.Ann. Rev. Nutr.14: 269-296

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

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This product is adult use. Undesirable effects of ingredients are described in paragraph 8 but end-product undesirable effects are not detected or recorded. The product is manufactured in compliance with GMP practise.

Historical data about any undesirable effects from the use of the product:

DATE REPORTED EFFECTS Notes Pcs Sold

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Part 2A Adverse Effects and Serious Adverse Effects

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

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CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A9

Patch Tests have not been carried out on the product under analysis, as they have already been carried out on other similar products, with the same formulation. In no case were any episodes of skin irritation recorded.

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Part 2A Information Regarding Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

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CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A10

The assessment conclusion is a statement on the safety of the cosmetic product in relation to the safety requirement of Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009: taking into account all the information contained in the previous pages, in particular the physical - chemical and safety information of the raw materials and of the product itself, the examination of the formula, the exposure expected for the consumer, the warnings and the manner in which they are used, it is considered that, in the current state of knowledge, the product concerned is not harmful to human health if applied under normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions of use. However, any undesirable effects which, in particular cases only, may occur at the expense of the user, cannot be excluded. The level of purity of the raw materials used is guaranteed by the supplying companies, which are required to release further information through the data sheets, safety data sheets or information sheets. If significant adverse reactions caused to consumers by this product are reported (for example an abnormal number of undesirable effects), the person responsible for this assessment shall be informed and a reassessment shall be considered.

Head of the safety evaluation VOROBJOV DMITRI

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Part 2B Assessment Conclusion

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

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CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex B1

This product’s presentation is in accordance with a Regulation no 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council about the labelling of cosmetic product. Restricted ingredients are properly listed on the package. Instruction of use: Apply the cream to the body in light circular movements 3 - 5 minutes until complete absorption 2 - 3 times a day. Cream is designed for daily use. All use instructions are written on the label.

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Part 2B Warnings and Instructions for Use on the Label

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

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CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex B2

This assessment is based on: - The chemical and physical specification of the ingredients - The general toxicological profile of the ingredients - The level of exposure of the ingredients - The specific exposure characteristics of the areas to which the cosmetic product will be applied - Margin of Safety calculations if available - The specific exposure characteristics of the population for which the cosmetic product is intended This assessment is conducted in accordance with the Regulation no 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. All the ingredients in the formulation are either commonly used in leave-on products with low toxicity or within the recommended limit as suggested by SCCS and Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). Provided manufacturer’s instructions are followed. The potential interactions between ingredients have been considered. The submitted test results indicate the product will be safe for intended use concerning the impurity, stability and microbiological quality.

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Part 2B Reasoning

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex B3

SAFETY ASSESSOR

VOROBJOV DMITRIName and Surname:

TALLINNBorn In: 8/20/1984Date

ESTONIAResident In:

NATURAL SCIENCEDegree In:

4/15/2021Date passing state exam for professional qualification:

2021Session Year: 1Session Number:

15.04.2021Inclusion on the: .N

BRUSSELCounty of:

DATE SIGNATURE

20.02.2025

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Part 2B Assessor's Credentials and Approval of Part B

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex B4

The product is manufactured following the harmonised standards whose references have been published in the Official Journal of the European Union (GMP, Good Manufacturing Practices) to ensure a high level of consumer safety.

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Part 3 Description of the manufacturing method in accordance

with good manufacturing practice (GMP)

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

The information on the ingredients on the label comes from public sources, and references to properties and effects come from aromatherapy, folk medicine, CosIng, SpecialChem cosmetic and so on. The given information is publicly known and does not require an additional test. All claims on the label should be in compliance with (EC) Regulation 655/2013 and the guidelines to this Regulation.

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Part 4 Evidence of the effects attributed to the product, if

necessary

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

No animal tests have been carried out for finished product. All ingredient TDS and MSDS are availbale by customer with their chemical and physical characteristics.

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Parte 5 Information on any animal testing

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

-Safety Data Sheets and Raw Materials Techniques -Toxnet (Toxicology database) -ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) Registered substances database REACH - Regulation 1223/2009 articles and annexes -Cosmetics Ingradients cosmetics database - Opinions of the SCCS - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - Book, Абрамзон А.А., Зайченко Л.П., Файнгольд С.И. Поверхностно-активные вещества. Синтез, анализ, свойства, применение. 1988. Ленинград. - EFSA, European Food Safe Agency - EMA, European Medical Agency

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

- A1 Formula Finished product - TDS Finished product - Impurities Raw Materials - A7 Product exposure - A8 INCI toxicology

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List of documents attached to the PIF

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CHONDROITIN WITH GLUCOSAMINE MASSAGE CREAM IN THE JOINT AREA

Formula Code -

The file is owned by VITATEKA OÜ , All rights reserved, the file is not removable and no part of it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted by any means and in any way (photo-mechanical, photocopying, electronic, etc.) without prior written permission. In all cases of illegal reproduction will be proceeded according to law.

If found outside authorized places, please return it immediately at the address found in "PART 1 - Description of the cosmetic product" or at a public security authoritie.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PRODUCT INFORMATION FILE

This file (PIF - Product Information File) filled according to CE/1223/09 and related legislation in force regulation, which require it to keep available to the competent authorities a range of information about your product and reported below.

The information part of the dossier is to be considered confidential and access to the file is allowed only to the competent authorities and to specific checks by reasoned reason, as specified in the Regulation. The supervisory authority is responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of information.

Commercial Name

Product Category

CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

q. skin care liquid

The product has been notified to the UE portal, CPNP, on . .

First Printing Date Last Checking

13.02.2025 20.02.2025

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PART 1 - Description of Cosmetic Product

PART 2 - Cosmetic Product Safety Report (CPSR)

Table of contents

PART 2A - Information regarding the safety profile of Cosmetic Product

- Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product - The physical/chemical and stability feautures of Cosmetic Product - Microbiological quality - Information regarding impurities, residues and packaging material - Normal and reasonably predictable usage - Exposure to Cosmetic Product - Exposure to ingredients - Toxicological profile of the substances - Adverse Effects and Serious Adverse Effects - Information regarding Cosmetic Product

PART 2B - Safety Evaluation of Cosmetic Product

- Assessment conclusion - Warning and instructions for use - Reasoning - Information regarding Safety Assessor and Part B Approval

PART 3 - Description of the manufacturing method in accordance with good manufacturing practice (GMP)

PART 4 - Evidence of the effects attributed to the product, if necessary

PART 5 - Information on any animal testing performed by the manufacturer or a third party, in relation to the development and evaluation of the product as such and/or its components, including compliance with regulatory requirements of third countries

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Liable Person Data VITATEKA OÜName

MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA 74204 - (HR)Address

+37258042133 Phone N.

[email protected]Email

N° REA

Manufacturer's data (who manufactures a cosmetic) BIURO WHITE PHARMA SP Z O.O.Name

JANOWSKA 70/9 21500 BIAŁA PODLASKA (-)Address

+48 518 242 716 Phone N.

[email protected]Email

N° REA

Distributor's data (person placing a product on the market) VITATEKA OÜName

MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA 74204 - (HR)Address

+37258042133 Phone N.

[email protected]Email

N° REA

DISTRIBUTORPIF to

Extra UE Distributor's data (person placing a product on the market) Name

()Address

Phone N.

Email

N° REA

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PART 1 - Description of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name

CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

The product has been notified to the UE portal, CPNP, on . .

CPNP reference product:

First Printing Date Last Checking13.02.2025 N° 1 on

Formula Code -

20.02.2025

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PART 2 Relation on Cosmetic Product Safety (CPSR)

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % In Product

INCI NAME * % in Raw Mat.

CAS N. EINECS N. Funzionality

1 Purified water 57.500000 AQUA 100.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

2 CETEARETH-25 5.000000 CETEARETH-25 100.0000 68439-49-6 CLEANSING, SURFACTANT - CLEANSING, SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING

3 CETEARYL ALCOHOL 5.000000 CETEARYL ALCOHOL 100.0000 67762-27-0 / 8005-44-5 267-008-6 EMULSION STABILISING, OPACIFYING, SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT, SURFACTANT - CLEANSING, SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING, SURFACTANT - FOAM BOOSTING, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

4 dimethycone 5.000000 DIMETHICONE 100.0000 63148-62-9 / 9006-65-9 / 9016-00-6

ANTIFOAMING, SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT, SKIN PROTECTING

5 GLYCERYL STEARATE SE 5.000000 GLYCERYL STEARATE SE 100.0000 11099-07-3 SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING

6 Isopropylmyristate 5.000000 ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE 100.0000 110-27-0 203-751-4 BINDING, FRAGRANCE, PERFUMING, SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT

7 PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM 5.000000 PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM 100.0000 8012-95-1 / 8042-47-5 232-384-2 ANTISTATIC, SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT, SKIN PROTECTING, SOLVENT

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

8 CAMPHOR 1.000000 CAMPHOR * 100.0000 464-49-3 / 76-22-2 207-355-2 DENATURANT, FRAGRANCE, PLASTICISER

9 Euxyl PE 9010 1.000000 PHENOXYETHANOL * 91.5000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

10 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 8.5000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

11 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL 1.000000 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL 100.0000 84776-03-4 / 8001-21-6/ 164250-88-8

-/ 232-273-9/ - SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SKIN CONDITIONING - OCCLUSIVE, SOLVENT

12 ALLANTOIN 0.500000 ALLANTOIN 100.0000 97-59-6 202-592-8 SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN PROTECTING, SOOTHING

13 ALOE BARBADENSIS EXTRACT 0.500000 AQUA 94.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

14 ALOE BARBADENSIS EXTRACT 5.0000 85507-69-3 / 94349-62-9 287-390-8 SKIN CONDITIONING

15 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

16 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

17 BENZYL NICOTINATE 0.500000 BENZYL NICOTINATE 100.0000 94-44-0 202-332-3 ANTISTATIC, SKIN CONDITIONING

18 BISABOLOL 0.500000 BISABOLOL 100.0000 515-69-5 / 23089-26-1 208-205-9 FRAGRANCE, SKIN CONDITIONING, SOOTHING

19 BLACKCURRANT OIL 0.500000 RIBES NIGRUM SEED OIL 100.0000 68606-81-5 / 97676-19-2 271-749-0 / - SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT

20 CAPSICUM ANNUUM FRUIT EXTRACT 0.500000 AQUA 89.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

21 CAPSICUM ANNUUM FRUIT EXTRACT 10.0000 84625-29-6 283-403-6 ANTI-SEBORRHEIC, ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, ASTRINGENT, HAIR CONDITIONING, SKIN PROTECTING

22 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

23 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

24 CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA FLOWER EXTRACT 0.500000 AQUA 49.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

25 GLYCERIN 30.0000 56-81-5 200-289-5 DENATURANT, HAIR CONDITIONING, HUMECTANT, ORAL CARE, PERFUMING, SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN PROTECTING, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

26 CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA FLOWER EXTRACT

20.0000 84082-60-0 282-006-5 FRAGRANCE, SKIN CONDITIONING

27 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

28 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

29 COSROMA TLJ011 0.500000 AQUA 64.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

30 COLLAGEN 35.0000 9007-34-5 232-697-4 HAIR CONDITIONING, MOISTURISING, SKIN CONDITIONING

31 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

32 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

33 D-GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE 0.500000 GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE 100.0000 29031-19-4 249-379-6 SKIN CONDITIONING

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

34 EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLUS BUD OIL 0.500000 EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLUS BUD OIL 100.0000 84961-50-2 284-638-7 FRAGRANCE, PERFUMING

35 EUGENOL * 79.4200 97-53-0 202-589-1 DENATURANT, PERFUMING, TONIC

36 EUGENYL ACETATE * 13.1000 93-28-7 202-235-6 FRAGRANCE

37 BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE * 5.2100 87-44-5 201-746-1 FRAGRANCE, PERFUMING, SKIN CONDITIONING

38 HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES OIL 0.500000 HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES OIL 100.0000 225234-03-7 / 90106-68-6 SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT

39 menthol 0.500000 MENTHOL * 100.0000 1490-04-6 / 2216-51-5 / 89-78-1 / 15356-60-2

201-939-0 / 216- 074-4 / 218-690-9

DENATURANT, FRAGRANCE, REFRESHING, SOOTHING

40 MUMIO ASPHALTUM PUNJABIANUM EXTRACT 0.500000 AQUA 79.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

41 ASPHALTUM EXTRACT 20.0000 Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-acne

42 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

43 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

44 PROPOLIS EXTRACT WATER EXTRACT 0.500000 AQUA 45.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

45 GLYCERIN 34.0000 56-81-5 200-289-5 DENATURANT, HAIR CONDITIONING, HUMECTANT, ORAL CARE, PERFUMING, SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN PROTECTING, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

46 PROPOLIS EXTRACT 20.0000 85665-41-4 288-130-6 SKIN CONDITIONING

47 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

Pag. 4 di 8

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

48 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

49 SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE 0.500000 SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE 100.0000 9007-28-7 / 9082-07-9 232-696-9 ANTISTATIC, HAIR CONDITIONING, SKIN CONDITIONING

50 SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT 0.500000 AQUA 94.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

51 SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT 5.0000 84696-05-9 283-625-3 ANTI-SEBORRHEIC, SKIN CONDITIONING, SOOTHING

52 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

53 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

54 Tocopheryl acetate 0.500000 TOCOPHERYL ACETATE 100.0000 7695-91-2 / 58-95-7 231-710-0 ANTIOXIDANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

55 BOSWELLIA SERRATA EXTRACT 0.100000 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 50.0000 57-55-6 200-338-0 FRAGRANCE, HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

56 AQUA 40.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

57 BOSWELLIA SERRATA EXTRACT 10.0000 97952-72-2 308-366-6 SKIN CONDITIONING

58 Citric Acid 0.100000 CITRIC ACID 100.0000 77-92-9 / 5949-29-1 201-069-1 BUFFERING, CHELATING, FRAGRANCE

59 COMARUM PALUSTRE ROOT EXTRACT 0.100000 AQUA 94.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

60 HYDROLYZED COMARUM PALUSTRE ROOT/STEM EXTRACT

5.0000 - SKIN CONDITIONING

61 PHENOXYETHANOL * 0.9000 122-99-6 204-589-7 ANTIMICROBIAL, PRESERVATIVE

Pag. 5 di 8

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

62 ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 0.1000 70445-33-9 408-080-2 DEODORANT, SKIN CONDITIONING

63 dl-alfa-tocopherol care 0.100000 TOCOPHEROL 100.0000 54-28-4 (gamma)/ 16698- 35-4(beta) / 10191-41-0 (DL) / 119-13-1 / 1406-18- 4 / 1406-66-2 / 2074-53-5 (DL) / 59-02-9 (D)/7616- 22-0

200-201-5 / 240- 747-1 / 233-466-0 / 204-299-0 /215- 798-8 / - / 218- 197-9 / 200-412-2 / -

ANTIOXIDANT, FRAGRANCE, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SKIN CONDITIONING - OCCLUSIVE

64 INULA HELENIUM ROOT EXTRACT 0.100000 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 50.0000 57-55-6 200-338-0 FRAGRANCE, HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

65 AQUA 30.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

66 INULA HELENIUM EXTRACT 20.0000 84012-20-4 281-666-1 FRAGRANCE, SKIN CONDITIONING

67 JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FRUIT EXTRACT 0.100000 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 50.0000 57-55-6 200-338-0 FRAGRANCE, HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

68 AQUA 30.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

69 JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FRUIT EXTRACT 20.0000 84603-69-0 283-268-3 PERFUMING, SKIN CONDITIONING

Pag. 6 di 8

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

70 MEDICAGO SATIVA EXTRACT 0.100000 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 50.0000 57-55-6 200-338-0 FRAGRANCE, HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

71 AQUA 30.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

72 MEDICAGO SATIVA EXTRACT 20.0000 84082-36-0 281-984-0 TONIC

73 RETINYL PALMITATE 0.100000 RETINYL PALMITATE 100.0000 79-81-2 201-228-5 SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS

74 RHUS GLABRA EXTRACT 0.100000 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 50.0000 57-55-6 200-338-0 FRAGRANCE, HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

75 AQUA 30.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

76 RHUS GLABRA EXTRACT 20.0000 90106-33-5 290-256-1 ANTISEBORRHOEIC / ASTRINGENT / SKIN CONDITIONING

77 TAMUS COMMUNIS EXTRACT 0.100000 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 50.0000 57-55-6 200-338-0 FRAGRANCE, HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING - MISCELLANEOUS, SOLVENT, VISCOSITY CONTROLLING

78 AQUA 30.0000 7732-18-5 231-791-2 SOLVENT

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The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

79 TAMUS COMMUNIS EXTRACT 20.0000 84961-63-7 - HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING, SKIN PROTECTING

Pag. 8 di 8

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk have several restrictions (source COSING Cosmetic Ingredients and Substances).

PART 2A - Information Regarding the Safety Profile of Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Cosmetic Product

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A1 Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

PURITY AND ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF RAW MATERIALS ARE CONTAINED ON THE RELEVANT CERTIFICATES OF ANALYSIS / SALES SPECIFICATIONS, WHICH ARE HELD BY THE MANUFACTURER. RAW MATERIAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SUPPLIERS’ HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS ARE GIVEN IN THE SAFETY DATA SHEETS, WHICH ARE HELD BY MANUFACTURE. THE PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL SPECIFICATION (FOR DETAILES SEE POINT 9. OF MSDS) OF THE INGREDIENTS ARE WELL KNOWN (COSING, COSMOBASE, CIR, ECHA, PUBCHEM) AND COMMONLY USED IN SIMILAR PRODUCTS. THEIR INCLUSIONS IN THE FINISHED PRODUCT AT THE SPECIFIED CONCENTRATIONS DO NOT GIVE RISE TO ANY CONCERNS. TO DETERMINE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW MATERIAL WERE USED METHODS: GRAVIMETRIC, POTENTIOMETRIC, CHROMATOGRAPHIC, TITRIMETRIC METHODS. EVALUATION METHOD OF RAW MATERIAL’S PURITY ARE SHOWN IN TDS, COA AND MSDS. ALL THOSE DOCUMENTS ARE ATTACHED. REGARDING ANY TRACES AND IMPURITIES FROM THE RAW MATERIALS PLEASE REFER TO TABLE 1 OF PART A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE COSMETIC PRODUCT AND SECTION 8. TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF THE SUBSTANCES.

FOR THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COSMETIC PRODUCT: SEE THE ATTACHED TECHNICAL SHEET OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT.

FOR THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBSTANCES OR MIXTURES, SEE THE TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS / SAFETY DATA SHEETS / OTHER STATEMENTS ATTACHED.

THE PRODUCT HAS PASSED 90 DAY STABILITY TEST, BASE ON METHODS: 1. EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY -REPRODUCTION AND/OR DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS AUTHORISED FOR NON COMMERCIAL PURPOSES ONLY PROVIDED THE EMEA IS ACKNOWLEDGED AUGUST 2003 CPMP/ICH/2736/99 ICH TOPIC Q 1 A (R2) STABILITY TESTING OF NEW DRUG SUBSTANCES AND PRODUCTSSESNSORIAL TESTS ARE PERFORMED VISUAL EVALUATION OF REFERENCE SAMPLE STORED AT AMBIENT CONDITIONS (ROOM TEMPERATURE): A STABLE PRODUCT IS CONSIDERED AS PRODUCT THAT MEETS THE PARAMETERS AND SPECIFICATION AS SET BY THE CLIENT. 2. COSMETICS EUROPE: GUIDELINES ON STABILITY TESTING OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TO CTFA AND COSMETICS EUROPE MARCH 2004 3. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER SAFETY SCCS THE SCCS NOTES OF GUIDANCE FOR THE TESTING OF COSMETIC INGREDIENTS AND THEIR SAFETY EVALUATION 10TH REVISION. CONCLUSION: THE PRODUCT MEETS THE STATED REQUIREMENTS OF THE MANUFACTURER. FOR DETAILES SEE STABILITY TEST PROTOCOL. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INGREDIENTS (SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES) PURITY AND ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF RAW MATERIALS ARE CONTAINED ON THE RELEVANT CERTIFICATES OF ANALYSIS / SALES SPECIFICATIONS, WHICH ARE HELD BY THE MANUFACTURER. SINCE THE TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT ON THE PRODUCT UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS AND WITHIN 90 DAYS OF TESTING THE PRODUCT PACKED IN THE ORIGINAL PACKAGING, UNDER THE ABOVE CONDITIONS, NO VISIBLE, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHANGES WERE FOUND AND NO DEFORMATIONS OF THE PACKAGING, PLUS MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST DO NOT LET YOU DOUBT THE STABILITY OF THE PRODUCT. IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT THE SHELF LIFE OF THE PRODUCT IS 30 MONTHS.

Pag. 1 di 1

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Physical/Chemical and Stability Features of Cosmetic

Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A2

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

CREAM BALM

PHYSICAL / CHEMICAL / MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

LIQUIDPhisical State

-pH

CHARACTERISTICViscosity

CHARACTERISTICFragrance

CHARACTERISTICColor

12PAO (Period After Opening)

Based on available information from the ingredient specifications (see section А. Quantitative and qualitative composition– specification of ingredients. To evaluate microbiology of ingredients those methods were used: ISO21149 (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, result: < =100 CFU/g), ISO16212 (Yeasts and Moulds at 25°C, result < =10 CFU/g), ISO21150 (Escherichia coli; result Absent in 1g), ISO22718 (Staphylococcusaureus; result Absent in 1g), ISO22717 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa; result Absent in 1g), ISO18416 (Candida albicans; result Absent in 1g). Based on above mentioned result ingredients used can be assessed as microbiologically safe. Detailed data of methods and results presented in TDS and CoA

Microbiological Specifications

36Use preferably within:

Other Informations

MANUFACTURING

Production of creames: 1. Water purification by doble distillation and UV treatment 2. Water heating until 80 0C 3. In separate tank mixing and homogenesation of fatty compounds at known temperature. It is mixture B 4. In separate tank mixing and homogenesation of oils, salts, complexing agent, preservative. It is mixture B 5. Adding of mixture A to pre-heated water and mixing and homogenesation process continue. 6. Waiting when mixture A with water will cool until 45 0C 7. Adding of mixture B to cooled mixture A with water tank and continue mixing approx.. more 30 minutes 8. Adding to mix A, B with water extracts, skin softeners 9. Continue whole mix of compounds A, B, water, extract approx. more 45 minutes until final mix will be done.

3. Non rinse-off ProductsProduct Family

Creams, emulsions, lotions, gels and oils for the skin (hands, feet, face, etc.)Product Category

q. skin care liquidProduct Type

INGREDIENTS

AQUA DIMETHICONE ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE CETEARETH-25 CETEARYL ALCOHOL GLYCERYL STEARATE SE PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL CAMPHOR PHENOXYETHANOL RIBES NIGRUM SEED OIL MENTHOL SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE ALLANTOIN BENZYL NICOTINATE BISABOLOL EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLUS BUD OIL HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES OIL TOCOPHERYL ACETATE GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE EUGENOL GLYCERIN PROPYLENE GLYCOL COLLAGEN CITRIC ACID TOCOPHEROL ASPHALTUM EXTRACT CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA FLOWER EXTRACT RETINYL PALMITATE PROPOLIS EXTRACT ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN EUGENYL ACETATE CAPSICUM ANNUUM FRUIT EXTRACT BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT ALOE BARBADENSIS EXTRACT MEDICAGO SATIVA EXTRACT TAMUS COMMUNIS EXTRACT JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FRUIT EXTRACT INULA HELENIUM EXTRACT RHUS GLABRA EXTRACT BOSWELLIA SERRATA EXTRACT HYDROLYZED COMARUM PALUSTRE ROOT/STEM EXTRACT

TEST DESCRIPTION Result

Enumeration of aerobic mesophilic bacteria <=100 CFU/g

Enumeration of Yeasts and Moulds at 25°C <=10 CFU/g

Detection of Escherichia coli Absent in 1g

Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Absent in 1g

Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Absent in 1g

Detection of Candida albicans Absent in 1g

N/ADensity

N/ACentrifuge

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET

CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

First Printing Date Last Checking . . N° 1 on

Formula Code -

20.02.2025

PACKAGING

Packaging 1. Preparing and disinfection of filling's inventar, can, caps and environment around 2. Adding ready mix to filling inventar and put to can after caping. 3. Already packed product labeling and goes to the stock.

200 ml PE tube with PP cap

INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS FOR USE

This product’s presentation is in accordance with a Regulation no 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council about the labelling of cosmetic product. Restricted ingredients are properly listed on the package. Instruction of use: Apply the cream to the body in light circular movements 3 - 5 minutes until complete absorption 2 - 3 times a day. Cream is designed for daily use. All use instructions are written on the label.

To determine physical and chemical properties of raw material were used methods: gravimetric, potentiometric, chromatographic, titrimetric methods. Evaluation method of raw material’s purity are shown in TDS, CoA and msds. All those documents are attached. Final product: Phisical State evaluation method: visual observation pH evaluation method; potentiometry method (electric pH meter) were used. Viscosity evaluation method: visual observation Fragrance evaluation method: smell assessment method Color evaluation method: visual observation

FIRST AID MEASURES

Avoid contact with eyes, open wounds and mucose membranes. Keep out of reach of children. Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components. In case of allergic reactions, discontinue use and consult a doctor.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Keep at a temperature 5°C - 25°C

Pag. 2 di 2

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET

CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

First Printing Date Last Checking . . N° 1 on

Formula Code -

20.02.2025

Microbiological test were done according methods: ISO21149; ISO16212; ISO21150; ISO22718; ISO22717. Results presented in TDS of final product, detailed data of test presented in test raport.

No Challange test is carried out as the product do not pose any risk to consumers under normal conditions of use. The product not intended for using persons under 3 years. DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE COMPOSITION CONTAINS NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC ANTISEPTICS AND ANTIOXIDANTS, AS WELL AS OILS (TOTAL MORE THAN 25%) DUE TO WHICH THE EFFECT OF AIR OXYGEN, HUMIDITY AND BACTERIA ON THE PRODUCT IS REDUCED. BASED ON STATEMENT (1) OF 3.3.2. Microbiological quality of the finished cosmetic product OF Guidelines on Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products, PRODUCT BELONGS TO low microbiological risk. According to the above and the microbiological quality passed test of finish product, it can be concluded that there is no need for an ISO11930 PRESERVATIVE EFFICACY „CHALLANGE“ TEST.

For the PAO / DEADLINE SEE attachment.

Pag. 1 di 1

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Microbiological Quality

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A3

12PAO MONTHS

PAO not applicable, since expairy date of product 30 months.

Pag. 1 di 1

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

PAO EVALUATION / DEADLINE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Laminated tube with a protective membrane. Type of the Laminate: ABL (laminate with aluminum barrier layer) Material of Shoulder: High-pressure polyethylene Material of cap: polypropylene Type of printing: flexo, UV paints and lacquer. Packaging material is stable under normal conditions of use. Packaging material has proper certificate of conformity. The manufacturer is ensured that packaging is of cosmetics quality and is chosen as not to lead to deterioration of the product.

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Information Regarding Impurities, Residues and

Packaging Material

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A4

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

1 CETEARYL ALCOHOL 5.000000 PARAFFIN 8002-74-2 232-315-6 0.5 0.025

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 COGNIS METHOD 970059 NON TOXIC UNDER CLP

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

2 dl-alfa-tocopherol care 0.100000 ASCORBIC ACID 50-81-7 200-066-2 0.5 0.0005

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 EP non toxic under CLP

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

3 Colecalciferol 67-97-0 200-673-2 0.5 0.0005

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 EP Acute Tox. 2: H330 , H310 , H300; STOT RE 1: H372

% weight >=3 STOT RE 1 H372; 0,3<= % weight <3 STOT RE 2 H373

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

4 RETINOL 68-26-8 200-683-7 0.5 0.0005

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 EP Aquatic Chronic 4: H413; Eye Irrit. 2: H319; Repr. 1B: H360; Skin Sens. 1: H317

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Raw Materials Impurities List

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

N RAW MATERIAL TRADE NAME % R.M. in Prod.

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. EINECS N. % in Raw Mat.

% In Product

5 dl-alfa-tocopherol care 0.100000 CYANOCOBALAMIN 68-19-9 200-680-0 1.5 0.0015

REGULATORY (C&L, annex Regolationn)

ANALYSIS METHOD TOXICOLOGY NOTES

Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 EP non toxic under CLP

IMPURITY CHEMICAL NAME CAS N. % In Product

SED Adults

NO(A)EL MOS Adults

MOS 10 Years

MOS 5 Years

MOS 12

Months

MOS 6 Months

MOS Birth

PARAFFIN 8002-74-2 0.025000 0.003696 5.000 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

CYANOCOBALAMIN 68-19-9 0.001500 0.000222 200.000 900901 900901 900901 900901 900901 900901

RETINOL 68-26-8 0.000500 0.000074 4.000 54054 54054 54054 54054 54054 54054

Colecalciferol 67-97-0 0.000500 0.000074 1.000 13514 13514 13514 13514 13514 13514

ASCORBIC ACID 50-81-7 0.000500 0.000074 2000.000 27027027 27027027 27027027 27027027 27027027 27027027

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Raw Materials Impurities List

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Data processing: CHEMILAB, a software by PIF ITALIA s.r.l.

The commercial history of the product, and of the raw materials it is made of, testify the optimal tolerability of the same, this is evidenced from the fact that in no case has been come to acquaintance of undesirable reactions. Under normal conditions of use no cases of intoxication or irritation were found. The information from the raw material suppliers and literature shows that the components of the formula do not have an irritant or skin sensitising effect. In the event that this happens, appropriate information material will be included in this dossier. Acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenesis effects assessed by national or international official bodies are unknown. For more details on how to use it, see the section "Instructions and instructions for use" in the product data sheet attached. Instruction of use: Apply the cream to the body in light circular movements 3 - 5 minutes until complete absorption 2 - 3 times a day. Cream is designed for daily use. Avoid contact with eyes, open wounds and mucose membranes. Keep out of reach of children. Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components. In case of allergic reactions, discontinue use and consult a doctor.

Pag. 1 di 1

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Normal and Reasonably Predictable Use

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A5

3. Non rinse-off ProductsProduct Family

Creams, emulsions, lotions, gels and oils for the skin (hands, feet, face, etc.)Product Category

q. skin care liquidProduct Type

This product is considered as a leave-on product intended to use on 10% of body areaApplication Area

Another possible use

NoFor Children Under 3 Years

7.82Estimated application in g/day

14.78Relative Qty in mg/kg bw/day

1.00Dap/100 retention factor in g

Pag. 1 di 1

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

Part 2A Exposure to Cosmetic Product

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A6

INCI Name CAS N. * % In Product

SED Adults

NO(A)EL MOS Adults

MOS 10 Years

MOS 5 Years

MOS 12

Months

MOS 6 Months

MOS Birth

AQUA 7732-18-5 60.354000 8.922736 45000.00 5043 5043 5043 5043 5043 5043

CETEARETH-25 68439-49-6 5.000000 0.739200 1000.00 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

CETEARYL ALCOHOL 67762-27-0 / 8005-44-5 5.000000 0.739200 750.00 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015

DIMETHICONE 63148-62-9 / 9006-65-9 / 9016-00-6

5.000000 0.739200 1000.00 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

GLYCERYL STEARATE SE 11099-07-3 5.000000 0.739200 1000.00 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE 110-27-0 5.000000 0.739200 1000.00 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353

PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM 8012-95-1 / 8042-47-5 5.000000 0.739200 1624.00 2197 2197 2197 2197 2197 2197

CAMPHOR 464-49-3 / 76-22-2 * 1.000000 0.147840 250.00 1691 1691 1691 1691 1691 1691

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL 84776-03-4 / 8001-21-6/ 164250-88-8

1.000000 0.147840 9250.00 62568 62568 62568 62568 62568 62568

PHENOXYETHANOL 122-99-6 * 0.947400 0.140064 500.00 3570 3570 3570 3570 3570 3570

ALLANTOIN 97-59-6 0.500000 0.073920 450.00 6088 6088 6088 6088 6088 6088

Pag. 1 di 4

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk are restrictive (source COSING Cosmetics Ingredients and Substances).

The possible absence of NO(A)EL is duly justified in Annex B3 of this P.I.F. With regard to the toxicological data of the substances, see Safety Data Sheets of the previously attached substances.

The values "SED Adults" and "MOS Adults" are calculated taking as reference the average weight of an adult person equal to 60 kg.

The value of the MOS obtained is related for the various ages by means of a coefficient which derives from the ratio between the surface of the skin and the body mass in the various ages. It is higher in children than in adults, below the reference thresholds: - Adult; MoS 100 - At 10 years, 1.3 times higher; MoS 130 - At 5 years, 1,5 times higher; MoS 150 - At 12 months, 1,6 times higher; MoS 160 - At 6 months 1,8 times higher; MoS 180 - Infants 2,3 times over; Mos infants 230

Part 2A Exposure to ingredients and Toxicological profile

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A7

Estimated daily quantity of cosmetics (g/day) 7.82 Relative Qty in mg/kg bw/day 14.78 Dap/100 retention factor in g 1.00

BENZYL NICOTINATE 94-44-0 0.500000 0.073920 20.00 271 271 271 271 271 271

BISABOLOL 515-69-5 / 23089-26-1 0.500000 0.073920 200.00 2706 2706 2706 2706 2706 2706

EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLUS BUD OIL 84961-50-2 0.500000 0.073920 1000.00 13528 13528 13528 13528 13528 13528

GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE 29031-19-4 0.500000 0.073920 2149.00 29072 29072 29072 29072 29072 29072

HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES OIL 225234-03-7 / 90106-68-6 0.500000 0.073920 9220.00 124729 124729 124729 124729 124729 124729

MENTHOL 1490-04-6 / 2216-51-5 / 89- 78-1 / 15356-60-2

* 0.500000 0.073920 188.00 2543 2543 2543 2543 2543 2543

RIBES NIGRUM SEED OIL 68606-81-5 / 97676-19-2 0.500000 0.073920 10000.00 135281 135281 135281 135281 135281 135281

SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE 9007-28-7 / 9082-07-9 0.500000 0.073920 1000.00 13528 13528 13528 13528 13528 13528

TOCOPHERYL ACETATE 7695-91-2 / 58-95-7 0.500000 0.073920 500.00 6764 6764 6764 6764 6764 6764

EUGENOL 97-53-0 * 0.397100 0.058707 300.00 5110 5110 5110 5110 5110 5110

GLYCERIN 56-81-5 0.320000 0.047309 10000.00 211376 211376 211376 211376 211376 211376

PROPYLENE GLYCOL 57-55-6 0.300000 0.044352 5300.00 119499 119499 119499 119499 119499 119499

COLLAGEN 9007-34-5 0.175000 0.025872 8600.00 332406 332406 332406 332406 332406 332406

ASPHALTUM EXTRACT 0.100000 0.014784 33.30 2252 2252 2252 2252 2252 2252

CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA FLOWER EXTRACT 84082-60-0 0.100000 0.014784 4000.00 270563 270563 270563 270563 270563 270563

Pag. 2 di 4

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk are restrictive (source COSING Cosmetics Ingredients and Substances).

The possible absence of NO(A)EL is duly justified in Annex B3 of this P.I.F. With regard to the toxicological data of the substances, see Safety Data Sheets of the previously attached substances.

The values "SED Adults" and "MOS Adults" are calculated taking as reference the average weight of an adult person equal to 60 kg.

The value of the MOS obtained is related for the various ages by means of a coefficient which derives from the ratio between the surface of the skin and the body mass in the various ages. It is higher in children than in adults, below the reference thresholds: - Adult; MoS 100 - At 10 years, 1.3 times higher; MoS 130 - At 5 years, 1,5 times higher; MoS 150 - At 12 months, 1,6 times higher; MoS 160 - At 6 months 1,8 times higher; MoS 180 - Infants 2,3 times over; Mos infants 230

Part 2A Exposure to ingredients and Toxicological profile

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A7

Estimated daily quantity of cosmetics (g/day) 7.82 Relative Qty in mg/kg bw/day 14.78 Dap/100 retention factor in g 1.00

CITRIC ACID 77-92-9 / 5949-29-1 0.100000 0.014784 250.00 16910 16910 16910 16910 16910 16910

PROPOLIS EXTRACT 85665-41-4 0.100000 0.014784 1400.00 94697 94697 94697 94697 94697 94697

RETINYL PALMITATE 79-81-2 0.100000 0.014784 7.71 522 522 522 522 522 522

TOCOPHEROL 54-28-4 (gamma)/ 16698-35- 4(beta) / 10191-41-0(DL) / 119-13-1 / 1406-18-4 / 1406- 66-2 / 2074-53-5 (DL) / 59- 02-9 (D)/7616-22-0

0.100000 0.014784 500.00 33820 33820 33820 33820 33820 33820

ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN 70445-33-9 0.088600 0.013099 100.00 7634 7634 7634 7634 7634 7634

EUGENYL ACETATE 93-28-7 * 0.065500 0.009684 230.00 23751 23751 23751 23751 23751 23751

CAPSICUM ANNUUM FRUIT EXTRACT 84625-29-6 0.050000 0.007392 2388.00 323052 323052 323052 323052 323052 323052

BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE 87-44-5 * 0.026050 0.003851 222.00 57647 57647 57647 57647 57647 57647

ALOE BARBADENSIS EXTRACT 85507-69-3 / 94349-62-9 0.025000 0.003696 11800.00 3192641 3192641 3192641 3192641 3192641 3192641

SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT 84696-05-9 0.025000 0.003696 100.00 27056 27056 27056 27056 27056 27056

INULA HELENIUM EXTRACT 84012-20-4 0.020000 0.002957 83.00 28069 28069 28069 28069 28069 28069

JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FRUIT EXTRACT 84603-69-0 0.020000 0.002957 120.00 40582 40582 40582 40582 40582 40582

MEDICAGO SATIVA EXTRACT 84082-36-0 0.020000 0.002957 166.00 56138 56138 56138 56138 56138 56138

Pag. 3 di 4

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk are restrictive (source COSING Cosmetics Ingredients and Substances).

The possible absence of NO(A)EL is duly justified in Annex B3 of this P.I.F. With regard to the toxicological data of the substances, see Safety Data Sheets of the previously attached substances.

The values "SED Adults" and "MOS Adults" are calculated taking as reference the average weight of an adult person equal to 60 kg.

The value of the MOS obtained is related for the various ages by means of a coefficient which derives from the ratio between the surface of the skin and the body mass in the various ages. It is higher in children than in adults, below the reference thresholds: - Adult; MoS 100 - At 10 years, 1.3 times higher; MoS 130 - At 5 years, 1,5 times higher; MoS 150 - At 12 months, 1,6 times higher; MoS 160 - At 6 months 1,8 times higher; MoS 180 - Infants 2,3 times over; Mos infants 230

Part 2A Exposure to ingredients and Toxicological profile

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A7

Estimated daily quantity of cosmetics (g/day) 7.82 Relative Qty in mg/kg bw/day 14.78 Dap/100 retention factor in g 1.00

RHUS GLABRA EXTRACT 90106-33-5 0.020000 0.002957 5000.00 1690903 1690903 1690903 1690903 1690903 1690903

TAMUS COMMUNIS EXTRACT 84961-63-7 0.020000 0.002957 2500.00 845451 845451 845451 845451 845451 845451

BOSWELLIA SERRATA EXTRACT 97952-72-2 0.010000 0.001478 500.00 338295 338295 338295 338295 338295 338295

HYDROLYZED COMARUM PALUSTRE ROOT/STEM EXTRACT

0.005000 0.000739 300.00 405954 405954 405954 405954 405954 405954

Pag. 4 di 4

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

* The ingredients with asterisk are restrictive (source COSING Cosmetics Ingredients and Substances).

The possible absence of NO(A)EL is duly justified in Annex B3 of this P.I.F. With regard to the toxicological data of the substances, see Safety Data Sheets of the previously attached substances.

The values "SED Adults" and "MOS Adults" are calculated taking as reference the average weight of an adult person equal to 60 kg.

The value of the MOS obtained is related for the various ages by means of a coefficient which derives from the ratio between the surface of the skin and the body mass in the various ages. It is higher in children than in adults, below the reference thresholds: - Adult; MoS 100 - At 10 years, 1.3 times higher; MoS 130 - At 5 years, 1,5 times higher; MoS 150 - At 12 months, 1,6 times higher; MoS 160 - At 6 months 1,8 times higher; MoS 180 - Infants 2,3 times over; Mos infants 230

Part 2A Exposure to ingredients and Toxicological profile

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CPSR: Part A - Cosmetic Product Safety Information - Annex A7

Estimated daily quantity of cosmetics (g/day) 7.82 Relative Qty in mg/kg bw/day 14.78 Dap/100 retention factor in g 1.00

ALLANTOIN (CAS: 97-59-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

450 -- - ECHA, European Chemical Agency. Additional information: Annex XI to the REACH Regulation provides for the waiver of additional animal testing in scenarios where adequate data exist, and further animal testing is not scientifically necessary to further the safety argument for the test substance. Given the preponderance of evidence, as well as the availability of a 2-year tumorigenicity study, it is scientifically unnecessary to generate additional mammalian data for Allantoin. - Allantoin is the end product of purine metabolism in most mammals, excluding humans and some non-human primates; - Humans lack the enzyme necessary to convert uric acid to Allantoin, where most test species have this enzyme; - Allantoin is endogenous in standard test species and thus chronic exposure is not of relevance; - Allantoin is endogenous in humans as well; - Normal endogenous levels of Allantoin in humans and standard test species are highly variable; - QSAR using the OECD Toolbox Category Approach demonstrates a lack of repeated-dose toxicity for Allantoin; - Hazard classification of Allantoin on the basis of chronic exposure is not warranted; - Occupational exposure to Allantoin is not anticipated; - Consumer exposure to Allantoin is limited to cosmetic and pharmaceutical use and is regulated accordingly. Thus, the relevance of in vivo studies in non-humans is limited and further mammalian testing with Allantoin is scientifically unnecessary. The following LOELs were predicted for Allantoin: 989 mg/kg/day read-across value for rat and mouse; 1743 mg/kg/day trend analysis for rat; 1000 mg/kg/day read-across for rat. Data and QSAR predictions (for molecules in the domain) indicate that repeated dose toxicity tests showed no effects for most endpoints at the highest dose tests (>450 mg/kg/day). The lowest reported effect concentration was 50 mg/kg/day (CAS 96 -31 -1).

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 (oral) rat 5 000 mg/kg bw Additional information: In a reliable acute oral toxicity study, no mortality was recorded during the duration of the study. The LD50 was determined to be >5,000 mg/kg bw. No symptoms were noted during the observation period and no significant, treatment-related body weight changes were observed during the duration of the study. No abnormalities were detected upon gross examination of the principal organs of animals euthanized at the end of study. In a study reported in the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products summary report on Allantoin, the dermal LD50 in rats is more than or equal to 5,000 mg/kg bw. No data are available via the inhalation route of exposure.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

not irritating Additional information: The primary skin irritation potential of Allantoin was investigated according to OECD test guideline no. 404. The test item was applied by topical semi-occlusive application of 0.5 g to the intact left flank of each of three young adult New Zealand White rabbits. The duration of treatment was four hours. The scoring of skin reactions was performed 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after removal of the dressing. Each animal was assessed for erythema/eschar grades and for oedema grades, separately. The test item did not elicit any skin reactions at the application site of any animal at any of the observation times (all scores 0). The test item caused no staining of the treated skin. No corrosive effects were noted on the treated skin of any animal at any of the measuring intervals and no clinical signs were observed. Thus, the test item did not induce significant or irreversible damage to the skin. Based upon the referred classification data (Commission Directive 2001/59/EC of August 2001), Allantoin is considered to be "not irritating" to rabbit skin.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritating Additional information: A single dose of 100 mg of the test substance in its original form was placed into the conjuntival sac of the left eye of 6 male New Zealand White rabbits. The eyes were not rinsed after introduction of the test substance. The ocular reactions were observed one hour after the introduction and on day 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8. No ocular reactions were observed after an introduction of 100 mg of test substance in 6 rabbits, at any of the time points. The maximum irritation index was 0. According to the scale of the EEC Directive 83/467/EEC, Allantoin was considered as non-irritant by the ocular route in the rabbit.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer Additional information: Migrated from Short description of key information: No sensitization was observed in a reliable local lymph node assay (LLNA) on Allantoin. Justification for selection of skin sensitisation endpoint: Study was conducted under GLP according to OECD Guideline 429 (Skin Sensitisation: Local Lymph Node Assay).

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

Absorption rate - dermal (%): 16 6 hour exposure, the diffusion rate ranged from 6.9% to 20%

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Well documented study by a reputable U.S. Government laboratory following a protocol equivalent/similar to OECD guidelines. Allantoin was found to be non-mutagenic in the Ames Assay in the S. typhimurium TA1535, TA1538, TA98, TA100 bacterial strains. In addition, male and female rats were fed 0.2% Allantoin in feed over a period of 2 years [approximate total doses of Allantoin throughout the whole exposure were 40 g/rat (male) and 28 g/rat (female)]. After 2 years, carcinogenic effects of the test animals were compared to those of control animals. Allantoin did not induce a significant increase in tumor incidences in the test animals and is therefore considered to be non-carcinogenic.

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcinogenic Additional information: Based on the weight of evidence, Allantoin does not meet the criteria for classification as a carcinogen according to EU Directive 67/548/EEC and Regulation 1272/2008.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: Annex XI to the REACH Regulation provides for the waiver of additional animal testing in scenarios where adequate data exist, and further animal testing is not scientifically necessary to further the safety argument for the test substance. Given the preponderance of evidence, as well as the availability of a 2-year tumorigenicity study, it is scientifically unnecessary to generate additional mammalian data for Allantoin. - Allantoin is the end product of purine metabolism in most mammals, excluding humans and some non-human primates; - Humans lack the enzyme necessary to convert uric acid to Allantoin, where most test species have this enzyme; - Allantoin is endogenous in standard test species and thus chronic exposure is not of relevance; - Allantoin is endogenous in humans as well; - Normal endogenous levels of Allantoin in humans and standard test species are highly variable; - QSAR using the OECD Toolbox Category Approach demonstrates a lack of repeated-dose toxicity for Allantoin; - Hazard classification of Allantoin on the basis of chronic exposure is not warranted; - Occupational exposure to Allantoin is not anticipated; - Consumer exposure to Allantoin is limited to cosmetic and pharmaceutical use and is regulated accordingly. Thus, the relevance of in vivo studies in non-humans is limited and further mammalian testing with Allantoin is scientifically unnecessary.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no bioaccumulation potential Allantoin, (2,5-Dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl) urea or 5-Ureidohydantoin, is a colorless crystalline powder that is soluble in water at approximately 0.6%. It is endogenous in many mammals and some plants. In most mammals, it is the product of uric acid oxidation by purine catabolism. Potential exposure routes include dermal, oral, inhalation and intravenous, with dermal and oral predominating. Toxicokinetics of Allantoin are reasonably well studied..

Absorption

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Absorption of Allantoin is route and vehicle dependent. Dermal absorption was as much as 16%, other routes resulted in absorption in range of 0.2% to 1.5% of the administered dose. No irritation or corrosivity was observed in the dermis of exposed test animals using a standard protocol.

Dermal

In a study of limited reliability due to the small number of human test subjects (n=6), Allantoin (1%) doses were prepared in both hydrophilic gel and oil/water emulsion vehicles. The doses (0.5 g) also contained 5000 I.U. heparin, 1% onion bulb extract, 20% azulan and 5% ethanolic extract of Anthodium chamomillae. The excess dose was quantitatively removed from the test subject’s skin after 5 min. Allantoin absorption from the hydrophilic gel vehicle was 5% after 3 hr., and 6.9% after 6 hr. Similarly, absorption was 13% at 3 hr. and 15.4% at 6 hr. for the oil/water emulsion. No evidence of skin irritation or corrosion was reported.

Oral

In a study of limited reliability due to minimal reporting of methodology information and limited number of test subjects (n=1 per dose level), canines were dosed orally with Allantoin in capsules and in solution at 386 mg, 392 mg, 436 mg, 500 mg, 517 mg, 571 mg, 1440 mg and 1500 mg. Absorption was determined by measurement of blood levels of Allantoin, which were uniformly in the range of 1.2 mg to 2.0 mg.

Intravenous

In a study of limited reliability due to minimal reporting of methodology information and limited number of test subjects (n=1 per dose level), canines were dosed intravenously with a 0.6% solution of Allantoin for a delivered dose of 600 mg. Absorption was determined by measuring blood levels of Allantoin after 10 min., 50 min., 30 min., 70 min., 110 min., 2.5 hr., 3 hr., 3.5 hr., 4 hr. and 5 hr. Absorption reached a maximum of 9.5 mg 10 min. after administration of dose, then fell to 2.5 mg at 50 min followed by gradual decrease to baseline after 5 hr.

Inhalation

No inhalation absorption data are available.

Distribution

Because Allantoin is rapidly absorbed and excreted, distribution in tissues and fluids other than blood and urine has not been extensively studied. Allantoin distribution in blood and urine is discussed more fully in the context of absorption and excretion. However, distribution has been evaluated in the rumen of sheep and in the fetus of pregnant rhesus monkeys, further supporting the rapid absorption and excretion of Allantoin.

A reliable study (score 2) investigated the distribution of Allantoin in sheep. Test animals were dosed with 28 µCi of 4,5-14C labeled Allantoin and 15 mg unlabelled Allantoin in 10 mL isotonic saline via jugular cannula. Approximately 80% of the 14C Allantoin was recovered in the urine during the 12 hr. immediately post injection. This rose to 94% after 4 days. 14C Allantoin passed through the blood bicarbonate pool, suggesting that Allantoin is degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. A small amount of 14C Allantoin (4 % of the net

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

flux of allantoin through the blood pool) was apparently degraded to form bicarbonate-C in the rumen and postruminally as determined by examination of rumen contents sampled via cannula.

A study of indeterminant reliability tested the transfer of Allantoin from fetus to dam in rhesus monkeys. The fetus was surgically catheterized (femoral artery and vein) in utero, and the maternal aorta and vena cava were similarly catheterized. 14C Allantoin was infused into the fetal femoral artery. Testing of blood from the fetus and dam indicated little exchange of 14C.

Metabolism

Extensive literature reports that exogenous Allantoin is rapidly absorbed and excreted. Most mammals process purines to Allantoin yielding stable endogenous levels of Allantoin in both blood and urine. Purine catabolism yields hypoxanthine, which is converted to uric acid then xanthine by xanthine oxidase. Uric acid is converted to Allantoin by urate oxidase, followed by Allantoin excretion. Humans and some non-human primates do not possess urate oxidase, so in those species, uric acid is excreted directly.

Excretion

Allantoin, whether from exogenous dosing, or from endogenous sources related to the purine metabolic cascade, is rapidly and completely excreted. Extensive literature supports this conclusion, including several studies reported herein. In general, excretion of orally dosed Allantoin is species dependent, approximately 30% of the absorbed dose in rats and humans and 75% of the absorbed dose in canines. Excretion of intravenously or subcutaneously dosed Allantoin approaches quantitative levels regardless of species.

In a study of limited reliability due to the small number of human test subjects (n= 2 to 4), aqueous solutions of Allantoin were administered orally to the test subjects in two dosing schemes: (1) a single dose of 1000 ppm, and (2) four doses of 1500 mg at 2 hr. intervals. Similarly, test subjects were dosed intravenously at 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg and 240 mg in a Ringer’s solution vehicle, and subcutaneously at 50 mg, also in a Ringer’s solution vehicle. Absorbed dose recoveries were 19% - 34% for the oral route, 72% - 98% for the intravenous route, and 73% - 81% for the subcutaneous route.

In a study of limited reliability due to minimal reporting of methodology information and limited number of test subjects (n=1 per dose level), canines were dosed orally with Allantoin in capsules and in solution at 386 mg, 392 mg, 436 mg, 500 mg, 517 mg, 571 mg, 1440 mg and 1500 mg. Urinary recovery was in the 67% - 80% (absorbed dose) range. In a similar study, canines were dosed intravenously with a 0.6% solution of Allantoin for a delivered dose of 600 mg. Urinary recovery amounted to 98% of the absorbed dose. Another study involving intravenous dosing of canines with Allantoin (200 mg delivered) yielded similar results (88% - 92% recovery).

In a study of limited reliability due to minimal reporting of methodology information, rats (n=20) were dosed by gavage at an unreported dose level. Remarkable, however, is the fact that reported recoveries of absorbed dose (29% - 39%) were similar to those seen in human test subjects (19% - 34%).

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Safety data sheets - -TOXNET database on toxicology

- ECHA database on REACH registered substances - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review

ALOE BARBADENSIS EXTRACT (CAS: 85507-69-3 / 94349-62-9 ) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

11800 -- - EMA, https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-aloe-barbadensis-mill-and aloe-various-species-mainly-aloe-ferox-mill-and-its- hybrids-folii-succus-siccatus_en.pdf

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mouse) 500 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not classified as irritant / corrosive

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not classified as irritant / corrosive

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Morimoto et al. (1982) reported the results of the Ames test and the rec-assay for aloe crude extracts. The investigators found neither water nor methanol extracts (no further information available) of aloe to have mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 or TA100. A water extract of aloe was reported to produce a positive effect in the rec assay using Bacillus subtilis. Marquardt et al. (1987) (cited in the unpublished report of Brusick (1994)) conducted a more thorough evaluation of aloe-extract in the Ames test. A wide range of mutant strains (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538) was included, and “faecalase” (gut flora enzymes) was employed in order to breakdown any potentially active glycosides. The results of this investigation were negative with the maximum test concentration set at 3,000 µg/plate. Barbaloin was also reported negative in this study. In 1992 Cytotest Cell Research GmbH & Co. conducted a series of genetic tests using a batch of commercial aloe-extract (also cited in the unpublished report of Brusick, 1994). The Ames test (employing TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100) only produced a mutagenic effect in strain TA1537 at 5,000 µg/plate without and with S9 mix but not at the next lower concentration of 1,000 µg/plate. A mammalian cell assay for gene mutation conducted in V79 cells showed no evidence of mutagenicity with aloe extract in concentrations up to 1,000 µg/ml without S9 mix and up to 5,000 µg/ml with S9 mix. Aloe-extract was shown to be clastogenic in CHO cells. In the absence of S9 mix, aloe-extract induce significant increases in chromosome breakage at concentration of 3,000 µg/ml (30-hour harvest) and 4,000 µg/ml (24-hour harvest). No clastogenicity was observed with S9 mix at concentrations up to 4,750 µg/ml. However, an in vivo test for clastogenicity with aloe-extract (Bootman et al. 1987a, cited in the unpublished report of Brusick, 1994) produced no evidence of a response in the mouse micronucleus test at a maximum applicable dose of 1.5 mg/kg (orally)

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcirogenic Additional information: A 2 years carcinogenicity study of Aloe, Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger, a food additive was conducted for assessment of toxicity and carcinogenic potential in the diet at doses of 4% or 0.8% in groups of male and female Wistar Hannover rats. The whole leaf powder of Aloe arborescens, the same grade used as a food additive was mixed at concentrations of 0.0% (Control), 0.8%, and 4.0% into powdered basal diet and pelleted. The concentrations of aloenin and aloin (barbaloin and isobarbaloin) in the whole leaf powder of Aloe arborescens and the pelleted diet were measured and evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations of aloin and aloenin in the whole leaf powder after storage for 2 weeks were 0.83% and 1.91%, respectively. The concentrations of aloin and aloenin in the pelleted diet after 2 weeks of storage at room temperature were 0.0009% and 0.0022% for the 0.8% diet and 0.0179% and 0.0663% for the 4.0% diet. Both sexes receiving 4% showed diarrhoea, with loss of body weight gain. The survival rate in the 4% female group was significantly increased compared with control females after 2 years. Haematological and biochemical examination showed increase of RBC, Hb, and Alb in the 4% males. The cause of these increases could conceivably have been dehydration through diarrhoea. AST and Na were significantly decreased in the males receiving 4%, and Cl was significantly decreased in both 4% and 0.8% males. A/G was significantly increased in the 4% females, and Cl was significantly decreased (0.8%) in the female group. Histopathologically, both sexes receiving 4% showed severe sinus dilatation of ileocecal lymph nodes, and yellowish pigmentation of ileocecal lymph nodes and renal tubules. Adenomas or adenocarcinomas in the cecum, colon, and rectum were observed in 4% males but not in the 0.8% and control male groups. Similarly, in females, adenomas in the colon were also

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observed in the 4% but not 0.8% and control groups. In conclusion, Aloe, used as a food additive, exerted equivocal carcinogenic potential at 4% high-dose level on colon in the 2 years carcinogenicity study in rats. The authors concluded that aloe is not carcinogenic at nontoxic-dose levels and that carcinogenic potential in at 4% high-dose level on colon is probably due to irritation of the intestinal tract by diarrhoea (Yokohira et al., 2009). The National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) conducted 14- day, 13-week, and 2 years carcinogenesis studies on the leaf extracts of Aloe vera plants. The Aloe vera plant extracts used in these studies were obtained from freshly harvested Aloe barbadensis Miller plants and were freeze dried (6% moisture) and gamma-irradiated to preserve quality. No other additives were used in their preparation. Solutions of non-decolorized extracts of Aloe vera leaves (DER and HAD content unknown) were added to the drinking water to groups of rats and mice for 2 years. Groups of 48 rats received solutions containing 0.5% (= 0.62 g Aloe vera whole-leaf extract per kg bw per day, 1% or 1.5% of Aloe vera extract in the drinking water, and groups of mice received solutions containing 1%, 2%, or 3% = 11.8 g Aloe leaf extract/kg bw/day of whole leaf Aloe vera extract. Similar groups of animals were given plain drinking water and served as the control groups. At the end of the study tissues from more than 40 sites were examined for every animal. In all groups of rats and mice receiving the Aloe vera extract, the rates of hyperplasia in the large intestine were markedly increased compared to the control animals. There were also increases in hyperplasia in the small intestine in rats receiving the Aloe vera extract, increases in hyperplasia of the stomach in male and female rats and female mice receiving the Aloe vera extract, and increases in hyperplasia of the mesenteric lymph nodes in male and female rats and male mice receiving the Aloe vera extract. In addition, cancers of the large intestine occurred in male and female rats given the Aloe vera extract, though none had been seen in the control groups of rats for this and other studies at this laboratory. The authors concluded that nondecolorized Aloe vera caused cancers of the large intestine in male and female rats and also caused hyperplasia of the large intestine, small intestine, stomach, and lymph nodes in male and female rats. Aloe vera extract also caused hyperplasia of the large intestine in male and female mice and hyperplasia of the mesenteric lymph node in male mice and hyperplasia of the stomach in female mice (Boudreau et al., 2013). The effects of long-term Aloe vera ingestion on age-related diseases were investigated using male specific pathogen-free (SPF) Fischer 344 rats. Experimental animals were divided into four groups: Group A, the control rats fed a semi-synthetic diet without Aloe vera; Group B, rats fed a diet containing 1% freeze-dried Aloe vera blended filet; Group C, rats fed a diet containing 1% charcoal processed, freeze-dried Aloe vera filet; and Group D, rats fed the control diet and given whole leaf charcoal-processed Aloe vera (0.02%) in the drinking water. This study demonstrates that life-long Aloe vera ingestion produced neither harmful effects nor deleterious changes. In addition, Aloe vera ingestion appeared to be associated with some beneficial effects on age-related diseases. Groups B exhibited significantly less occurrence of multiple causes of death, and a slightly lower incidence of fatal chronic nephropathy compared with Group A rats. Groups B and C rats showed the trend, slightly lower incidences of thrombosis in the cardiac atrium than Group A rats. Therefore, these findings suggest that life-long Aloe vera ingestion does not cause any obvious harmful and deleterious side effects (Ikeno et al., 2002).

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: No teratogenic or foetotoxic effects were seen in rats after oral treatment with aloe extract (up to 1000 mg/kg) or aloin A (up to 200 mg/kg) (WHO, 1999). The pregnant rats were treated between the 10th and 13th day of the gestational period. A caesarean section was done on the 21st day post conception.

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TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

not bioaccumulative Additional information: data on the man

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

The ESCOP monograph mentioned an unpublished research report of a human pharmacokinetic study in 6 healthy volunteers (ref. 39 in 3). After oral administration of aloes (equivalent to 16.4 mg of hydroxyanthracene derivates) for 7 days, aloe-emodin was detected as a metabolite in the plasma only sporadically and with maximum concentrations of less than 2 ng/ml. In the same study rhein was detected in the plasma in concentrations ranging from 6-28 ng/ml after single dose administration. In 7-day administration there was no evidence of accumulation of rhein.In the pharmakokinetic study by Krumbiegel and Schulz (1993) therapeutic doses of two laxatives (Agiolax and Sennatin) were repeatedly administered to 10 healthy volunteers (18-32 years, male) in a two-way change-over design.4 single doses of Agiolax (6.3 g granulate containing 13,23 mg total anthronoids, including 7,62 mg potential rhein and 0,378 mg aloe-emodin) or Sennatin (2 tablets containing 20,36 mg total anthronoids including 13,06 mg potential rhein 0,4 mg potential aloe emodin) were given to the volunteers at 24 h intervals. Blood samples were collected up to 96 h after the first dose, and plasma levels of total aloe-emodin and rhein were determined simultaneously with a sensitive (lower limit of quantification: 0.5 ng aloe-emodin and 2.5 ng rhein per millilitre plasma) and specific fluorometric HPLC method. Aloe-emodin was not detectable in any plasma sample of any subject. Rhein concentration time courses showed highest levels of 150-160 ng/ml and peak maximaat 3-5 h and 10-11 h after dosing probably according to absorption of free rhein and rhein released from prodrugs (e.g. sennosides) by bacterial metabolism, respectively. The absorbed rhein anthrone is glucuronidised in the liver. One part of the glucuronides is excreted via the urine and cause the yellow or red-brown discolouration of the urine. The other part is excreted via the bile (Lemli et al. 1980; Stolk and Hoogtanders 1999)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 91, December 2017, Pages 50-57 - MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European Medical Agency

ASPHALTUM EXTRACT (CAS: ) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

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Formula Code -

33,3 -- - https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1697/shilajit Additional information: When taken by mouth: Processed shilajit is possibly safe when used in doses of 2 grams daily for 45 days or up to 500 mg daily for up to 48 weeks. It seems to be well-tolerated. But there isn''t enough reliable information to know if crude or unprocessed shilajit is safe or what the side effects might be. When applied to the skin: There isn''t enough reliable information to know if shilajit is safe or what the side effects might be.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

no data

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - WEBMD https://www.webmd.com/

BENZYL NICOTINATE (CAS: 94-44-0) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

20 -- - NIH, https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/S497LCF9C9

POD:In Vivo Use Guide Patients not currently on NIASPAN must start ADVICOR at the lowest initial ADVICOR dose, a single 500 mg/20 mg tablet once daily at bedtime. The dose of ADVICOR should not be increased by more than 500 mg daily (based on the NIASPAN component) every 4 weeks. The dose of ADVICOR should be individualized based on targeted goals for cholesterol and triglycerides, and on patient response. Doses of ADVICOR greater than 2000 mg/40 mg daily are not recommended. Route of Administration: Oral In Vitro Use Guide HepG2 cells were preincubated for 48 hours with varying concentrations of niacin (0 to 3.0 mmol/L) in DMEM containing 10% FBS media. Incubation of HepG2 cells with niacin significantly inhibited (by 12% to 15%) fatty acid esterification to produce TG as assessed by the incorporation of 3H-oleic acid into TG. 14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol and phospholipids was unchanged. The activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein MTP), a carrier protein for lipids, was not altered by pretreatment of cells with niacin.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mouse) 2188 mg/kg

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

Causes skin irritation

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Causes serious eye irritation

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

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Formula Code -

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

not bioaccumulative according: Log Pow 2.4

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European medical agency - NIH, National Institute of Health

BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE (CAS: 87-44-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

222 -- - EFSA, https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4069

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mouse) ≥ 5,000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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not irritant for skin Additional information: The mean relative absorbance value of the test item, corresponding to the cell viability did not decrease (105.9%; threshold for irritancy: ≤ 50%), consequently the test item was not irritant to skin.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

The mean values for corneal opacity, iris lesions, redness of conjunctivae and oedema of conjunctivae (chemosis) were 0.0, 0.0, 1.2 and 0.8, respectively. All weak signs of irritation were reversible and 7 days after application of the test article all four animals were free of any signs of eye irritation. The test item should not be classified as irritating to the eye, according to the directive of the EEC commission 93/21/EEC and GHS/EU CLP criteria.

SKIN SENSITISATION

sensitising Additional information: A modified Freund’s Complete Adjuvant Test (FCAT) sensitisation experiment was performed in female Dunkin-Hartley albino guinea pigs. Animals were induced on days 0, 6 and 10 with intradermal injections (0.1 mL) of β-Caryophyllene (6.8% w/w, Group A) or Caryophyllene oxide (7.3% w/w, Group B), or the vehicle control (FCA/water (1:1) emulsion). Challenge tests were performed on day 21, in which test material was administered to shaved flanks for 24 hours and reactions were assessed at 48 and 72 hours. Whilst challenge with caryophyllene oxide demonstrated dose-dependent sensitisation, β-Caryophyllene did not induce positive reactions in exposed animals, and is not considered to be a contact allergen. The study design was similar to the OECD 406 Guideline, used sufficient numbers of animals and was considered to be reliable with restriction (Klimisch 2). A supporting LLNA was also conducted in mice using caryophyllene oxide or a mixture of hydroperoxides derived from photooxidation of beta-caryophyllene. The mice received 25 ul of the test material dissolved in acetone:olive oil (AOO) 4:1, on the dorsum of both ears for three consecutive days. Oxidized beta-caryophyllene (air exposed for 10 weeks) was tested in concentrations 30%, 10%, and 3% (w/v) (1.36, 0.45, and 0.14 M, calculated from the molecular weight of caryophyllene oxide) and the caryophyllene hydroperoxides (obtained from photooxidation with Bengal rose) in concentrations 15%, 5%, and 0.5% (0.63, 0.21, and 0.02 M). Five days after the initial treatment, all mice were injected intravenously through the tail vein with 20 uCi of [methyl-3H]thymidine (2.0 Ci/mmol, Amersham Biosciences, UK) in 250 ul phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After 5 h the mice were sacrificed, the draining lymph nodes were excised and pooled for each group, and single cell suspensions of lymph node cells were prepared and examined for thymidine incorporation measured by beta-scintillation counting. Whilst challenge with caryophyllene oxide demonstrated a relatively weak sensitisation reaction in mice treated at a concentration of 30% caryophyllene oxide, the photooxidised hydroperoxide products from beta-caryophyllene induced a strong concentration-dependent sensitisation reaction in this assay. Caryophyllene has two isolated double bonds that are capable of reacting with dioxygen in triplet state (triplet oxygen) or singlet state (singlet oxygen). A reaction of caryophyllene with triplet oxygen yielding to autoxidation products requires the presence of light and air and the absence of anti-oxidants. A reaction of caryophyllene with singlet oxygen is a [2+2]-cycloaddition and requires the excitation of triplet oxygen. This excitation can be achieved by UV irradiation of a diluted, cooled solution of caryophyllene in a suitable solvent (e.g. chloroform) containing a sensitiser (e.g. Bengal rose). The solvent must be transparent to the UV radiation and must not quench the excited state of neither the sensitiser nor the singlet oxygen. Water does not have the necessary properties and aqueous preparations of caryohpyllene will not produce oxidation products from a reaction with singlet oxygen. For that reason, the EC3 value of 26.2% is considered to be the relevant value for β-caryophyllene. The study design was similar to the OECD 429 Guideline, used sufficient numbers of animals and was considered to be reliable with restriction (Klimisch 2).

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not genotoxic / mutagenic Additional information: In support of the in vitro data, no genotoxicity was observed in two in vivo genotoxicity studies (2009; 2014). The effects of β-caryophyllene on the number of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and the number of chromosome aberrations was determined in two separate experiments in male mice (2014). In the first experiment, Male Swiss-Webster mice (6 per group) were orally administered β-Caryophyllene (20, 200 and 2000 mg/kg) or the vehicle control (10% w/v corn oil). Positive control mice received Benzo-a-pyrene (200 mg BaP/kg). In a second experiment, mice orally administered β-Caryophyllene (20, 200 and 2000 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected with 200 mg/kg of BaP 30 minutes later. Mice were sacrificed 25 hours after administration and bone marrow was analysed by chromatid differential staining. No genotoxic effects were observed up to 2000 mg/kg β-Caryophyllene, as the number of SCE were not statistically significantly different between the control (mean 3.8 SCE) and test item concentrations (mean 4.1 SCE). No statistically significant differences were observed for the average generation time, numbers/types of chromosome aberrations or mitotic index between the test item treatments and the control. Furthermore, treatment with β-Caryophyllene ameliorated the genotoxicity of BaP at the high dose, suggesting the substance may be geno-protective. In addition, no genotoxicity or bone marrow cytotoxicity were observed up to 2000 mg/kg β-Caryophyllene in a mouse erythrocyte micronucleus assay (2009). The studies were considered reliable with restriction (Klimisch 2) and sufficient to fulfil the REACH information requirement. The in vivo data further support the conclusion that β-Caryophyllene is not genotoxic.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

Sensitisation data (human) Consecutive dermatitis patients (n = 1511) in 6 European dermatology centres were patch tested with 3.0% oxidation mixture of caryophyllene (containing 25% β-caryophyllene and 35% caryophyllene oxide) or 3.9% caryophyllene oxide in non-stabilised white petrolatum (2005). About 0.5% of the patients reacted to oxidized caryophyllene and 0.1% of patients reacted to caryophyllene oxide. Caryophyllene oxide gave positive reactions in only 2 out of 8 patients also reacting to the mixture of oxidized caryophyllene. This study is reliable with restrictions (Klimisch 2) as it is a large clinical study reported in a peer-reviewed journal and meets generally accepted scientific principles.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EFSA, European Food Safety Agency

BISABOLOL (CAS: 515-69-5 / 23089-26-1) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

200 -- - ECHA, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/bisabolol.pdf

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) 15,6 ml/kg

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

irritant Additional information: Several studies looked at the effect of base creams containing up to 0.5% (−)-α-bisabolol on induced skin irritation in guinea pigs and human subjects. The bisabolol creams did not have an anti-irritant effect on the induced irritation. In one guinea pig study, the bisabolol cream appeared to worsen the induced cumulative irritation.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritant Additional information: Overall, based on the available data, racemic (+/-)-αlpha-Bisabolol is considered to be not irritating to eyes.

SKIN SENSITISATION

sensitizer Additional informaton: LLNA (acc. OECD 429, GLP): skin sensitizer (Symrise 2010; C97160)

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: α-Bisabolol in ethanol was not mutagenic, with or without metabolic activation, towards Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA1535 at concentrations up to 100 µg/plate, 7 or towards strains TA98 or TA100 at concentrations of 0-222 µg/plate. 8 Bisabolol was cytotoxic in strain TA100 when tested without metabolic activation. Bisabolol, at concentrations of 0.56-2.24 mM, was not genotoxic in the Drosophila wing spot assay (SMART)

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: In two developmental toxicity studies with (-)alpha-Bisabolol in rats and rabbits, the lowest toxic oral dose for both fetuses and dams was concluded to be between 1.0 and 3.0 mL/kg body weight. Accordingly, the observed NOAEL is set at 1.0 mL/kg bw/d (930 mg/kg bw/d). Adverse effects on prenatal development were only observed in rats and rabbits at doses that are also toxic to the dams and are well above the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d according to current standard test guidelines. Therefore, these findings are considered to be secondary to maternal stress. Furthermore, no teratogenic potential was observed at all dose groups tested. Therefore, under the given testing conditions, no impairment of the prenatal development by Bisabolol became evident.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

Case Reports Seven pediatric patients had a history of intolerance to a moisturizer that contained bisabolol; six of the patients had atopic dermatitis. The patients were patch tested with 0.5 and 1% bisabolol (three patients) or 1 and 5% bisabolol in petrolatum, as well as with other moisturizer components. Four of the patients had positive reactions to up to 1% bisabolol (1/3 patients) or up to 5% bisabolol (3/4 patients); these subjects also had positive reactions to a sesquiterpene lactone mix and/or a Compositae mix. However, an additional 16 subjects (12 with atopic dermatitis) with intolerance to the same moisturizer did not react to patch testing with up to 5% bisabolol. A subject presented with dry, desquamative cheilitis of both lips, and a repeated open application test (ROAT) with the subject’s lipstick resulted in an eczematous reaction. Subsequent patch testing with the lipstick and its components, including 5% bisabolol, produced a positive reaction to bisabolol and the formulation. Patch testing of 10 controls subjects with the same material had negative results. The test material (10%; 5600 µg/cm2 (estimated)) did not indicate a potential for dermal irritation or allergic contact sensitization.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

BOSWELLIA SERRATA EXTRACT (CAS: 97952-72-2) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

500 -- - NIH, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3532773/#:~:text=As%20there%20was%20a%20decrease,and%20500%20mg%2Fkg%20B.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not classified as irritant Additional information: An in vitro skin irritation test using the Reconstructed Human Epidermis (SkinEthic RHE® model) was performed according to the OECD Guideline 439 and in compliance with GLP to predict the acute skin irritation potential of the test substance. The test item was applied during 42 minutes, at the dose of 16 mg, to 3 living Reconstructed Human epidermis (SkinEthic RHE® model) previously moistened with 10 µL of distilled water. The treatment of the epidermis was followed by a rinse with 25 mL of DPBS and a 42 hours post-incubation period at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cell viability was then measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT into a blue formazan salt that was quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues. Additionally, 2 living Human skin model surfaces were treated in the same manner but they were incubated in culture medium instead of MTT solution in order to generate nonspecific living colour controls. The mean corrected percent viability of the treated tissues was 95.9%, versus 1.3% in the positive control (5% Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate). The mean percent tissue viabilities obtained with the positive control and negative controls were within the range of historical data and therefore validated the experiment. Under the test conditions and in accordance with Regulation EC No. 1272/2008, the test item was considered as non-irritant to skin. It corresponds to UN GHS No Category. No hazard statement or signal word is required.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

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not classified as eye irritant Additional information: An ex vivo eye irritation study was performed according to the OECD Guideline 437 and in compliance with GLP to evaluate the possible ocular corrosive or severe irritating effects of the test item after administration on bovine corneas. The test item was evaluated in two experiments. In both experiments, corneas obtained from freshly slaughtered calves were mounted in corneal holders. Both chambers of the corneal holder were filled with complemented MEM culture media (cMEM) and pre-incubated for 1 hour and 5 minutes (± 5 minutes) at +32°C. Three corneas for each treated series (test item formulation, positive control and vehicle control) were used. Before treatments, a first opacity measurement was performed on each cornea using an opacitometer. The test item, formulated at 20% in paraffin oil, was evaluated in these two experiments using a treatment time of 4 hours and using the open-chamber method. Vehicle and positive controls were applied using the same treatment time and the closed-chamber treatment method. At the completion of the treatment period, all items were removed from the front opening of the anterior chamber and the epithelia were rinsed. A second opacity measurement was then performed. After the second opacity measurement, the medium of the anterior chamber was removed and filled with a fluorescein solution. The holders were then incubated vertically for 90 minutes (± 5 minutes) at +32°C. At the end of the incubation period, the Optical Density of the solution from the posterior chamber of each holder was measured in order to determine the permeability of the cornea. Each cornea was then observed for opaque spots and other irregularities. With one exception during the second experiment (mean OD490 nm of the vehicle control), all acceptance criteria were fulfilled during both experiments. The study was therefore considered as valid. In first experiment, fluorescein fixation and/or residual amount of test item were observed on two of the three test item-treated corneas. No notable opaque spots or irregularities were observed on the remaining cornea. The mean In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) of the test item-treated corneas was: 4. Individual IVIS values of test item-treated corneas were: 1, 1 and 11. Two of the three corneas gave discordant predictions from the mean of all three corneas since the third corneas gave a higher IVIS principally due to the opacity value. As residual test item was noted over these corneas after the rinsing step, it was therefore not possible to determine if the high corneal opacity value noted for these corneas was due to the test item reacting with cell structures (i.e. protein precipitation, etc.) or only to these residuals amounts of test item which stuck to the cornea. Moreover, during this assay, results could be considered as borderline between "no category" and "no prediction can be made" since the mean IVIS was 4. In this context, the result in the first testing experiment was considered borderline and a second experiment was performed. In the second experiment, fluorescein fixation and residual test item were observed on all the corneas treated with the test item. The mean IVIS of the test item-treated corneas was: 1. Individual IVIS values of test item-treated corneas were: 2, 0 and 1. On the basis of the two experiments performed as part of this study, five out of the six test item-treated corneas gave a mean IVIS < 3, and the only IVIS > 3 could be related to a high corneal opacity value likely due to representative residual amounts of test item which stuck to the corresponding cornea. Residual amounts of test item were also noted on each test item-treated cornea in the second experiment, but amounts were not graded, and no significant increase in opacity was noted, suggesting only very few amount of test item remained onto these corneas. As a consequence, based on the concordant results obtained on five out of six corneas during these two experiments, no additional experiment was performed and the test item was considered as a test chemical not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage (UN GHS No Category). Under the experimental conditions of this study, the test item, the test item was identified as not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage (UN GHS No Category).

SKIN SENSITISATION

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

not sensitising Additional information: A maximalisation test was conducted in 25 healthy, male volunteers. Applications of the test material in petrolatum were made under occlusion to the same site on the forearms of all subjects for five alternate-day 48 hour periods. Patch sites were pretreated for 24 hours with 5% aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) under occlusion. Following a ten day rest period, challenge patches were applied under occlusion to fresh sites for 48 hours. Challenge applications were preceded by 1-hour applications of 10% aqueous SLS under occlusion. Reactions were read on patch removal and 24 hours after patch removal. No effect was observed.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: In a reverse gene mutation assay in bacteria, performed according to the OECD Guideline 471 and in compliance with GLP, Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100, and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA were exposed to the test item at the following concentrations: - Experiment 1 - Plate Incorporation Method: 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate, with and without S9-mix - Experiment 2 - Pre-Incubation Method: 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate, with and without S9-mix Rat liver homogenate (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors) was used as a metabolizing system. Vehicle control, negative (untreated) and positive control groups were also included in mutagenicity tests. The vehicle (dimethyl sulphoxide) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with or without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated. No visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn was noted at any dose level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix), in Experiment 1 (plate incorporation method) and in Experiment 2 (pre incubation method). A test item precipitate (cream-coloured and greasy in appearance) was noted at and above 1500 µg/plate, this observation did not prevent the scoring of revertant colonies. No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix) in Experiment 1 (plate incorporation method) and Experiment 2 (pre incubation method). Under the test conditions, the test item is not considered as mutagenic in these bacterial systems.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - NIH, National library of Medicine

CAMPHOR (CAS: 464-49-3 / 76-22-2) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

250 -- - ECHA, European Chemical Agency

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 cut off (oral) rat > 5 000 mg/kg bw LD50 (dermal) rat > 2 000 mg/kg bw LC50 (inhalation) rat > 10 000 mg/m³ air Additional information: The LD50 of the test item “bornan-2-one” is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight after single oral administration to Wistar rats. Based on Annex 2d Test Procedure with a Starting Dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of OECD Guideline 423 it can be concluded that the test item “bornan-2-one” is according to GHS criteria classified in Category 5 or Unclassified with a LD50 cut off value equal to or greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight, after single oral administration to Wistar rats.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritating Additional information:the log kow of target substance is 3.04, "Primary Irritation Index" is 1.43

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritating Additional information: Irritation parameter: maximum mean total score (MMTS) 1.43

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising In Chemico: Bibliographic source: QSAR toolbox v3.0, year 2012.

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: In Vitro data: In conclusion, results from the present study thus suggest that citral, citronellal, (±)-camphor, (-).-menthol and 1,8-cineole are not mutagenic in the Ames test and that terpineol is weakly mutagenic to TA102 tester strain.

In vivo, year 1999: in the micronucleus test, animals are treated with a chemical and then the frequency of micronucleated cells is determined at some specified time after treatment. If a treated group of animals shows significantly higher frequencies of micronucleated cells than do the untreated control animals, then the chemical is considered to be capable of inducing structural and/or numerical chromosomal damage. After a 24-hour exposure to the camphor, no dose-group of either sex showed a ~ignificant increase in micronucle iscompared to the control.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

NOAEL: 400 mg/kg bw/day, Study duration: subchronic. Species: rabbit

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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Formula Code -

Details on absorption: The plasma protein binding was determined by ultrafiltration with Zentriflow membranes of Amicon Inc. (Ryan and Hanna 1971; Vohland and Streichert 1978). A correction had to be made for the adsorption of camphor at the membrane. The protein binding was 61±6% at a concentration of 10 μg camphor/ml plasma. Metabolite characterisation studies Metabolites identified: yes Details on metabolites: Metabolite Ret. time ((min: sec)) Mass fragments m/e (intensity %) I 5-hydroxycamphor 5 : 34 M + 168 (48), 153 (29), 135 (6), 125 (48), 111(100), 109 (31) II 5-ketocamphor 3 : 10 M + 166 (96), 151 (14), 138 (12), 109 (79), 95(48), 69 (100) III 9-hydroxycamphor 7 : 51 M + 168 (19), 153 (38), 135 (7), 125 (13), 111(28), 109 (31), 108 (100), 107 (53) IV 8-hydroxycamphor 6 : 50 M + 168 (19), 153 (4), 137 (15), 109 (18), 108(53), 95 (100) V 3-hydroxycamphor 4 : 55 M + 168 (9), 153 (91), 135 (13), 108 (93), 107(100), 93 (60) VI 8 or 9-camphor carbonic acidtrimethylsilylester 7 : 17 M + 254 (6), 239 (8), 226 (4), 225 (4), 108 (58), 93(19), 73 (100) VII Isoborneole 1 : 10 M + 154 (1), 139 (8), 136 (6), 121 (7), 110 (20), 95(100), 93 (11) Conclusions: Interpretation of results (migrated information): bioaccumulation potential cannot be judged based on study results

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- FDA, Food and Drug Administration - MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

CAPSICUM ANNUUM FRUIT EXTRACT (CAS: 84625-29-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

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Formula Code -

2388 -- - - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/et/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/32097/7/6/1

Additional information: Key study: Test method similar to OECD TG 408. In a 13-week subchronic study, paprika color showed little or no significant toxicity even with 5% supplementation in the diet. Thus, the NOAEL was concluded to be 5% in the diet (0.67 g/rat/day or 2948.4 mg/kg bw/day for male rats and 0.43 g/rat/day or 3197.4 mg/kg bw/day for female rats). Key study: Test method similar to OECD TG 452. In a 52-week chronic study, the NOEL was estimated to be 2.5% in the diet (1253 mg/kg bw/day) and the NOAEL was determined to be 5% in the diet (2388 mg/kg bw/day) for male rats, and for females, the NOEL was concluded to be 5% in the diet (2826 mg/kg bw/day)

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) 11 250 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

H315: Causes skin irritation

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation.

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not classified as mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: According to JECFA2009 (1) extracts of chilli peppers of different levels of purity have been tested, with mixed, inconsistent and often contradictory results. The EFSA Panel (2) concluded that the limited information available from the open literature does not allow a reliable assessment of the genotoxicity of paprika extracts. Therefore, upon request of EFSA, two new GLP compliant genotoxicity studies using Paprika extract were performed: an OECD TG 471 mutation assay and a OECD TG 487in vitromicronucleus assay. Respective authors concluded that tested paprika extract did not induce mutation in the OECD test TG 471 mutation assay and did not induce micronuclei in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The Panel agreed with these conclusions. Based on these results, the EFSA Panel concluded that paprika extracts used as a food colour do not raise a genotoxic concern.

CARCINOGENICITY

not classified for carcinogenicity according to CLP Regulation (EC) no. 1272/2008. Additional information: Key study: Test method similar to OECD TG 451. In a 104-week carcinogenicity study, paprika color was found not carcinogenic to male or female F344 rats with dietary concentration up to 5% (2052 mg/kg bw/day for males and 2324 mg/kg bw/day for females).

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Formula Code -

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

not bioaccumulative Additional information: Approved for using in FOOD industries

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- SDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - JECFA, 2009. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series No. 59, 2008. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43823/1/9789241660594_eng.pdf - EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food), 2015. Scientific Opinion on the re evaluation of paprika extract (E 160c) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 2015;13(12):4320, 52 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4320.

CETEARETH-25 (CAS: 68439-49-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - CIR, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/109158189901800306

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 8000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit) > 2000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

mild irritant

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

mild irritant

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer Additional information: clinical study in section DATA ON THE MAN

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Cetyl alcohol (dose not specified) was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 mutant strains in the spot test (Elder 1988a). Stearyl Alcohol was not mutagenic in the Ames assay, either with or without metabolic activation (Elder 1985). The review on Steareths reported that an unspecified alcohol ethoxylate did not induce chromosomal anomalies in either hamster bone marrow cells (following oral dosing of the hamsters) or in human leukocytes (which had been incubated with the test agent). The test agent was also nonmutagenic in the dominant lethal assay (male mice) (Elder 1988b). PEG-8 was negative in the Chinese hamster ovary cell mutation test and the sister chromatid exchange test; the maximum test concentration in both studies was 1 %. In the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, a statistically significant increase in radioactive thymidine incorporation into rat hepatocyte nuclei was noted only at the highest concentration tested (0.1 %). PEG-150 was not mutagenic in the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay when tested at concentrations up to 150 gIL (Andersen 1993).

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcirogenic Additional information: Stearly Alcohol did not promote tumor formation in mice when tested with 7,12-dimethybenz{ a]anthracene DMBA (Elder 1985). The review on Steareths reported that a structurally undefined polyoxyethylene alkyl ether was neither a carcinogen nor a tumor promotor in a mouse skin-painting study (Elder 1988b). All of the carcinogenicity data available on the PEGs was specifically on PEG-8, which was used as a solvent control for a number of studies. PEG-8 was not carcinogenic when administered orally to mice (30 weeks of dosing), intraperitoneally to rats (6 months of dosing), subcutaneously (20 weeks of dosingrats; 1 year of dosing-mice), or when injected into the gastric antrum of guinea pigs over a period of 6 months (Andersen 1993).

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

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not toxic to reproductive Additional information: For longer alkyl chains there is evidence of diminishing toxicity, and extrapolation to much longer chains such as expected in the Ceteareth moieties suggested to the CIR Expert Panel that there is no reproductive or developmental hazard posed by these Ceteareth compounds.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Gastrointestinal absorption of PEGs is dependent on the molecular weight of the compound. In general, the more solid the PEG compound, the less absorption that occurs. In both oral and i.v. studies, no metabolism was observed and the PEGs were rapidly eliminated unchanged in the urine and fees. In a study with human burn patients, monomeric ethylene glycol isolated in the serum following topical exposure to a PEG-based antimicrobial cream, indicating that PEGs are readily absorbed through damaged skin (Andersen 1993). Three creams containing 2, 3, and 5% w/w Ceteareth-20 were tested as possible vehicles for dermal delivery of the analgesic piketoprofen. The 2% (w/w) Ceteareth-20 cream also contained 1.8% piketoprofen, 3% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, 2% sorbitan monolaurate, 24.9% long-chain alcohols mixture, and 66.3% water. The cream with 3% Ceteareth-20 also contained 1.8% piketoprofen, 30.2% long-chain alcohols mixture, and 65% water. The cream with 5% Ceteareth-20 also contained 1.8% piketoprofen and 93.2% long-chain alcohols mixture. The creams were applied to the clipped skin of albino rabbits (numbers not stated) such that 200 mg of the analgesic/kg body weight was applied. The formulation was left in contact with the skin for 72 hours. Blood samples were taken from the marginal ear vein prior to product application and at hourly intervals thereafter. The samples were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography for 4-biphenylacetate (BPA) content which is a metabolite of the analgesic. All three creams containing Ceteareth-20 enhanced absorption of the drug as compared to three creams which did not contain Ceteareths. The most effective penetration was achieved with the 2% Ceteareth-20 cream (which also contained other surfactants). Although comparable (though less) penetration was also reached with another cream that contained surfactants other than Ceteareth-20, the narrow time base of the blood level curve indicated loss of drug to capillary blood and, hence, elimination from the site of action. The 2% Ceteareth- 20 cream offered rapid penetration as well as retention in the subcutaneous tissue such that the drug appeared in circulating blood. High plasma levels of the metabolite were noted with the 2% Ceteareth-20 cream and were attributed to rapid skin penetration via the piloseba- ceous glands. It was suggested that the lower penetration values for the 3 and 5% Ceteareth-20 creams were &dquo;due to lowering of the thermodynamic activity of piketoprofen by micellar trappings of the active compound or by interactions with the skin. Thus, when a combination of surfactants was used, the release rate of piketoprofen from the organic phase was increased by the formation of high activity coefficient surfactant-drug complexes; (Fabregas et al. 1986).

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not induce photo toxicity Additional information: clinical study in section DATA ON THE MAN

DATA ON MAN

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CLINICAL STUDIES Dermal Irritation and Sensitization No skin sensitization was observed in 25 panelists who had been inducted and challenged with a cream containing 3.0% cetearyl alcohol. In skin irritation and sensitization studies, product formulations containing up to 8.4% cetyl alcohol produced no substantial evidence of irritation or sensitization. A 30°lo concentration of cetyl alcohol in petrolatum caused sensitization reactions in 11.2% of 330 subjects in a sensitization study. However, no positive sensitization reactions were observed with studies of formulations containing up to 5.0% cetyl alcohol. Photosensitization studies of products containing 1.0% and 4.0% cetyl alcohol were negative (Elder 1988a). Results of screening patch testing of large populations indicated a contact sensitization rate of 0.51 % for Stearyl Alcohol (19 of 3740 sensitized) (Elder 1985). Steareth-2, 60% in water, was not a primary irritant or a sensitizer to human skin. Steareth-2, 0.6°lo in a mousse, was a mild irritant. A body lotion containing 2.75% Steareth-2 and 2.25% Steareth-20 was not phototoxic. At a concentration of 60% in water, Steareth-10 was not an irritant, and Steareth-20 (also tested in formulation) was neither an irritant, sensitizer nor phototoxic to human skin (Elder 1988b). In clinical studies, PEG-6 and PEG-8 induced mild sensitization in 9% and 4~l0 of 23 male subjects tested, respectively. However, later production lots of PEG-6, as well as PEG-75, did not cause reactions in any of the 100 male and 100 female subjects tested. A product formulation containing 3% PEG-8 induced minimal to mild irritation (induction phase) in over 75% of 90 volunteers participating in a skin irritation and sensitization study. Responses (not classified) were noted in 22 subjects at the 24 hours challenge reading. Cases of systemic toxicity and contact dermatitis in burn patients were attributed to PEG based topical ointments. The ointment that induced systemic toxicity contained 63% PEG-6, 5% PEG-20, and 32 % PEG-75 (Andersen 1993).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European medical agency

CETEARYL ALCOHOL (CAS: 67762-27-0 / 8005-44-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

750 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16007/7/6/1. Additional information:

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) >10000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit) >8000 mg/kg

It is concluded that the substance Alcohols, C16-18 does not meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for acute oral effects

Additional information: Acute oral toxicity

Alcohols, C16-18 is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Considering the data for linear alcohols in the range 1- octanol to 1-docosanol and including unsaturated alcohols, the oral LD50values range from > 5000 mg/kg to well over 10,000 mg/kg, with most of values representing the

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maximum administered dose.

ClinicalSigns. Few, if any signs of toxicity were reported following oral administration of the linear alcohols ranging from C6 to C22 alcohols. At doses approaching acute lethality loss of appetite, lethargy and diarrhoea was reported for most members of the linear alcohols. Animals surviving a large oral dose showed no evidence of any delayed or irreversible effects following acute administration of any of these alcohols. In decedents irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract and typical agonal changes were observed, however no substance specific observations could be recognised for any of the materials of this sub-category. There are no observations reported to suggest a potential for CNS depression following administration of a single oral dose of a linear alcohol within this category.

Conclusion:The category of the long chained aliphatic alcohols (linear and essentially linear) is of a low order of acute toxicity upon oral administration.Alcohols, C16-18 was not classified according to EU or GHS criteria.

Acute inhalation toxicity

Alcohols, C16-18 is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22.The available data cover the lower (1-hexanol and 1- octanol), intermediate (1-decanol, 1-dodecanol) and higher (1-tetradecanol, C16-18alcohols) chain-lengths of the linear alcohols subcategory.

The volatility of the category of aliphatic alcohols as a whole is low. Saturated vapour pressures for the higher chain alcohols are extremely low; for example the calculated concentration of a saturated atmosphere of 1-dodecanol and 1-octadecanol at ambient conditions is in the order of 10-2and 10-5mg/L, respectively. Most experimental studies used the maximum achievable vapour concentrations or aerosols for the assessment of the acute lethal concentration. For all substances tested the LC50values exceeded the maximum achievable vapour concentrations. Even the more volatile members of this category (e.g. 1-hexanol, C6-12 essentially linear alcohols [Types B and C], 1-heptanol and 1-undecanol) showed no evidence of toxicity after a single exposure for 1 – 6 hours

None of the acute inhalation studies provided any evidence of a potential for CNS depression for the category of aliphatic alcohols. This conclusion is further supported by data in mice indicating that inhalation of high concentrations (up toca. 10,000 ppm) of 1-heptanol for short periods of time did not induce anaesthesia.

Conclusion: Inhalation of vapours of long chained alcohols in the range C6-C22 at levels up to the saturated vapour pressure is unlikely to be associated with significant toxicity.Alcohols, C16-18 was not classified according to EU or GHS criteria.

Acute Dermal Toxicity

Alcohols, C16-18 is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcoholswithin a carbon chain length range of C6-C22.

For the linear alcohols in the range, C6 - C10 most of the reported LD50values in rabbits are in the range 2000 - 4000 mg/kg. For the alcohols C12and higher the acute dermal

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LD50values were 8000 mg/kg or higher. Although some incidental LD50values below 2000 mg/kg were reported, these values generally represented the maximum dose tested. Substances with a chain length beyond C18 have not been tested but on the basis of the consistent low acute dermal toxicity for alcohols with a chain-length of C16 and below and the consistently low oral acute toxicity for the category as a whole it is expected that aliphatic alcohols in the range C18 – C22 are of a low order of acute dermal toxicity.

Clinical signs.Occluded exposure for 24 hours generally caused local dermal irritation. There was a clear (inverse) relationship between the chain length and the severity of the dermal effects. The severity of the irritation was graded as moderate – severe for the lower members of this category; typical observations included erythema, oedema, wrinkling, desquamation and cracking. The grading of the local effects for the aliphatic alcohols with a longer carbon chain was reported as slight-moderate. Animals showing signs of significant local irritation displayed signs of toxicity such as general weakness, anorexia, lethargy; it is not possible to ascertain if these findings were secondary to the irritation or evidence of direct systemic toxicity.

Conclusion:The category of the long chained aliphatic alcohols is of a low order of acute toxicity upon dermal administration. Alcohols, C16-18 was not classified according to EU or GHS criteria.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritant Following a 24 hour semi-occlusive exposure to rabbit skin Alcohols, C16-18 is classified as non-irritant based on either EU or GHS criteria. The alcohols with chain lengths of C16-18 are non-irritant to skin.

Based on the data that was reported a NOAEL following dermal administration of fatty alcohol blend for a minimum of 90 days was less than 100 mg/kg/day. However the NOAEL has been based on a local irritation effect rather than a systemic effect. Therefore it is proposed (by the author of the EPSR) that on the basis of a lack of systemic effects reported in the study, the NOAEL following dermal administration of fatty alcohol blend for a minimum of 90 days is greater than 1000 mg/kg/day.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritant Result: not irritating . Based on the Draize scores reported it is considered that Alcohols, C16-18 is not not an eye irritant according to either EU or GHS criteria.The alcohols with chain lengths of C16-18 are non-irritant to eye.

SKIN SENSITISATION

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not sensitising

Additional information: Respiratory sensitisation.

There are no Respiratory sensitisation studies available.

Due to the absence of chemical groups or other structural alerts this substance is not considered to exhibit an high hazard potential.

Alcohols, C16-18 is of low priority for further work based on a low hazard potential is of low priority for further work based on a low hazard potential.

There is no information available from single or repeated inhalation exposures in laboratory animals or from human experience allowing a conclusion on potential respiratory tract irritation and sensitisation of the aliphatic alcohols.

Therefore testing for Respiratory sensitisation does not need to be performed.

Migrated from Short description of key information: There are no Respiratory sensitisation studies available. Due to the absence of chemical groups or other structural alerts this substance is not considered to exhibit an high hazard potential. Alcohols, C16-18 is of low priority for further work based on a low hazard potential is of low priority for further work based on a low hazard potential. There is no information available from single or repeated inhalation exposures in laboratory animals or from human experience allowing a conclusion on potential respiratory tract irritation and sensitisation of the aliphatic alcohols. Therefore testing for Respiratory sensitisation does not need to be performed.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

A QSAR model predicts that the permeability of Alcohols, C16-18 to human skin is quite low. The permeability coefficient was determined to be 0.001 mg/cm2, which is around 1% of the skin penetration rate. Predicted dermally absorbed coefficient was determined to be Kp (est)=2.04 cm/hr.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

There are conclusive but not suffcient data for the classification of substance Alcohols, C16-18 with regard to mutagenicity/genetic toxicity. It is concluded that the substanceAlcohols, C16-18 does not meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for Mutagenicity-Genetic Toxicity

In vitro Studies

Bacterial tests

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In a reliable study (Thompson, P.W. , 1996), performed according to OECD guideline 471, the C16 alcohol Kahlcol 6098 did not increase the reverse mutation rate in histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate. This concentration was not cytotoxic. Hexadecan-1-ol (C16) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a valid and reliable study (Iglesias G, J J Hlywka, J E Berg, M H Khalil, L E Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), behenyl alcohol (C22) did not increase the reverse mutation rate in histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to and including 1000 µg/plate. It is concluded that the test substance is negative for mutagenicity in bacteria under the conditions of the test. Docosan-1-ol ( behenyl alcohol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a reliable study (Henkel KGaA.,1981), the C16 alcohol Lanette 16 (Lorol 16) did not increase the reverse mutation rate in histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to 2500 µg/plate. There was some evidence of cytotoxicity in some strains at higher concentrations (500 and/or 2500 µg/plate) in the absence of metabolising fraction only. Hexadecan-1-ol (C16) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a reliable study (Thompson, P.W. ,1996) conducted according to OECD guideline 471, the C18 alcohol Kalcohl 8098 did not increase the reverse mutation rate in any of the histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium tested in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate. The top concentration was not cytotoxic. It is concluded that the test substance is negative for mutagenicity to bacteria under the conditions of the test. Octadecan-1-ol (C18) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a reliable study (Henkel KGaA., 1981), conducted using a protocol similar to OECD guideline 471, the C18 alcohol Lanette 18 did not increase the reverse mutation rate in histidine dependent bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation at concentrations up to 2500 µg/plate. Slight cytotoxicity was evident at 2500 µg/plate. Octadecan-1-ol (C18) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

Non-bacterial test

In a reliable study (Iglesias G, J J Hlywka, J E Berg, M H Khalil, L E Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), according to a protocol that is similar to OECD 473, behenyl alcohol (C22) did not increase the incidence of chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster V79 cells in the presence or absence of metabolising fraction at concentrations up to 20 ug/ml. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity at this dose level. Docosan-1-ol ( behenyl alcohol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In vivo Studies

Dodecan-1-ol (C12) has been tested a reliable study (Henkel KGaA., 1992), conducted according to OECD guideline 474, no genotoxicity was seen in mice after a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg bw. . The test substance, dodecan-1-ol is closely related to the registration substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

In a reliable study (Iglesias G, J J Hlywka, J E Berg, M H Khalil, L E Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), behenyl alcohol (C22) did not increase the incidence of micronuclei in mouse

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bone marrow cells after a single oral gavage dose of up to 500 mg/kg bw. Docosan-1-ol ( behenyl alcohol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

Stearyl alcohol (Hachiya N, Takeya A, Takizawa Y,1982), did not increase the incidence of micronucleated cells in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes following a single oral dose level up to and including 1450 mg/kg or a total of 2920 mg/kg adminstered as 4 doses in a 24 hour period. It is concluded that the test substance is negative for induction of micronuclei under the conditions of the test. Octadecan-1-ol (C18) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

Conclusion:Alcohols, C16-18 is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22 and do not have a genotoxic potential.

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcinogenic

Studies in animals.

Data availability.There are no data available for the category of the long chained alcohols reporting in detail about carcinogenicity studies according to current testing standards. Several of the linear alcohols have been tested in experimental investigations studying the potential for initiation, promotion or co-carcinogenicity, however as a rule these data have a low reliability and suffer from significant shortcomings regarding the reporting details, the number of animals, the use of non-standardised or unvalidated protocols, and lack of control of confounders (e.g. local irritation). As a whole the information available on carcinogenicity is regarded to have limited reliability.

Hexanol-1, 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol and 1-octadecanol were tested in one or more mouse skin painting studies using applications 2 - 3 times weekly for periods up to 60 -70 weeks. Development of local skin tumours was not reported in any of these assays. All of these experiments were conducted as part of investigative studies into co-carcinogenicity or tumour promotion properties of aliphatic alcohols (Sicé, 1966; Bingham, 1969; Van Duuren, 1976).

The aliphatic alcohols were applied repeatedly over periods up to 60 weeks to the skin of mice that had been initiated or were co-exposed with carcinogens such as 7, 12- dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene or benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). In most of the experimental protocols the application of aliphatic alcohols induced significant dermal irritation at the site of treatment and led to formation of local tumours; in some cases a decrease in latency of tumour development or co-carcinogenicity was reported (Sicé, 1966; Van Duurenet al., 1976; Bingham, 1969).

In other assays 1-octanol, 1-dodecanol or 1-octadecanol were repeatedly injected into the peritoneal cavity or implanted in the bladder of mice. No induction of primary lung tumours was recorded, however a low incidence of benign bladder tumours was reported (Stoner, 1973; Bryanet al, 1966). Ando (1972) published a study in which small groups of mice (n = 4-6), implanted intra-peritoneally with Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, were exposed i.p. to different doses of 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol and 1- octadecanol once daily for 5 consecutive days. Although a prolongation of survival time was observed, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the carcinogenic potential of these alcohols.

Conclusion.Several members of the category of the long chained alcohols have been tested as control substances in skin painting studies. Even taking into account the limitations of these experiments, the data show that none of aliphatic alcohols tested have a potential to induce local skin tumours upon repeated dermal application at or above the maximum tolerated (irritant) dose. However, these data are unsuitable to assess properties such as co-carcinogenicity or tumour promotion for this category of alcohols. Most of

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the study protocols considered here have almost certainly induced considerable local effects, however details of the irritation responses are limited and were reported only in a few cases. Irrespective of the causative agent, irritation at the site of application is a significant confounder in skin painting studies and its role in the tumour development of non- genotoxic chemicals has been well established (for examples see Nesselet al., 1998, 1999; Argyris, 1985).

The genotoxic potential of the long chain alcohols has been well investigated, bothin vitroandin vivoand no concerns were identified for genotoxicity. Furthermore they lack structural elements of concern for interaction with DNA (Ashby and Tenant, 1991). Together with the lack of response upon repeated application the skin painting studies long chained alcohols are regarded to be of little concern regarding carcinogenicty.

There are conclusive but not suffcient data for the classification of substance Alcohols, C16-18 with regard to carcinogenicity.

Carcinogenicity: IARC, NTP, ACGIH and OSHA do not classify this substance or its components as a carcinogen or suspect carcinogen.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

It is concluded that the substance Alcohols, C16-18 does not meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for Reproductive toxicity

Additional information: Oral exposure

In a reliable study(Hansen, E. 1992), development was assessed as part of a combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity study, conducted according to draft OECD guideline 422. The NOAEL for maternal and foetotoxicity in rats was 2000 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose level). There was no evidence of teratogenicity from the limited examination of the pups that was carried out. Octadecan-1-ol (C18) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELrat = 2000mg/kg bw/day

In a reliable study (Iglesias G, JJ Hlywka, JE Berg, MH Khalil, LE Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD guideline 414, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity, teratogenicity and foetotoxicity in rabbits, was 2000 mg/kg/day (highest dose tested). The study was performed in compliance with GLP. Docosan-1-ol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELrabbit = 2000mg/kg bw/day

In a reliable study (Iglesias G, JJ Hlywka, JE Berg, MH Khalil, LE Pope and D Tamarkin,2002), conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD guideline 414, the NOAEL was 1000 mg/kg/day for maternal toxicity, teratogenicity and foetotoxicity in rats receiving behenyl alcohol by gavage for 15 days premating, during mating and up until gestation day 17. This is based on the absence of adverse effects in any of the parental, reproductive or foetal parameters examined. Docosan-1-ol (C22) ) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELrat = 1000mg/kg bw/day

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In a briefly-reported study (Rodwell D E, Mercieca M D, Rusch G M, Tasker E J,1988), an NOAEL of 200 mg/kg bw/day was determined for maternal toxicity and an NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day for developmental toxicity in the rat after oral administration on days 6 to 15 of gestation. Hexan-1-ol (C6) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELrat = 1000mg/kg bw/day

Dermal exposure:

The developmental toxicity of 2 -EH following dermal absorption was examined in a OECD TG 414 rat study that was conducted under GLP. 2 -EH was applied to the skin of 25 females at 252, 840, and 2520 mg/kg bw/day under an occlusive dressing during gestational days 6 -15 for 6 hours per day. The dose levels were selected based on the results of a preliminary study (Tyl et al., 1992).

The maternal toxicity was mild. There were no deaths or severe clinical signs of toxicity. A reduced body weight gain in high-dose rats was noted, and local skin irritation in rats at the intermediate and the high dose level.

2 -EH had no adverse effect on the maternal gestational parameters, or maternal organ weights, or on the fetal weight, sex ratio, viability, or the incidence of malformations and variations.

Therefore, the NOAEL for maternal systemic toxicity was 840 mg/kg bw/day, based on the effects on body weight gain; the NOAEL for skin irritation was 252 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity and teratogenicity was 2520 mg/kg bw/day.

2-ethylhexan-1-ol is a substance supporting the category Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAELMaternal: (840 mg/kg bw d)

NOAEL developmental toxicity and teratogenicity : (2520 mg/kg bw d)

Inhalation exposure:

Groups of approximately 15 sprague-dawley rats were exposed to 7 h/day on gestation days 1-19 to 3500 mg/m3 1-hexanol, which was the highest concentration which could be generated as a vapor. Dams were weighed daily for the first week of exposure and weekly thereafter and were sacrificed on day 20. Fetuses were serially removed, blotted dry, examined for external malformationa, sexed, weighed, fixed, and examined for visceral or skeletal defects.

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In a reliable study (Nelson B K, Brightwell W S, Khan A, Krieg E F Jr, Hoberman A M,1989), an NOAEC of 3500 mg/m3 (the highest achievable concentration in the test system) was determined in the rat for maternal toxicity and developmental toxicity after administration by inhalation for 7 hours/day on gestation days 1 to 19.Hexan-1-ol (C6) is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18 and it is considered that read-across is valid.

NOAECrat = 3500mg/m3

Toxicity to reproduction: other studies Additional information Docosanol administered by gavage to rats aged 6-7 months for 28 days did not affect bodyweight or the weights of any of the organs weighed other than a statistically significant increase in weight of

the seminal vesicles at the lower dose levels (1 and 10 mg/kg/day). There were no histological differences in the accessory sexual organs.

Docosanol had no effect on the weight or histology of the prostate in intact rats but increased the RNA/DNA quotient in the ventral prostate. Plasma LH and testosterone were reduced. In orchidectomised rats docosanol increased the prostate and adrenal weight but there was no increase in orchidectomised and adrenalectomised rats, a weight reduction being observed. Also docosanol had a thymolytic effect in intact rats but not in adrenalectomised rats where the thymus weight was increased. These results suggest a stimulation of adrenal steroid secretion but this may not be the only effect of docosanol.

Docosanol is closely related to the registered substance, Alcohols, C16-18, and it is considered that read-across is valid.

No NOAEC identified : 100 mg/kg bw d)

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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Distribution results were reported for lauryl alcohol (98% pure). 95% of the dose adminstered was recovered from the application site at 24 hours after dosing. 0.13% remained in the body while 0.10% was excreted in the urine and faeces. 2.61% was excreted in expired air as CO2. The ratio of the amount of compound excreted via expired air to the amount absorbed is the expiratory excretion rat. It was 91% for lauryl alcohol. The respiratory excretion rates for all the other alcohols investigated were >65% although all the actual data is not reported.

Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length. The absorption rate was investigated in different solvents (squalene, castor oil, triethyl citrate (TEC). The percutaneous absorption rate of undiluted n-octanol was 50%, this was increased in squalene but decreased in castor oil or TEC. This was also reported with the other alcohols tested and the tendency was more pronounced at higher concentrations.

The degree of skin irritation was proportionally related to the degree of percutaneous absorption.

Interpretation of results: no bioaccumulation potential based on study results Following skin application of lauryl alcohol about 2.84 % of the administered dose was absorbed. Of this absorbed dose >90% was excreted in expired air (CO2). A similar trend was observed with the other alcohols tested. Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length and was affected by solvent and concentration.

At least 65% of the absorbed dose is excreted as CO2 in the expired air. Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length and was affected by solvent and concentration

Additional information: Oral repeated dose toxicity The NOAEL for 13 week dietary feeding study in rats is ca 750 mg/kg/day (males 723, females 875) based on reduced weight gain and food consumption. The toxicological significance of observed changes in organ weights, all in the absence of histopathological change, is questionable. Increased liver weights at higher dose levels may be indicative of a mild adaptive effect on the liver. In view of the structural and chemical similarities, it is considereed that the results of the study can be used for read-across to Alcohols, C16-18. Dermal repeated dose toxicity A 90-day dermal toxicity study in rats with fatty alcohol blend (56.7% decanol, 42.7% octanol) at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg resulted in severe irritation at the application site. Severe irritation including fissuring of the skin occurred in 40% of the animals at 100 mg/kg/day and 80% of the animals at the limit dose. Slight changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, and organ weights were noted at the limit dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day. NOAEL has been based on a local irritation effect rather than a systemic effect. Therefore it is proposed (by the author of the EPSR) that on the basis of a lack of systemic effects reported in the study, the NOAEL following dermal administration of fatty alcohol blend for a minimum of 90 days is greater than 1000 mg/kg/day. Inhalation repeated dose toxicity Under the conditions of the test no treatment-related toxic effects were found in male and female Wistar rats which were exposed to 2-ethylhexanol vapor up to 120 ppm ie. 638.4 mg/m³ . (Klimisch HJ; Deckardt K; Gembardt C; Hildebrand B,1998).The substance Alcohols, C16-18, the subject of this dossier) is expected to exhibit very similar toxicity due to its close structural similarity to 2-ethylhexanol. Comparable metabolism would occur. Correcting for molecular weight, a conservative NOAEC of 1188.79 mg/m3 can be derived (638.4 x 242.45) / 130.2 =1188.79 mg/m3

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not phototoxic

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DATA ON MAN

Alcohols, C16-18 or Cetostearyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol or cetylstearyl alcohol is a mixture of fatty alcohols, consisting predominantly of cetylandstearyl alcohols and is classified as a fatty alcohol.

It is used as an emulsion stabilizer, opacifying agent, and foam boostingsurfactant, as well as an aqueous and nonaqueous viscosity-increasing agent. It imparts an emollient feel to the skin and can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions,and anhydrous formulations. It is commonly used in hair conditioners and other hair products

Clinical skin irritation and sensitization studies of product formulations containing 8.4%, 6.36%, 6.0%, 4.0%, 3.3%, 3.25%, 3.0%, 2.85%, 2.0%, and 1.0% Alcohols, C16-18 produced no substantial evidence of irritation or sensitization.

Based on the available data it is concluded that Alcohols, C16-18 or Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Isostearyl Alcohol, Myristyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use.

Alcohols, C16-18 do not induce skin sensitization in humans, and there is no conclusive evidence that they induce eczema.

No serious injuries or fatalities have been reported following accidental ingestion of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols.

In this inter-laboratory assessment of the human patch test hexanol gave responses significantly lower than the positive control and results were similar between laboratories. N-hexanol was therefore not considered as a skin irritant.

Neurotoxicity. There is no evidence in the available toxicity studies or scientific literate to indicate neurotoxic effects of the of Alcohols, C16-18 in humans or laboratory animals. There are conclusive but not suffcient data for the classification of substance Alcohols, C16-18 with regard to Neurotoxicity.

Immunotoxicity. There is no evidence in the available toxicity studies or scientific literate to indicate Immunotoxic effects of the Alcohols, C16-18 in humans or laboratory animals. There are conclusive but not suffcient data for the classification of substance Alcohols, C16-18 with regard to Immunotoxicity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- HERA http://www.heraproject.com - MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA FLOWER EXTRACT (CAS: 84082-60-0) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

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4000 -- - CIR, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/chamomile.pdf

Additional information: Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex (number not stated; males or females only not specified) were fed increasing doses (1, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg body weight) of chamomilla recutita (matricaria) flower extract (aqueous extract), dissolved in water, for 14 days. Neither signs of toxicity nor mortalities were observed at doses up to 4 g/kg body weight. Information relating to effects of the 8 g/kg dose was not included. All of the animals remained physically active. Data on repeated dose toxicity were presented in a study on the the effect of chamomile tea on the activity of hepatic phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes from the rat.40 Chamomile tea is made from the dried flower heads of Chamomilla recutita (matricaria). Five female Wistar rats (8 to 9 weeks old) had free access to Chamomile tea solution (2% w/v in water), whereas the control group had access to water. After 4 weeks of treatment, the animals were killed. Dosing had no significant influence on body weight, and there were no signs of gross pathology of internal organs. Liver weight/body weight ratios of treated rats were not significantly different from control values.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 5 000 mg/kg bw Additional information: n an acute oral toxicity study (limit test), ten rats were given a single oral dose of Oil Chamomille at 5000 mg/kg bw. Animals were observed for mortality and clinical signs for 14 days. No mortality or clinical signs was observed. In this study, the oral LD50 of Oil Chamomille was higher than 5000 mg/kg bw in rats. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the test substance is not classified according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (CLP) and to GHS.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

irritant Additional information: An in vitro skin irritation study was performed according to the OECD Guideline 439, the EU Method B.46 and in compliance with GLP, using the EPISKINTM reconstructed human epidermis model. The test item was applied, as supplied, at the dose of 16 μL to 3 living Reconstructed Human epidermis (SkinEthic RHE® model) during 42 minutes. The application was followed by a rinse with 25 mL of DPBS and a 41 hours post-incubation period at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cell viability was then measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT into a blue formazan salt that was quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues. Two additional killed control tissues were used for MTT direct interference and two living and two killed tissues for colour interference. The mean corrected percent viability of the treated tissues was 2.5%, versus 1.2% in the positive control (5% Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate). The mean OD negative control obtained after a 1:2 dilution of the formazan extracts in isopropanol is include in the acceptability criteria range which is ≥ 0.4 ≤ 1.5. The mean percent tissue viabilites obtained with the negative control and positive controls are within the range of historical data. Under the experimental conditions of this study, and with the classification non-corrosive obtained with the in vitro skin corrosion test (HSMC-PH-17/0469), the test item has to be classified in Category 2 "Irritating to skin" according to the Regulation (EC) No.1272/2008 (CLP) and to the GHS.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

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irritant Additional information: An in vitro skin irritation study was performed according to the OECD Guideline 492 and in compliance with GLP, using the in vitro reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium tissues (EpiOcularTMtissue model). Test item Camomille HE Egypte BLH (Essential Oil of Blue Chamomilla) was applied as applied at the dose of 50 µL to 2 living DPBS pre-treated RhCE (EpiOcularTM tissue model) during 30 minutes at 37°C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity (standard culture conditions). The exposure period was followed by extensive rinsing with DPBS at room temperature, a 12 minutes post-exposure immersion period at room temperature and a 2 hours post-exposure incubation at standard culture conditions. The tissue viability was measured by performing an MTT assay. Additionally, 2 killed RhCE (EpiOcularTM tissue model) were treated in the same manner in order to generate non-specific MTT reduction. Moreover, 2 living and 2 killed RhCE (EpiOcularTM tissue model) were treated in the same manner but they were incubated in assay medium instead of MTT solution in order to generate non- specific living and killed colour controls. The mean corrected percent tissue viability of the RhCE replicates treated with test item Camomille HE Egypte BLH (Essential Oil of Blue Chamomilla) was 44.39%, versus 32.69% in the positive control (Methyl acetate). In conclusion, under the experimental conditions adopted and in accordance with Regulation EC No. 1272/2008, test item Camomille HE Egypte BLH (Essential Oil of Blue Chamomilla) has to be identified as potentially requiring classification and labelling according to UN GHS Category 2 or Category 1.

SKIN SENSITISATION

sensitising Additional information: - Patients with dermatitis were treated in different studies (See Section 7.10.4) with a fragrance mixture, essential oils, and individual substances, at 2% in yellow paraffin, to identify the potential skin sensitisers comprised in cosmetics. German chamomile has shown a skin sensitising potential in all of the three studies. - A constituants approach was made using the OECD QSAR Toolbox which confirms the skin sensitising potential of the registered substance. Indeed, some of its constituents are classified as skin sensitisers Cat.1B (Bisabolone Oxide A, CAS N° 22567-38-0) and is potentially present above the CLP generic concentration limit of 1% that triggers classification of the mixture. Conclusion: Skin sensitiser 1B

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Gene mutation assay: A bacterial reverse gene mutation assay (Ames test) was performed according to the OECD test guideline No. 471 and in compliance with GLP (Envigo, 2018). Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA were treated with the test item using both the Ames plate incorporation and pre- incubation methods at up to nine dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolizing system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors). The test item precipitated in the overlay agar in the test tubes from 1000 μg/plate up to the highest investigated concentration. Precipitation of the test item in the overlay agar on the incubated agar plates was observed from 2500 μg/plate up to the highest investigated concentration. The undissolved particles had no influence on the data recording. The plates incubated with the test item showed reduced background growth in strains TA 1537, TA 98, and TA 100. Toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants (below the indication factor of 0.5), were observed in all strains used. No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains was observed following treatment with test item at any dose level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix). There was also no tendency of higher mutation rates with increasing concentrations in the range below the generally acknowledged border of biological relevance. Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls and showed a distinct increase of induced revertant colonies. The substance is therefore considered as non-mutagenic according to the Ames Test.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

not bioaccumulative Using in FOOD and Drug industries.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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Sensitisation data After a first experiment using a perfume mixture (ICDRG) containing 1 essential oil and 7 other fragrance substances, a group of 86 humans were tested with essential oils and 42 with individual ingredients at St John''s Hospital for Diseases of the Skin in London. Among the 86 positive patients to the perfume mixture, 3 (3.4%) showed a positive response to German chamomile.

Repeated Dose Toxicity Fourteen health volunteers (7 males, 7 females) were given 200 ml of chamomile tea daily for 2 weeks. None of the subjects reported adverse effects after ingestion of the tea.41 An analysis of urine samples collected before dosing, during the dosing period, and after dosing indicated that depletion of creatinine and the elevation of hippurate and glycine were strongly associated with chamomile tea intake.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European Medical Agency

CITRIC ACID (CAS: 77-92-9 / 5949-29-1) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

250 -- European Chemical Agency ECHA.EU https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15451/7/6/1 There are no reliable 28-day or 90-day studies available, so this endpoint is waived. Numerous studies have been reported in the literature and are discussed below. The most reliable studies are 10- day studies in rats and mice, with the following results:

NOAEL (10 d) 4000 mg/kg bw/day rats (unidentified gender)

LD50 (10 d) 5660 (+/- 0.44) mg/kg bw/day rats (unidentified gender)

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mouse) 5400 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw Additional data: Acute intraperitoneal LD50 values of 940 in mice and 725 mg/kg in rats (males only) were determined in a reliable study conducted according to an appropriate test protocol. The study was not conducted according to GLP.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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A reliable study conducted largely in accordance with OECD 404 and in compliance with GLP, found the citric acid to be mildly irritating to the skin of rabbits. Current EC criteria would find the material to be non-irritant.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Category 2 (irritating to eyes) based on GHS criteria A generally reliable study, apparently conducted according to OECD 405 and GLP, reported that a 30% aqueous solution of the test substance caused well defined to moderate conjunctival irritation that had not fully resolved after 14 days. A 10% solution was associated with weak to moderate conjunctival effects, resolved after 7 days. Given the 30% solution effects would have been allowed to dissipate for 21 days, it is likely the test substance would not be considered irritating to the eyes according to EU criteria (please see attached expert letter as reference).

SKIN SENSITISATION

No data are available which suggest that citric acid should be classified as a skin or respiratory sensitiser according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

No data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

Citric acid (CAS number 77-92-9) has been tested in a number of bacterial assays, all of which gave negative results. There is also information from a lower reliability study that citric acid does not cause chromosome aberrations in vitro: this result does not agree with a recently published study. Evidence for genetic toxicity has been described in published results from an in vitro micronucleus study and an in vitro comet assay. An in vivo chromosome aberration study does not support the conclusion of the recently reported in vitro studies in mammalian cells, and an in vivo rodent dominant lethal assay also showed no evidence of chromosome damage.

Citric acid is negative in in vivo genotoxicity testing, although effects have been observed in some in vitro studies. Moreover, it has been used as a food additive over a long period. In addition, citrate plays a central role in cellular metabolism, so it is considered that classification for mutagenicity is not required according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.

CARCINOGENICITY

In a rat feeding study, animals dosed with 5% citric acid in the diet did not show an excess of tumours in comparison with control animals when tested over a period of 2 years (Horn et al., 1957). However, there was limited evidence that high doses of citrate salts increased the incidence of tumours produced by co-administration of known bladder carcinogens (Inouea et al., 1988; Ono et al., 1992; de Camargo et al. 1991; Fukushima et al.1986; Behnke et al., 1964). Where citric acid or citrate salts were administered alone during these studies, no dose-related tumours were noted.

No reliable carcinogenicity studies are available, however, further testing is not considered necessary because:

• The substance is not classified for mutagenicity; and

• There is no evidence from long term human exposure to citric acid that it is a carcinogen.

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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

n accordance with Annex XI, Section 1 of REACH, the evidence based on:

(1) The available developmental toxicity studies. A study by the Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973) researched the teratogenic effects of citric acid in mice (NAOEL > 241 mg/kg/d), rats (NAOEL > 295 mg/kg/d), rabbits (NAOEL > 425 mg/kg/d), and hamsters (NAOEL > 272 mg/kg/d), There were no reported teratogenic effects in any of the species tested;

(2) A long history of human exposure. For example, Citric Acid is naturally present in common fruit and vegetables. It is also added to processed food and beverages. (HERA 2005). In addition, Citric Acid has well established and documented metabolic pathways in humans. (WHO Food Additives, Series 5, 1973);

is sufficient to fulfil the requirements for this endpoint.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Citric acid is a metabolic intermediate vital to the TCA respiration pathway found in all animal and plant cells. There is little evience that citric acid and the citrate salts have deleterious effects, even in large doses. Indeed there is some support for the fact that citric acid in the human diet is favourable by inhibiting the formation of calcium oxalate kidney and bladder stones. This statement is applicable to the citrate salts since once absorbed citrate salts will dissociate into citric acid and their counter-ion.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

No data

DATA ON MAN

In a skin prick test which were not conducted according to any guideline and not in compliance to GLP and with very limited provided details, it was observed that the test substance, citric acid, casued positive results in 3 of 91 patients whereof one of the patients also reacted to benzoic and propionic acids.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inspiratory flow rate on the cough response to citric acid (Barros et.al., 1990.) It is considered by the authors that the cough response to citric acid is produced mainly by irritation of the larynx and trachea. Variations in the inspiratory flow rate might lead to changes in deposition of the drug, and consequently in the cough threshold.

The effect of inspiratory flow rate was studied in 11 healthy non-smoking volunteers aged 23 to 29 years (9 male, 2 female). The test substance was administered by inhalation of a nebulised solution via apparatus which limited and measured the inspiratory flow rate to 50, 100 and 150 l/minute of increasing concentrations of citric acid.

The test was finished when a cough was produced after each inhalation at one concentration (cough threshold) or the maximum concentration was reached. Each concentration was given at three different flow rates. The exposures were repeated on 3 days at least 48 hours apart.

The mean cough threshold was determined to be 21 (±9-54) mg/l at an inspiratory flow rate of 50 l/min and 43 (±13-141) mg/l at 150 l/minute. It was concluded that inspiratory flow rate should be controlled when cough challenges with citric acid are performed.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FDA

COLLAGEN (CAS: 9007-34-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

8600 -- - VKM Report 2016:65, https://vkm.no/download/18.761cd04215dabef8a9e82c2d/1502797650515/Risk%20assessment%20of%20%22other%20substances %22%20%E2%80%93Collagen%20from%20fishskin.pdf

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mice) 50 ml/kg

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data

SKIN SENSITISATION

not classified as sensitizer Additional information: however, some people may be intolerant, depending on the origin of the collagen itself. Parts of the population that can be especially affected by fish collagen are persons that are allergic to fish. However, no studies were found that investigated the sensitisation in the general population.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

not genotoxic / mutagenic Additional information: The induction of chromosomal aberrations was studied in CHL/IU cells (a cell line consisting of fibroblasts derived from the lungs of newborn female Chinese hamsters) exposed to fish collagen (produced by solubilized tilapia skin) at concentrations of 1.3, 2.5 and 5 µl/ml for a short treatment (time not indicated) with and without metabolic activation, and for 24 hours without metabolic activation (chromosomal aberration test ISO 10993-3:2003) (Yamamoto et al., 2014). There were no significant differences in structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations between treatment groups and control.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Collagen and gelatin are proteins of variable solubility that will be partly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after digestion. Collagen and gelatin hydrolysate are processed forms, which are more water-soluble. Used as a nutritional supplement, the role of the gelatin will mainly be as a supply of amino acids. Most amino acids in collagen may be used in protein synthesis. This is not the case for hydroxyproline which is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced from proline after incorporation into a peptide chain by post- translational hydroxylation. Most dietary hydroxyproline appears to be absorbed in small peptides by the so-called IMINO system transporters (Broer et al., 2009). Absorbed hydroxyproline will be oxidized in the body after conversion to glycine and pyruvate (Wu et al., 2011). No human or animal studies on metabolism and excretion of collagen, gelatin or collagen/gelatin hydrolysates from fish were found. However, as collagen and gelatin are proteins of variable solubility that will be partly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is anticipated that the absorbed parts will become building blocks of new proteins in the body.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) To measure the absorption of the collagen hydrolysate from cod skin, the concentration of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in human blood was determined after ingestion of the collagen hydrolysate (Shigemura et al., 2014). Healthy volunteers (two females and two males, average age 27 years) fasted for 12 hours before ingesting 30.8, 153.8 and 384.6 mg/kg bw of collagen hydrolysate dissolved in 100 ml of water (that is 2, 10 and 25 g for a 65 kg person). All four volunteers ingested the three different doses of collagen hydrolysate with a week-long washout between the ingestions. Approximately 10 ml blood was collected from each participant before and 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after ingestion. The hydroxyproline-containing peptide levels in human plasma were measured. A dosedependent increase of free hydroxyproline in plasma was found after ingestion of collagen hydrolysate. The quantity and structures of food-derived gelatin hydrolysates in human blood from three sources of type I collagen were compared by Ohara et al. (2007) in a single-blind crossover study. Five healthy male volunteers ingested type I gelatin hydrolysates from fish scale, fish skin or porcine skin after 12 hours of fasting. Amounts of free form hydroxyproline and hydroxyproline-containing peptide were measured over a period of 24 hours. Hydroxyprolinecontaining peptides comprised approximately 30% of all detected hydroxyproline. For free form hydroxyproline and for hydroxyproline-containing peptide, the AUC0-24 h varied in order of fish scale gelatin hydrolysate ≥ porcine skin gelatin hydrolysate ≥ fish skin gelatin hydrolysate. Proline-hydroxyproline was a major constituent of hydroxyproline-containing peptides. The quantity and structure of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in human blood after oral administration of gelatin hydrolysate depended on the gelatin source.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS -TOXNET database on toxicology

- ECHA database on REACH registered substances - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - VKM Report 2016:65

DIMETHICONE (CAS: 63148-62-9 / 9006-65-9 / 9016-00-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - CIR, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/FAR_Methicones_032022.pdf

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat)> 2000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rat) > 2008 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit)> 2000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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Slightly irritatant Additional information: Three rabbits and 3 guinea pigs were exposed to non-occlusive, daily applications of 0.5 ml of Dimethicone (100 cm2 /s; dynamic viscosity or specific gravity values were not provided) to a 2.5 cm2 patch of closely shaven skin for 10 d. No erythema or signs of skin irritation or inflammation were noted in the animals. In an acute dermal toxicity study, undiluted, Dimethicone (57,000 kg/m⋅s) was applied to the shaved backs of 5 male and 5 female adult New Zealand White rabbits, under occlusion, for 24 h, at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw. Erythema was observed at the application site in all 10 rabbits, but resolved by the 7th day of observation.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

mild to minimal irritant Additional information: Most ocular irritation studies using rabbits classified Dimethicone, ranging in concentration from 10% to 35%, as a mild to minimal irritant. The most common finding was a conjunctival reaction. However, instillation of 0.005 ml 15% Dimethicone produced minor to moderate conjunctival irritation in all 6 rabbits; the irritation cleared in 5 of the 6 rabbits within 72 h. Additionally, a few studies reported conjunctival reactions, chemosis, and persisting redness, especially when the eyes were unrinsed. Similar to Dimethicone, Methicone and Vinyl Dimethicone also produced conjunctival reactions.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer Additional information: Dimethicone (tested undiluted and at 79%) was not a sensitizer in 4 assays using mice and guinea pigs. It was not a sensitizer at 5.0% in a clinical HRIPT using 83 subjects

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

Penetration of Dimethicone (9.5 kg/m⋅s and 332.5 kg/m⋅s) was examined in female human abdominal skin and vaginal tissue. Both viscosities were applied in infinite doses for 96 h to the donor side of split-thickness human abdominal skin sections (reference standard) and full-thickness human vaginal tissue mounted in Franz in vitro diffusion cells. (The identification of the vehicle and receptor fluid was not provided.) The dermal flux rate for Dimethicone (332.5 kg/m⋅s) in abdominal skin was 0.3 ng/cm2/h, compared to 2 ng/cm2/h for vaginal tissue; while the flux rates for Dimethicone (9.5 kg/m⋅s) in abdominal skin were 0.2 ng/cm2/h and 6 ng/cm2/h for vaginal tissue. The authors concluded that there was a low penetration rate, which occurred more rapidly in vaginal tissue, for both viscosities. In a dermal penetration study, the authors sought to determine if Dimethicone interacts with and alters the stratum corneum lipid microstructure. Excised human stratum corneum tissue samples were obtained from the inner thigh of a healthy 50 yr-old woman and the abdomen of a healthy 26 yr-old man. An in vitro model lipid system containing stratum corneum fatty acids was also used to mimic the skin barrier. These tissue samples were rinsed with 0.001% m/m trypsin inhibitor and stored for 48 h in 76% humidity, at ambient temperature, to achieve an approximately 20% hydration level. The hydrated samples were then treated for 20 min in various viscosities of excess Dimethicone (332.5, 475, 950, or 19,000 kg/m⋅s) at 37 ºC, removed with a cellulose tissue, and analyzed for change using thermal profile, x-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. All results indicated that Dimethicone did not disturb or interact with the liquid crystalline structure of the upper layer of the epidermis, and hence is not likely to penetrate the skin barrier.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not genototxic / mutagenic Additional information: Dimethicone tested negative for genotoxic effects in multiple Ames tests, at up to 5000 µg/plate, bacterial reverse mutation assays, at up to 79% in formulation, micronucleus tests, at up to 5 g/kg, and in mouse cell and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) assays, at up to 10,000 µg/ml, both with and without metabolic activation.

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CARCINOGENICITY

not carcirogenic Additional information: Dimethicone was negative for carcinogenicity in both an oral (up to 2.5% Dimethicone in diet for 76 wk) and a dermal carcinogenicity study (lifetime application; 50 µl of the test article (motor oil) that contained an unspecified amount of Dimethicone) using mice. One treated mouse in the dermal study had a palpable skin mass at the application site during wk 65, which regressed by wk 67; no application site dermal neoplasms were microscopically confirmed in either treated or control mice.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: Dimethicone was tested in numerous oral-dose (using rats) and dermal-dose (using rats, rabbits, monkeys) reproductive and developmental toxicity studies. In an oral study with rats, 3.3 ml/kg/d Dimethicone was administered directly to the stomach for 6 d. Males treated with 1 of 3 Dimethicone samples (no further details provided) had significantly decreased body weight and/or decreased testes or seminal vesicles weights. No treatment-related adverse findings were noted in pregnant females or fetuses, dosed orally, via diet, and dermally. In an intergenerational study, a motor oil containing an unspecified amount of Dimethicone was applied undiluted in doses of 0.1, 0.4, and 1.5 ml/kg, to the shaved backs of the parental (P1) and first generation (F1) of Sprague-Dawley rats, daily for an 8-wk premating period, 3-wk mating period, and throughout gestation and lactation. No statistically significant differences in mortality or survival rates were seen in F1 rats on day 0 (parturition), however, mortality after parturition was significantly decreased in the 0.4 and 1.5-ml/kg groups. Conversely, mortality in the F2 litter was significantly increased in the 0.4 ml/kg group on day 0. Absolute testes weights significantly reduced in the adult F1 male rats of the 1.5 ml/kg group, beginning wk 7, but the relative testes to body weight ratio was not significantly different from controls

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Several acute pharmacokinetic studies in dogs, rats, and a monkey reported minimal gastrointestinal absorption of Dimethicone and up to 99.99% recovery of the administered dose via excretion.1 In a dose study, beagle dogs were fed 91% Dimethicone at a dose of 300 mg/kg/d for 120 d in the diet. Although one female showed atrophy of the spleen, and another female had slightly reddened rugae near the stomach and mucus in the intestine, Dimethicone was not detected in any organs or considered absorbed.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

In human studies, absorption was seen in humans following ingestion of a Dimethicone sample containing lowmolecular-weight polymers. Dermal upper back exposure to Dimethicone for 10 d did not increase blood or urine silicone concentrations in men

In a human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT), Dimethicone (11,875 kg/m⋅s) was tested neat as a negative control, and was used as a vehicle for a 5% (v/v) solution of an unspecified test substance. Sodium lauryl sulfate (0.1% aqueous solution) was used as a positive control. Of the 115 subjects enrolled, 106 completed the study; no subjects withdrew due to adverse reactions to the test substance. Induction consisted of 9 consecutive applications, where 0.2 ml of Dimethicone was applied under a semi-occlusive dressing for 24 h. The test sites were evaluated in the following 48 - 72 h. After the 9th application, there was a 10 to 15-d non-treatment period. Challenge occurred in the sixth week of the study; the substance was applied to an unexposed site for 24 h, and graded after 24 - 48 h. No evidence of sensitization to Dimethicone, as a control or vehicle, was observed.

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European Medical Agency

ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN (CAS: 70445-33-9) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

100 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16725/7/6/2

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

moderate irritant

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

According CLP regulation: H318: Causes serious eye damage

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not genotoxic / mutagenic according in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria: S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

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not toxic reproductive NOEL 50 mg/kg bw/day

Teratogenecy: not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLUS BUD OIL (CAS: 84961-50-2) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5615916/

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) 5000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation.

SKIN SENSITISATION

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

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Formula Code -

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Mutagenicity studies employing Salmonella typhimurium strains. Clovinol did not show genotoxicity when tested on TA-98, TA-100 and TA-102 with or without metabolic activation; rather exhibited significant antimutagenic potential against the known mutagens, sodium azide, NPD and tobacco as well as against 2-acetamidoflourene, which needed metabolic activation for mutagenicity.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA European Chemical Agency

EUGENOL (CAS: 97-53-0) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

300 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13694/7/6/1

Weight-of-evidence NOAEL = 300 mg/kg bw/d (Chronic study, rats, Rel.2)

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ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (mouse)1,500 - 3,000 mg/kg bw LC50 inhalation (rat) > 5 mg/L Additional information: In a single dose oral toxicity study, groups of five male and five female mice were administered 180 to 3,000 mg/kg body weight of eugenol in 1% solution of carboxymethylcellulose in saline by gavage. One male mouse in the 750 mg/kg body weight dose group died and two of the five male mice and all five female mice in the 3,000 mg/kg body weight dose group died. The acute toxicity of inhaled eugenol was investigated in groups of five male and five female rats per test concentration of 0, 0.77, 1.37, or 2.58 mg/L for 4 hours in an exposure chamber, followed by 14 days of observation. Control and low dose rats showed no changes. Some intermediate-dose rats showed temporary wet snouts and red-brown staining of the fur immediately after dosing. Temporary, readily reversible signs of toxicity were noted, including irregular breathing (gasping), lethargy, overnight weight loss and overnight reduced food and water intake, after inhalation of eugenol at a concentration of 2.58 mg/L; however, there were no deaths and no evidence of blood in the respiratory tract. The rats were normal in all respects within 48h. Histophathological examination of the lungs after the 14-day observation period was normal. The acute LD50 was reported to be >2.6 mg eugenol/L air. Taken altogether, these findings suggest that eugenol would have a 4-hour LC50 of greater than 5 mg/L.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not classified as skin irritan / corrosive Additional information: The potential for skin irritation from dermal exposure to eugenol (4 hours, semi-occluded conditions, undiluted test material) was assessed in female rabbits. The average scores calculated from the numerical values given for the irritation observed at the 24-, 48- and 72-hour observations were 1.9 for erythema and 1.0 for oedema. As the mean value obtained for both erythema and edema was less than two, it was concluded that the test material is considered not to be an irritant. Based on the results, eugenol has a mean value of <2.3 for erythema or for oedema for all 4 animals from gradings at 24, 48, and 72 hours. While the recovery period did not extend to 14 days, there were signs of recovery after 7 days in 3 out of 4 animals; only 1 out of 4 animals had signs of continued irritation and slight scaling after 7 days. There was no sign of pronounced variability in the response among the animals.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

irritant for eyes Category II Additional information: The potential for eye irritation following exposure to eugenol was assessed in 6 female rabbits (0.1 mL of undiluted eugenol). Observations were carried out at regular intervals over 7 days following exposure. Eugenol appeared to affect the rabbit eyes 1 day following application; however, the effects were reversible as the eye irritation grades decreased over the 7-day observation period. This eye irritation information for eugenol is based on the standard Draize scale which has an overall score based on a 110 point rating scale. This rating scale is not directly compatible with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, Annex I section 3.3 classification criteria. However, based on guidance from various agencies, eugenol appears to be severely irritating in the first 24 hours post-exposure, moderately to mildly irritating after 24 and 72 hours post-exposure, and practically non-irritating after 7 days post-exposure.

SKIN SENSITISATION

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sensitising Additional information: Eugenol demonstrated evidence of skin sensitization potential in mice in a key and supporting local lymph node assay (LLNA) at concentrations of ≥ 10% (Takeyoshi et al., 2004; Lalko and Api, 2006). In addition, a guinea pig maximization test indicated that eugenol was mildly sensitizing at a concentration of 5% (Takeyoshi et al., 2004).

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no adverse effect observed (negative) Additional information: The potential of eugenol to cause genotoxicity was investigated in 3 key studies(1 in vitro and 2 in vivo) including 1 bacterial reverse mutation assays, 1 mammalian chromosome aberration test and 1 mammalian gene mutation assay. These three studies meet the minimum genotoxicity data requirements for this substance. In addition a number of in vitro and in vivo supporting assays are included in the evaluation. All of the key and supporting studies provided negative results. Several in vitro and in vivo studies were evaluated as unreliable and were disregarded; these studies presented a mix of negative and positive results, as claimed by the authors. However, all of these studies suffered from serious technical and reporting deficiencies and in some cases the results and conclusions were clearly contradicted by the more reliable studies.

For Annex VII section 8.4.1, in a key study and two supporting studies eugenol did not increase the reverse mutation rate when tested in various bacterial strains (including, but not limited to, Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538 and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA) either in the presence and/or absence of an externally-added metabolic activating system (S9).

For Annex VIII section 8.4.2 there is no key study for the in vitro cytogenicity endpoint. The available in vitro studies were considered unreliable, primarily because the dose levels used were too high, which is a major deviation from the relevant test guidelines in terms of dose setting, and caused excessive toxicity, and consequently they were disregarded. However, using a column 2 adaptation the in vitro data are not required if adequate data from an in vivo cytogenicity test are available. In this case there is a key oral gavage micronucleus study that is supported by six other studies of reliability grade 2, all of which provided negative results. These studies include micronucleus studies using the oral gavage, intraperitonel, and oral capsule dose routes, and a chromosome aberration study using oral capsules. A study waiver was included for the genetic toxicity in vitro cytogenicity endpoint.

For Annex VIII section 8.4.3, there is no key study for the in vitro mutagenicity endpoint. However, using a column 2 adaptation the in vitro data are not required if adequate data from an in vivo mutagenicity test are available. In this case there is a key mouse transgenic assay that is supported by a TEGA assay. These studies all provided negative results. A study waiver was included for the genetic toxicity in vitro gene mutation endpoint. The conclusion regarding the genotoxic potential of eugenol has taken into account that: -Studies of the metabolism of eugenol indicate rapid metabolism; any formation of putative reactive metabolites would be followed by Phase II conjugation reactions leading to rapid detoxification (JECFA, 2006a, b). -In vivo studies showed no evidence of DNA binding by eugenol. While study results were mixed, some data suggest that eugenol or the purported eugenol metabolites eugenol quinone methide and hydroxychavicol may bind to DNA in vitro ( Bodell et al.,1998; Sakano et al.,2004); however, in vivo mouse studies all produced negative results (Phillips et al.,1984; Phillips, 1990). Moreover, while O-demethylation has been reported in rats (Sutton et al.,1985), the metabolism of eugenol does not result in the formation of the

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hydroxychavicol metabolite and in vivo studies in humans have indicated that the methoxy group of eugenol is resistant to cleavage in man (Fischer et al.,1990). The lack of adduct detection in the in vivo test systems is likely due to the presence of detoxification processes (i.e.,glutathione conjugation), which are likely not present to a significant extent in the in vitro test systems. These processes either conjugate parent eugenol or neutralize the oxidative metabolites that may be generated by microsomal metabolism. -Eugenol shows no structural alerts for genotoxicity. -Structural analogues of eugenol have also provided some data erroneously reported as positive. For example, Isoeugenol is reported as negative in the Ames bacterial mutation assay, negative in the CHO chromosome aberration test in vitro, negative in male mice in a micronucleus test but positive in female mice of the same study. However, it is clear from the data that this is a statistical correlation only, caused by a particularly low value in the female vehicle control group. When historical control data are included in the evaluation of the result then the study is clearly negative in both sexes. (NTP technical Report 551, 2010). It is considered therefore, that the data for eugenol are most relevant in the evaluation of the genotoxic potential of this substance and reference to any of the analogues raises questions about the reliability of the studies on those analogues. In particular it is considered that methyl eugenol is not a relevant analogue because of the difference in its metabolic pathway. In summary, all of the reliable and relevant in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies show no evidence of genotoxic potential for eugenol. The lack of genotoxicity is consistent with the finding of no substantive carcinogenic activity in mouse and rat oral bioassays, as reported by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA, 2006b) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2009).

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcirogenic Additional information: The carcinogenic potential of eugenol was evaluated in key studies in male and female B6C3F1 mice and male and female F344/N rats (NTP, 1983) and in a supporting study in female CD-1 mice (Miller et al., 1983). In rats, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in either male or females compared to Controls. In the key mouse study, dietary eugenol at concentrations of 0 (control), 3,000, or 6,000 ppm for 103 weeks resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (combined; statistically significant at the high-dose in females); however, eugenol is concluded not to be carcinogenic in mice, based on a number of considerations including a lack of a dose-response relationship in the increase in hepatocellular tumours in male mice and high and variable incidences of adenomas or carcinomas (combined) within the historical range for B6C3F1 mice. In the key rat study, dietary administration of eugenol at concentrations of 0 (control), 3,000, or 6,000 ppm in males and 0 (control), 6,000, or 12,500 ppm in females did not result in an increase in tumour incidence in either males or females. In the supporting mouse study, dietary administration of 0.5% eugenol did not result in an increase in the incidence of hepatic tumors through the 20-month dosing period. IARC Monographs, Volume 36, reports that no cell transformation data are available on eugenol. No inhalation or dermal carcinogenicity studies have been conducted.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: 2-generation study on Isoeugenol (similar to OECD 416, GLP, Rel. 2, K): - NOAEL fertility ≥ 700 mg/kg bw/day. - NOAEL development ≥ 230 mg/kg bw/day / LOAEL = 700 mg/kg bw/day, as a worst-case based on decreased male and female F2 pup weights. - LOAEL parental toxicity ≤ 70 mg/kg bw/day, based on decreased body weight gains at all dose-levels, although probably linked to the bolus effect. Developmental toxicity study on Isoeugenol (similar to OECD 414, GLP, Rel. 2, K): - LOAEL maternal toxicity = 250 mg/kg bw/day, based on dose-dependent reduced body weight gain. - NOAEL developmental toxicity = 500 mg/ kg bw/day, based on intra-uterine growth retardations mildly delayed skeletal ossification observed at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. However, this finding is likely secondary to maternal toxicity and not indicative of a teratogenic effect.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Eugenol is expected to be absorbed via the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes; eugenol is rapidly distributed to various organs including (but not limited to) the small and large intestines, kidneys, liver, adrenal gland, stomach, and brain. Eugenol is rapidly metabolised primarily via phase-II conjugation, to form glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. The major route of elimination is the urine. no bioaccumulation potential

Specific investigations: other studies A computational network model that integrates 18 in vitro, high-throughput screening assays measuring estrogen receptor (ER) binding, dimerization, chromatin binding, transcriptional activation, and ER-dependent cell proliferation. The network model uses activity patterns across the in vitro assays to predict whether a chemical is an ER agonist or antagonist, or is otherwise influencing the assays through a manner dependent on the physics and chemistry of the technology platform (“assay interference”). The chemical structure of eugenol was investigated in the Derek Nexus (Q)SAR system for potential structural alerts for oestrogenicity and thyroid toxicity. In both cases the prediction was negative and it is concluded that eugenol does not have a potential for endocrine disruption. A validated (standardized) estrogen receptor (ER) competitive-binding assay was used to determine the ER affinity for Eugenol. Uteri from ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were the ER source for the competitive-binding assay. Eugenol was demonstrated to have no binding affinity for the estrogen receptor. A two-generation reproductive toxicity study on a read-across substance (isoeugenol) showed no effects on any other reproductive parameters throughout both generations. Sperm parameters and vaginal cytology were unchanged in the F0 and F1 generations.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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[1] TEST REPORT: “7191030824-CHM12-LSM-CR2” -29 MAY 2012

[2] Guénette SA, Beaudry F, Marier JF, Vachon P. Pharmacokinetics and anesthetic activity of eugenol in male Sprague-Dawley rats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Aug;29(4):265-70.

[3] Guénette SA, Ross A, Marier JF, Beaudry F, Vachon P. Pharmacokinetics of eugenol and its effects on thermal hypersensitivity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 May 7;562(1 -2):60-7.

[4] Weinberg JE, Rabinowitz JL, Zanger M, Gennaro AR. 14C-eugenol: I. Synthesis, polymerization, and use. J Dent Res. 1972 Jul-Aug;51(4):1055-61.

[5] NTP (1983).Carcinogenesis Studies of Eugenol (CAS No. 97-53-0) in F344/Rats andB6C3F1Mice (Feed Studies). (NTP Technical Report Series, no 223). Research Triangle Park (NC): National Toxicology Program (NTP).

[6] Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Jäger W, Plank C, Dietrich H. Fragrance compounds and essential oils with sedative effects upon inhalation. J Pharm Sci. 1993 Jun;82(6):660-4.

[7] Clark GC. Acute inhalation toxicity of eugenol in rats. Arch Toxicol. 1988;62(5):381-6.

[8] Study report by Toxicol Laboratories Limited, Acute dermal irritation study. 1988

[9] NTP (1999).Final Report on the Developmental Toxicity of Isoeugenol (CAS # 97-54-1) in Sprague-Dawley CD®Rats Exposed on Gestation Days 6 - 19. (NTP Study No. Ter-97-006, PB2000-105138). Research Triangle Park (NC): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Toxicology Program (NTP).

[10] Thompson D, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Egestad B, Mickos H, Moldeus P. Formation of glutathione conjugates during oxidation of eugenol by microsomal fractions of rat liver and lung. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;39:1587-1595.

[11] Thompson DC, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Moldeus P. Metabolism and cytotoxicity of eugenol in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 1991;77:137-147.

[12] Minet EF, Daniela G, Meredith C, Massey ED. A comparativein vitrokinetic study of [14C]-eugenol and [14C]-methyleugenol activation and detoxification in human, mouse, and rat liver and lung fractions. Xenobiotica. 2012; 42(5):429-441.

[13] Fischer IU, von Unruh GE, Dengler HJ. The metabolism of eugenol in man. Xenobiotica. 1990 Feb;20(2):209-22.

[14] Sutton JD, Sangster SA, Caldwell J. Dose-dependent variation in the disposition of eugenol in rat. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1985 34: 465-466. Bodell WJ, Ye Q, Pathak DN, Pongracz K. Oxidation of eugenol to form DNA adducts and 8-hydroxy-2''- deoxyguanosine: Role of quinone methide derivative in DNA adduct formation. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:437-443.

EFSA. Scientific Opinion on the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from Commission on Consideration of

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eugenol and related hydroxyallybenzene derivatives evaluated by JECFA (65th meeting) structurally related to ring-substituted phenolic substances evaluated by EFSA in FGE.22 (2006) (question no EFSA-2008 -32L, published on 12 February 2009 by European Food Safety Authority). EFSA J. 2009:ON-965:1 -54. Available at http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/965.htm.

Fischer IU, Von Unruh GE, Dengler HJ. The metabolism of eugenol in man. Xenobiotica 1990;20:209-222.

JECFA. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Sixty-Fifth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, June 7-16, 2005. (WHO Technical Report Series, no 934). Geneva, Switz.: World Health Organization (WHO); 2006a. Available at:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_934_eng.pdf.

JECFA. Eugenol and related hydroxyallylbenzne derivatives\. In: Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Sixty-fifth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (WHO food additives series no. 56). Geneva, Switz.: World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS); 2006b:155 -200. Available at:http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v56je09.pdf/

OECD.InVitroMammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test. In: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. (OECD Guideline no 476) [Adopted 21 July, 1997]. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); 1997a.

OECD. Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test. In: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. (OECD Guideline no 474) [Adopted 21 July 1997]. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); 1997b.

Phillips DH. Further evidence that eugenol does not bind to DNA in vivo. Mutat Res. 1990;245:23-26.

Phillips DH, Reddy MV, Randerath K. (32)P-Post-labelling analysis of DNA adducts formed in the livers of animals treated with safrole, estragole and other naturally- occurring alkenylbenzenes. II. newborn male B6C3F1 mice. Carcinogenesis 1984;5:1623-1628.

Sakano K, Inagaki Y, Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, Kawanishi S. Copper- mediated oxidative DNA damage induced by eugenol: possible involvement of O-demethylation. Mutat Res. 2004;565:35-44.

Sutton D, Sangster S, Caldwell J. Dose-dependent variation in the disposition of eugenol in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1985;34: 465-466

EFSA. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from Commission on Consideration of eugenol and related hydroxyallylbenzene derivatives evaluated by JECFA (65th meeting) structurally related to ring-substituted phenolic substances evaluated by EFSA in FGE.22 (2006) (question no EFSA-2008-32L, published on 12 February 2009 by European Food Safety Authority).

EFSA J. 2009:ON-965:1-54. Available at:http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/965.htm.

Sutton D, Sangster S, Caldwell J (1985). Dose-dependent variation in the disposition of eugenol in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 34(3):465-466.

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

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EUGENYL ACETATE (CAS: 93-28-7) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

230 -- - NOAEL for reproductive was considered to be 230 mg/kg/day, based on a decreased number of male pups per litter during the F0 cohabitation and decreased male and female pup weights during the F1 cohabitation among high-dose group animals (NTP, 2002; Layton et al., 2001).

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) 1670 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit) > 5 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

Under the experimental conditions of this study, the test substance is not classified for skin irritation according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (CLP) and to the GHS. Additional information: An in vitro skin irritation study was performed according to the OECD Guideline 439 and in compliance with GLP, using the EPISKINTM reconstructed human epidermis model.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Under the test conditions, no prediction can be made for the test substance according to the Annex VI of Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (CLP) and to the GHS. Additional information: An in vitro eye irritation study was performed according to the OECD Guideline 438 and in compliance with GLP to evaluate the possible ocular corrosive or severe irritating effects of the test item after administration on enucleated chicken eyes. This study is considered as acceptable and satisfies the requirement for in vitro eye irritation endpoint.

SKIN SENSITISATION

Sensitizer Additional information: In vivo: skin sensitizer Cat. 1B (WoE - LLNA, OECD 429, GLP, Rel. 2) QSAR: Skin sensitiser Cat. 1B (WoE - QSAR models, rel.2)

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

Under the test condition, penetration of test material through excised human epidermis after 72 h was found to be 0.092 ± 0.017 %. Also, high correlation between water solubility and percentage penetration through human epidermis of test material was observed. However due to significant methodological deficiencies, it is considered that the absolute penetration level may not be accurate.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: - Ames Test (OECD 471, GLP, K, rel. 1): non mutagenic up to limit concentration in S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 & E.coli WP2uvrA. - Unscheduled DNA synthesis assay (OECD 482, GLP, K, rel.2) : no induction of UDS in rats hepatocytes.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not classified as toxic to reproductive Additional information: NOAEL for reproductive was considered to be 230 mg/kg/day, based on a decreased number of male pups per litter during the F0 cohabitation and decreased male and female pup weights during the F1 cohabitation among high-dose group animals (NTP, 2002; Layton et al., 2001).

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

A study was performed to quantify the rate of hydrolysis of eugenyl acetate in rat skin cytosol, rat skin microsomes, rat hepatic S-9, rat hepatic microsomes and human microsomes (male and female). Eugenyl acetate (500 µM) was incubated with microsomal protein (0.0125 mg/mL for microsomes and 0.1 mg/mL for S-9 fraction for 3 minutes) and skin protein (0.0375 mg/mL for microsomes and 0.1 mg/mL for cytosol for 15 minutes) at 37 °C. Kinetic constants Vmax, Km and CLint (defined as the Vmax/Km ratio) were determined by HPLC. Incubation of isoeugenyl acetate (500 μM) with microsomal protein (0.0125 mg/mL) revealed that hydrolysis was complete within approximately 20 minutes of incubation. Kinetic analysis of the hydrolytic reaction in hepatic microsomes (39 -970 μM, 3 minutes incubation) yielded Vmax (nmol/minute/mg of protein): 3829 (rat), 3656 (human male) and 2748 (human female); Km (μM): 97 (rat), 89 (human male) and 52 (human female); and CLint (mL/minute): 39.6 (rat), 41.3 (human male) and 52.9 (human female). Preliminary results demonstrated that rat plasma and preparations of rat skin also readily hydrolyse eugenyl acetate into eugenol. Kinetic analysis of the hydrolytic reaction in rat skin microsomes and cytosol (39 -970 μM, 15 minutes incubation) yielded Vmax (nmol/minute/mg of protein): 114 (skin cytosol ) and 505 (skin microsomes); Km (μM): 216 (skin cytosol) and 223 (skin microsomes) and CLint (mL/minute): 0.5 (skin cytosol) and 2.9 (skin microsomes). Kinetic analysis of the hydrolytic reaction in rat hepatic S-9 fraction (39 -970 μM, 3 minutes incubation) yielded Vmax = 60 nmol/minute/mg of protein, Km: 173 μM and CLint = 0.4 mL/minute. Under the test conditions, eugenyl acetate was rapidly hydrolysed by liver, plasma and skin esterases to the corresponding alcohol, eugenol. The most extensive activity of the esterases was observed in the hepatic microsomal fraction. There was stoichiometric conversion to eugenol of hepatic, blood and skin preparations incubated with the test material. The most extensive activity was observed in the hepatic microsomal fraction. Slow rate of hydrolysis of esters in skin correlates with their decreased sensitization potential. Under the conditions of this study, test material absorption into the systemic circulation would be minimal following dermal or oral exposure. Rapid hydrolytic conversion by enzymes in the liver, blood and skin, as well as in the intestinal fluid and intestinal cells, would limit systemic exposure to the parent molecules.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

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not induce photo toxicity Additional information: Based on available UV/Vis spectra, eugenyl acetate would not be expected to present a concern for phototoxicity or photoallergenicity. UV/Vis absorption spectra (OECD TG 101) for eugenyl acetate were obtained. The spectra indicate minor absorbance in the range of 290–700 nm. The molar absorption coefficient is below the benchmark of concern for phototoxic effects, 1000 L mol− 1 ∙ cm− 1 (Henry et al., 2009).

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - NTP, 2002; Layton et al., 2001.

GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE (CAS: 29031-19-4) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

2149 -- - https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cot/tox200826.pdf

Additional information: A NOAEL of 2700 mg/kw bw was reported in rats given glucosamine sulphate for 52 weeks. The NOAEL in dogs given glucosamine for 26 weeks was 2149 mg/kg bw/day (Setnikar et al, 1991).

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 8000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not classified as skin irritant

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not classified as eye irritant

SKIN SENSITISATION

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Formula Code -

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

Skin permeation of Glucosamine Sulfate was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley full-thickness rat skin. Freshly excised rat skin was mounted between the donor and receptor cell (area of diffusion was 2.14 cm2 ). Donor cells, facing the stratum corneum surface, contained 5% Glucosamine Sulfate aqueous solution (3 ml). Receptor cells, which faced the dermis side, were filled with normal saline solution (12 ml). At predetermined time intervals, 0.5 mL of the receptor solution was withdrawn and refilled with the same volume of fresh receptor solution. Samples were analyzed by HPLC. The skin permeation rate (amount recovered in receptor fluid) was determined to be 13.27 µg/cm2 /h. MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Blood levels, tissue distribution, and excretion patterns of radioactivity were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats (44 rats/ sex) after oral administration of Glucosamine HCl diluted with unlabeled Glucosamine Sulfate (dose not reported). Plasma, urine, feces, blood, and organs/tissues were evaluated for radiolabel concentrations. At 1 - 2 h after administration, Glucosamine radioactivity was bound to or incorporated into plasma proteins. After peaking at 2 - 4 h, radioactivity declined from plasma at a slower rate (t1/2 = 46 h). Approximately half of the radioactivity was excreted as [ 14C]carbon dioxide, and 40% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine. Only 2% of the administered dose was excreted in feces. Radioactivity analysis in tissues and organs revealed that the from the labeled Glucosamine quickly entered into all tissues, included cartilage, reaching a maximum at 8 h.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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The penetration The penetration of a 10% Glucosamine Sulfate cream into the synovial fluid of patients with knee osteoarthritis (134 subjects/group) was evalauted. For treated groups, cream (2 g) was placed on the knee, for 1-3 h, followed by synovial fluid collection. A control group was not subjected to any treatment, but their synovial fluid was collected. Synovial fluid from both treated and control groups was evaluated for Glucosamine concentrations via HPLC. The mean Glucosamine concentrations in treated and control patients were 100.56 ng/ml and 17.83 ng/ml, respectively (p < 0.0001). ADME The pharmacokinetics of Glucosamine after oral administration of crystalline Glucosamine Sulfate and Glucosamine HCl were evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers (5 male and 7 female). 25 Volunteers received once-daily, oral administrations of crystalline Glucosamine Sulfate soluble powder at a dose of 1500 mg, or Glucosamine HCl capsules at a dose of 500 mg, for 3 consecutive days, alone, or in combination with chondroitin sulfate (400 mg). Glucosamine was determined at steady state in plasma collected up to 48 h after the last dose by a validated LC-MS/MS method. After Glucosamine Sulfate administration, peak concentrations (Css, max) and extent of exposure (AUCss) averaged 9.1 ± 6.3 µM and 76.5 ± 23.0 µM/h, respectively. Significantly lower plasma concentrations (p ≤ 0.005) were determined after the administration of Glucosamine HCl alone (Css, max and AUCss averaged 4.5 ± 1.8 µM and 21.4 ± 7.6 µM/h, respectively), or in combination with chondroitin sulfate (Css, max and AUCss averaged 3.3 ± 1.0 µM and 13.8 ± 5.4 µM/h, respectively). CLINICAL STUDIES Case Reports A 76-yr-old woman with arterial hypertension and osteoarthritis was referred for evaluation after an episode of urticaria after drug intake. The patient was prescribed Glucosamine Sulfate for osteoarthritis, and suffered from erythematous lesions and facial swelling within several hours after Glucosamine Sulfate intake. The following day, 5 min after a new dose, the patient developed tongue, facial, and throat swelling with facial erythema. She was treated in the emergency department with antihistamines and corticosteroids. Symptoms resolved within 4 h. After a washout period, a skin prick test and intradermal test with Glucosamine Sulfate was performed. The skin prick test yielded negative results, however, the intradermal test (concentration of 1.5 mg/ml) yielded positive results with a papule of 35 mm2 . The intradermal test in 10 healthy volunteers was negative. RISK ASSESSMENT Glucosamine Sulfate: The Norwegian Food Safety Authority calculated margin of safety (MoS) values for the use of 10% Glucosamine Sulfate in a body lotion, leg cream, and face cream, and from overall exposure from cosmetics. These values were calculated assuming 100% dermal absorption, a NOAEL value of 430 mg/kg/d, and a calculated relative daily exposure of 123.20, 43.50, and 24.13 mg/kg bw/d, for the body lotion, leg cream, and face cream, respectively.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EFSA, European Food Safety Agency

GLYCERIN (CAS: 56-81-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

10000 -- - European Chemical Agency ECHA.EU https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14481/7/6/1

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

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Formula Code -

LD50 (oral) rat 27,200 mg/kg Results for natural and synthetic glycerine were comparable with an oral LD50 of 27,200 mg/kg. LC50 (inhalation) rat 5.85 mg/L LD50 (dermal) guinea pigs 56,750 mg/kg

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

A round-robin testing program was conducted in 14 laboratories. The dermal irritation potential was examined. Glycerin was considered to be non irritating to the skin in rabbit irritation studies in 14 testing laboratories.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

A round-robin testing program was conducted in 20 laboratories. The eye irritation potential was examined.

Based on the results obtained from 20 different testing laboratories, glycerin was considered to be nonirritating in 19 laboratories and of questionable irritation in one laboratory.

SKIN SENSITISATION

Glycerol failed to provoke an SI of 3 or more at any test concentration examined, despite employing relatively high doses of material (maximum concentration 100%) and is thus considered to be non-sensitising.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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Formula Code -

In the available evaluations performed by official bodies (OECD 2002, EFSA 2017) a number of additional genotoxicity toxicity studies were evaluated and summarised. The overall conclusion was that there is no in-vitro or in-vivo data that indicates glycerol to have a genotoxic potential.

EFSA conclusion: Glycerol did not show any genotoxic activity in different in vitro assays, which include negative results in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), in chromosome aberration assays and in studies on DNA damage in mammalian cells. Questionable results obtained in a HGPRT gene mutation assay did not show a dose–response effect and were therefore judged of no biological significance. A lack of valid in vivo genotoxicity data was not of concern since clear negative findings were observed in in vitro assays. On this basis, the Panel considered that glycerol as a food additive did not raise concern with respect to genotoxicity.

OECD conclusion: There are no structural alerts (expert judgement) which raise concern for the inherent mutagenic potential of glycerol. In vitro, glycerol was negative (with and without metabolic activation) in Ames tests and did not induce chromosomal effects in mammalian cells. The responses seen in a limited gene mutation study in mammalian cells are of uncertain biological relevance as the doses were not maximised. Only two in vivo studies are available. A negative result was observed in a chromosome aberration test, and an increase (not statistically significant) in post implantation loss was seen in a rat dominant lethal assay. However, for both assays, the limited details reported and absence of a positive control, mean no reliable conclusions can be drawn from the in vivo data.

Thus, overall, there is no in vitro or in vivo data that indicates glycerol to have a genotoxic potential.

CARCINOGENICITY

There was no indication of a carcinogenic response in rats fed 8000 mg/kg/day glycerol in the diet for 2 years.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

The study has limitations but there was no evidence of any adverse effects on reproductive parameters. NOAEL (chronic) rat 2 000 mg/kg bw/day There is no evidence of a developmental toxicity effect in rats, mice and rabbits. The highest dose levels ranged from 1180 mg/kg/day in rabbits to 1310 mg/kg/day in rats.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Glycerol is considered a primordial biomolecule found in all species of living organisms. It is a building block for lipid synthesis and one of the end products of lipid metabolism. Glycerol is also one of the degradation products of glucose metabolism. Reliable information about toxicokinetics is available from literature and was evaluated and summarised by the OECD (SIDS Initial Assessment Report 2002) and EFSA (Re- evaluation of glycerol (E 422) as a food additive 2017). There was no new relevant information identified up to and including 2021 (most recent literature research).

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not phototoxic

DATA ON MAN

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In a study of 420 patients with eczema, 419 showed no irritation or sensitization when tested with a 50% solution in water. One individual reportedly was sensitized but the study design does not prove that. The dermal irritation potential was examined in 33 humans, 30 female and 3 male. Under the conditions of the study, Glycerine USP (25% concentration) exhibited no clinical irritation when tested in humans.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- European Chemical Agency ECHA. - FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FDA - Cosmetic Ingredient Review CIR - Worth Publishers, Inc., 70 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 1970

GLYCERYL STEARATE SE (CAS: 11099-07-3) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/2133/7/6/1 Additional information: All available subacute, subchronic and chronic repeated dose toxicity studies resulted in NOAELs ≥ 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 5 000 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (ratl) > 2 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritating All available studies on skin and eye irritation showed no irritating potential of the category members.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritating All available studies on skin and eye irritation showed no irritating potential of the category members.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising All available studies showed no skin sensitisation potential of the category members.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: In none of these studies mutagenicity in bacteria could be observed. In none of these studies clastogenic effects in mammalian cells could be observed. In none of these studies mutagenicity in mammalian cells could be observed.

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcinogenic Additional information: Based on expert judgment, there is no evidence that members of the Glycerides category cause carcinogenicity.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: Based on the results of the study, the NOAEL for developmental toxicity in male and female rats of the F1 and F2 generation was 1342 and 2262 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. These doses corresponded to a concentration of 25000 ppm of the test substance in the diet. Overall conclusion fordevelopmental toxicity/teratogenicity The available data on the developmental toxicity/teratogenicity of Glycerides comprise reproductive/developmental toxicity screening studies (see Toxicity to reproduction) as well as (pre-natal) developmental toxicity studies with category members. Only one study reported foetal effects in rabbits given 4280 mg/kg bw/day of Medium Chain Triglycerides, attributable to maternal toxicity. The substance did not produce any effects in rats at the same dose level and in rabbits given 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Altogether, no effects on (pre-natal) development were observed in any of studies in rats, rabbits and mice. NOAEL values for (pre-natal) developmental toxicity were all at or well above the currently applied limit dose value of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Thus, no hazard was identified. Based on the available data and following the category approach, all members of the Glycerides category are considered to have no toxic effects on intrauterine development.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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Bioaccumulation of fatty acids takes place, if their intake exceeds the caloric requirements of the organism. In the study by St-Pierre (2004) with 12-[1-14C]acetoxy-octadecanoic acid-2,3-diacetoxy-propyl ester (surrogate of Glycerides, castor-oil-mono, hydrogenated, acetates (CAS 736150-63-3), systemic distribution of the radiolabelled material was confirmed in rats. Radioactivity was detected in all tissues and organs sampled (adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract and content, kidneys and adrenals, liver, thymus and the remaining carcass) with highest levels recovered in the gastrointestinal tract, liver and the remaining carcass. Due to excretion and absorption of the radiolabelled material, the radioactivity content in the gastrointestinal tract decreased rapidly over the course of the study (168 h). This was similar for the radioactivity recovered in liver, whereas the radioactivity found in the carcasses was nearly constant at the selected time points, indicating that the radiolabelled material may have been distributed to other tissues than the ones selected for analyses. Based on the results of this study, no bioaccumulation potential was observed for 12-acetoxy-octadecanoic acid-2,3-diacetoxy-propyl ester. Metabolism Glycerol can be metabolised to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be incorporated in the standard metabolic pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Fatty acids are degraded by mitochondrial β-oxidation which takes place in the most animal tissues and uses an enzyme complex for a series of oxidation and hydration reactions resulting in the cleavage of acetate groups in form of acetyl CoA. The alkyl chain length is thus reduced by 2 carbon atoms in each β-oxidation cycle. The complete oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid requires an additional isomerisation step. Alternative pathways for oxidation can be found in the liver (ω-oxidation) and the brain (α-oxidation). Thus iso-fatty acids such as isooctadecanoic acid have been found to be activated by acyl coenzyme A synthetase of rat liver homogenates and to be metabolised to a large extent by ω-oxidation. Each two-carbon unit resulting from β-oxidation enters the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA, through which they are completely oxidized to CO2. Acetate, resulting from hydrolysis of acetylated Glycerides, is readily absorbed and feeds naturally into physiological pathways of the body and can be utilized in oxidative metabolism or in anabolic syntheses (CIR, 1983, 1987; IOM, 2005; Lehninger, 1998; Lippel, 1973; Stryer, 1996; WHO, 1967, 1974, 1975, 2001; Adolph, 1999). Excretion As far as Glycerides are not hydrolysed in the gastrointestinal tract, they are excreted in the faeces. In general, the hydrolysis products glycerol and fatty acids are catabolised entirely by oxidative physiologic pathways ultimately leading to the production of carbon dioxide and water. Glycerol, being a polar molecule can readily be excreted in the urine. Small amounts of ketone bodies resulting from the oxidation of fatty acids are excreted via the urine (Lehninger, 1998; IOM, 2005; Stryer, 1996). In rats given a single dose of 12-[1-14C]acetoxy-octadecanoic acid-2,3-diacetoxy-propyl ester at 5000 mg/kg bw, the mean total recovery of radioactivity in the excreta of the 72 h period post-dose was 108.5% of the dose (urine, 6.5%; faeces, 24.5%; CO2, 77%; and cage wash, 0.5%). Most of the recovered radioactivity (97.5%) was excreted by 24 h post dose (St-Pierre, 2004). The results thus confirm that Glycerides are mainly excreted as CO2 in the expired air as a result of metabolism. A detailed reference list is provided in the technical dossier (see IUCLID, section 13) and within the CSR.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not phototoxic

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DATA ON MAN

Medium chain and long chain triglycerides are used in humans for parenteral nutrition. Well tolerated intravenous concentrations during a 12 hour infusion were found to be 100 mg triglycerides/kg bw/h.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL (CAS: 84776-03-4 / 8001-21-6/ 164250-88-8) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

9250 -- - ECHA, European Chemical Agency. This NOAEL data of Soybean oil, deodorizer distillate which is closest in chemical composition, production technology and properties.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

Not expected to be acutely toxic. Ingestion of a single dose is unlikely to cause harm.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

Not expected to be classified as corrosive/irritant to skin

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Not classified as an eye irritant or considered seriously damaging to the eye.

SKIN SENSITISATION

Not expected to be classified as a respiratory sensitizer. Does not demonstrate potential for skin sensitization.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

Not expected to be classified as germ cell mutagenic, carcinogenic nor as a reproductive toxicant. This substance or mixture is not found on the following international and US lists: NTP, IARC, and OSHA.

CARCINOGENICITY

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Not expected to be classified as germ cell mutagenic, carcinogenic nor as a reproductive toxicant. This substance or mixture is not found on the following international and US lists: NTP, IARC, and OSHA.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Not expected to be classified as germ cell mutagenic, carcinogenic nor as a reproductive toxicant. This substance or mixture is not found on the following international and US lists: NTP, IARC, and OSHA.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (SINGLE EXPOSURE): Not expected to be classified as a specific target organ toxicant (single exposure). SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (REPEATED EXPOSURE): Not expected to be classified as a specific target organ toxicant (repeated exposure). ASPIRATION HAZARD: Not expected to be classified as presenting an aspiration hazard.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

According data of CIR experts HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL using on human''s body is safe

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - ECHA, European Chemical Agency - FDA, Food and Drug Administration - CIR, Cosmetic Ingredient Review

HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES OIL (CAS: 225234-03-7 / 90106-68-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

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9220 -- - Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 91, December 2017, Pages 50-57 Additionl information: Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been traditionally used as medicine and nutritional supplement for a long period of time. However, information on the systemic toxicity and safety evaluation of seabuckthorn and its extracts is still scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of seabuckthorn oil by an acute oral toxicity study in mice and a 90-day repeated oral toxicity study in rats. No mortality or signs of toxicity was observed in mice treated with 20 mL/kg body weight seabuckthorn oil in the acute toxicity study. In the subchronic toxicity study, 80 Sprague-Dawley rats (10 animals per sex per treatment group) were administrated with 10, 5, 2.5 and 0 (control) mL/kg body weight of seabuckthorn oil daily for 90 days by gavage. There were no signs of toxicity and treatment-related changes in rats treated with seabuckthorn oil on mortality, body and organ weights, food consumption, blood biochemistry and hematology, gross necropsy and histopathological examinations. Based on the finding of this study, the maximum tolerated dose of seabuckthorn oil was >20 mL/kg for mice for acute toxicity study, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level was 10 mL/kg body weight for both male and female rats for 90-day toxicity study. In source NOAEL were done by volume, take to account density which is 0,922 g/cm3, calculation made to mass: m = Vd = 0,922 g/cm3*10 ml = 9,22 g = 9220 mg/kg bw.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

During the 14 day single dose acute toxicity study, no adverse effects were observed in mice treated with 20 mL/kg body weight of seabuckthorn oil.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritant Additional information: In an acute dermal study albino rabbit were treated by 0,5 ml Hippophae rhamnoides oil for 4 h, after cleaned, no dermal irritation were observed.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritant

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genototxic

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcirogenic

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive

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TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

not bioaccumulative Additional infromation: Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been traditionally used as medicine and nutritional supplement for a long period of time.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not induce photo toxicity

DATA ON MAN

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been traditionally used as medicine and nutritional supplement for a long period of time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 91, December 2017, Pages 50-57 - MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

HYDROLYZED COMARUM PALUSTRE ROOT/STEM EXTRACT (CAS: ) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

300 -- - Lund and Rimpler, 1985. Earlier studies: Rodewald, 1950

Additional information: Only few studies have addressed potential toxicity of Potentilla species and their extracts. No signs of acute toxicity could be observed after intraperitoneal and oral application of a Potentilla erecta rhizome extract (prepared with a water–acetone mixture) in doses up to 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight, respectively.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

no data

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data

SKIN SENSITISATION

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no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European medical agency - Journal of Ethnopharmacology: https://hortus-medicus.ch/wp-content/uploads/Potentilla_Rev.pdf

INULA HELENIUM EXTRACT (CAS: 84012-20-4) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

83 -- - ScienceDirect, 2025. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/elecampane

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

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no data

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - ScienceDirect, 2025. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/elecampane

ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE (CAS: 110-27-0) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16077/7/6/1 Additional information: Based on a weight of evidence approach, all available subacute and subchronic repeated dose toxicity studies resulted in NOAELs of 1000 mg/kg bw/day or greater.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw Additional information: In summary, several studies are available studying the acute oral toxicity of SCAE C2-C8 Category members resulting in oral LD50 values greater than 2000 mg/kg bw. For acute inhalation toxicity three studies are available within the SCAE C2-C8 Category. From these studies a LC50 value of > 5 mg/L was determined. Acute dermal toxicity data from two category members consistently showed no effects at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg bw. Thus, the available data indicate a very low level of acute toxicity for the category members and thus no hazard for acute oral, inhalative and dermal toxicity was identified.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritating Additional information: Based on the results of the available animal studies as well as according to the results on human skin, none of the substances within the fatty acid C2-8 ester category is considered skin irritating. Therefore, based on a weight of evidence approach, no classification for skin irritation for all substances within the fatty acid C2-8 esters category is required.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritating Additional information: A primary eye irritation study was conducted equivalent to EU Method B.5 with 3 New Zealand White rabbits. One eye of the rabbits was exposed to 0.1 mL test substance for 24 h and subsequently scored for reactions. The readings revealed no indications for a eye irritating potential of isopropyl myristate.

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SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising Additional information: Taken together, all available data for assessment of the skin sensitising potential indicate that members of the category Fatty acid C2-8 esters have no skin sensitisation potential and classificationaccording to EU classification criteria for skin sensitisation is not required. Based on a weight of evidence approach, SCAE C2-C8 have no sensitsing potential.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

Dermal absorption of isopropyl myristate was predicted to be 0.00020 mg/cm2/event (very low).

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: In none of these studies mutagenicity in bacteria could be observed. In none of these studies clastogenic effects in mammalian cells could be observed. In none of these studies mutagenicity in mammalian cells could be observed.

CARCINOGENICITY

not classified as carcirogenic Additional information: Based on expert judgment, there is no evidence that members of the SCAE C2-8 cause carcinogenicity.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not classified as toxic to reproductive Additional information: Studies on reproduction toxicity/fertility were available for the following category members (CAS#): 111-62-6 and 123-95-5. For ethyl oleate and butyl stearate a 90-day subchronic NOAEL for fertility was found to be 5500 and 6000 mg/kg bw/d in rats. The NOAEL for maternal and developmental toxicity for 2-ethylhexylstearate (CAS# 91031-48-0) and for 2-ethyl hexyl stearate (CAS# 22047-49-0) was found to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

The log Pow of 5 to 11 indicates that the substances are highly lipophilic and may have the ability to pass through biological membranes and some of the category members with very high log Pow may even have the ability to accumulate in the body.

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Formula Code -

Absorption All available studies of all category members on the acute oral toxicity resulted in acute oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw in rodents. This suggests that the SCAE C2-C8 members are either of low toxicity or there is little absorption of the substances following oral ingestion. It is possible that absorption through the gastrointestinal tract could occur by micecullar solubilisation, as this mechanism is of importance for highly lipophilic substances, particularly those who are poorly soluble in water (1mg/L or less). The rate at which SCAE C2- C8 molecules diffuse across membranes could limit their distribution. QSAR based dermal permeability regarding molecular weight, log Pow and water solubility, calculated a dermal absorption of 0.892 – 39.9 cm/ h (DERMWIN v2.00, 2009) for the SCAE C2-C8 category members. This value is considered as an indicator that the substances in the SCAE C2-C8 category have low potential for dermal absorption. For the SCAE C2-C8 category members with log Pow above 4, the rate of penetration may be limited by the rate of transfer between the stratum corneum and the epidermis, but uptake into the stratum corneum will be high. And those with log Pow above 6, the rate of transfer between the stratum corneum and the epidermis will be slow and will limit absorption across the skin. Uptake into the stratum corneum itself may be slow. The substance must be sufficiently soluble in water to partition from the stratum corneum into the epidermis. Therefore the water solubility of less than 1 mg/L for the SCAE C2-C8 suggests that dermal uptake is likely to be low. Overall the calculated low dermal absorption potential, low water solubility, high molecular weight (>100) and the high log Pow value suggests that dermal uptake of SCAE C2-C8 in humans is considered as very limited and the dermal exposition is considered negligible for hazard assessment. SCAE C2-C8 category members all have low vapour pressure of ≤ 0.357 Pa at 25°C (QSAR); therefore indicating that inhalation as a vapour will be minimal. Also, butyl stearate: (CAS No: 123-95-5) is a waxy solid, therefore the particles paste together and thus the risk of forming respirable dust is minimal. Highly lipophilic substances will tend to concentrate in adipose tissue and depending on the conditions of exposure may accumulate. Although there is no direct correlation between the lipophilicity of a substance and its biological half-life, it is generally the case that substances with high log Pow values have long biological half-lives. The high log Pow of 6 to 11 of some of the substances indicates that some SCAE C2-C8 may have the potential to accumulate in adipose tissue. Metabolism The Fatty Acid SCAE Et-, Bu, Prop- and EtHe esters (SCAE C2-C8) are likely to be metabolised like any other dietary fats. High molecular weight aliphatic esters are readily hydrolysed to the corresponding alcohol and acid and then generally oxidised to carbon dioxide and water via well known metabolism of breakdown into two-carbon fragments which are used by the body for energy and building blocks for synthesis. During digestion, they are hydrolysed to the free fatty acids for absorption from the intestine into the blood stream aided by lipase enzymes and bile salts as demonstrated in the rat by Mattson et al. (IUCLID section 7.1.1, Mattson and Volpenhain, 1972). Once formed the free fatty acid is metabolised by known oxidative processes or they are reconstituted into glyceride esters and stored in the fat depots in the body. The liver will be the primary site of metabolism of ethanol, butanol, isopropanol and ethylhexanol, where it will undergo phase I and phase II metabolism. Through a series of oxidative steps the alcohols will be oxidised to the corresponding aldehyde and acid and finally detoxified to carbon dioxide. Studies on genotoxicity (Ames-Test, gene mutation in mammalian cells in-vitro, cytogenicity tests in vitro and micronucleus assay in-vivo) were negative, i.e. there is no indication of a reactivity of SCAE C2-C8 or its metabolites under the test conditions. Excretion The main route of excretion is expected to by expired air as CO2. The second route of excretion is expected to be by biliary excretion and the feces. Exemplarily, experimental data of ethyl oleate (is the ethyl ester of oleic acid) provided this assumption: 14C-labeled carbon of 5 mL/kg of ethyl oleate (CAS No. 111-62-6) was rapidly excreted in respiration CO2 (approximately 70%), faeces (7 -10%), and urine (1-2%), with essentially complete elimination by 72 hours after administration (IUCLID section 7.1.1, Bookstaff, 2003).

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

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no data

DATA ON MAN

Sensitisation data In a study with human volunteers the test substance did not show a skin sensitisation potential.

Exposure related observations in humans: other data: This study showed that there were no clinically significant negative effects from consuming ethyl oleate at levels up to 16 g/day (approximately 200 mg/kg bw) for 12 weeks.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- HERA http://www.heraproject.com - MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FRUIT EXTRACT (CAS: 84603-69-0) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

120 -- - Data were taken from Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC): Assessment report on Juniperus communis L., pseudofructus (galbulus), 20 July 2022 EMA/HMPC/241319/2021

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 5 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

Category 2 (irritant) based on GHS criteria

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Category 2 (irritating to eyes) based on GHS criteria

SKIN SENSITISATION

Skin sensitisation: skin sensitizer, based on available human data and the presence of classified ingredients.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

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Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: A Bacterial Reverse mutation Assay (Ames test) was performed according to OECD test guideline No 471 with Juniper oil. No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. Juniper oil does not induce gene mutations in bacteria under the test conditions whereas the positive control chemical (with and without metabolic activation) induced significant increase of colonies. Juniper oil is therefore considered as non-mutagenic according to the Ames test.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: The antifertility and abortifacient activitiesofJuniperusCom- munis Extract (ethanolic extract) were evaluated using groups of 10 colony-bred, female Swiss albino rats (weights D 140– 180 g). Two additional experiments were also conducted to con- rm suspected abortifacient activity. Females were mated with mature males (three females per male) of proven fertility. After mating, two groups of female rats received oral doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively, on days 1 to 7 of pregnancy. Each dose of the testsubstance was prepared with an equal amount of gum acacia, thoroughly mixed and suspended in distilled water. The 10 control rats were dosed with gum acacia suspension according to the same procedure. On day 10 of preg- nancy, the rats were laparotomized under light ether anesthesia to determine the presence of implantation sites in both uterine horns. Wounds were sutured and, on days 14, 15, and 16, the same doses were administered only to rats with implantation sites. Rats were laparotomized on day 18 to determine abortifa- cient activity, and sutured rats were allowed to deliver. On day 10 of pregnancy, no implantation sites were present in 5 of 10 rats dosed with 300 mg/kg and in 8 of 10 rats dosed with 500 mg/kg. Implantation sites were observed in all control rats. Compared to controls, the average number of embryos was signi cantly re- duced in the group dosed with 500 mg/kg. Following the administration of doses(days 14, 15, and 16) to the remaining rats with implantation sites, only three of ve rats dosed with 300 mg/kg and neither of the two rats dosed with 500 mg/kg had implants on day 18. These results for rats with implantation sites were indicative of early abortions. For rats in which pregnancies continued, delivery was not possible; thus, the remaining embryos were aborted later (Agrawal, Bharadwaj, and Mathur 1980). A second experiment evaluating the abortifacient activity of Juniperus Communis Extract was conducted according to the procedure in the preceding paragraph, with the exception that doses(300 or 500 mg/kg)were administered to groups of ve rats only on days 14, 15, and 16 of pregnancy. Following parturition, the number of litters delivered was determined. In both dose groups, early or late abortions resulted and no pups were born. All control rats had implantation sites on day 18, and the average number of pups delivered was 9.5 § 1.8. Neither body weight loss nor side effects was/were noted in this experiment or the preceding experiment (Agrawal, Bharadwaj, and Mathur 1980). In a third set of experiments, three of the rats without implants on day 10 were allowed to mate with males after 2 months of rest. Although the matings were successful, no implantations were reported (Agrawal, Bharadwaj, and Mathur 1980). Based on the results of the preceding three experiments, the investigators concluded that Juniperus Communis Extract had antifertility and abortifacient effects in rats, but was not teratogenic.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

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PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

not induce photo toxicity Additional information see DATA ON THE MAN The phototoxicity of undiluted Juniper Berry Oil was evalu- ated using hairless mice and swine. No phototoxic effects were reported (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials 1976)

DATA ON MAN

Sensitisation data (human) Two hundred consecutive patients and 50 subjects positive to balsams were tested with the 35 essential oils including Juniper berries. Of the 20 patients positive to balsam of Peru and negative to other balsams, one patient showed positive reactions to Juniper. Of the 23 patients positive to turpentine and negative to other balsams, one patient showed positive reactions to Juniper. Of the 31 patients positive to turpentine, one patient showed positive reactions to Juniper. Of the 31 patients positive to balsam of Peru, one patient showed positive reactions to Juniper. Under the test conditions, Juniper oil induced skin sensitization in human.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European Medical Agency - Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Juniperus Communis Extract, Juniperus Oxycedrus Extract, Juniperus Oxycedrus Tar, Juniperus Phoenicea Extract, and Juniperus Virginiana Extract- Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC)

MEDICAGO SATIVA EXTRACT (CAS: 84082-36-0) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

166 -- - EFSA, https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.997

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 3 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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non-irritant Additional information: The Reconstructed Human Epidermis test, conducted according to OECD test guideline 439 and to GLP, was performed to evaluate skin irritation potential of Alfalfa, ext. After 60-minute exposure on the surface of the EpiDerm constructed epidermis, and 42 ± 4 hours post exposure incubation time, viability of the tissue was assessed and compared to the negative (DPBS) and positive control (SDS). The percentage of viability obtained was 95.3% and therefore, Alfalfa, ext. was classified as non-irritant to the skin.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not classified as eye irritant Additional information: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test, conducted according to OECD test guideline 437 and to GLP, was performed to evaluate the eye hazard potential of Alfalfa, ext. The undiluted test item was applied for 10 minutes then rinsed followed by an incubation period of 120 minutes. Negative and positive control items were tested concurrently. The two endpoints, decreased light transmission through the cornea (opacity) and increased passage of sodium fluorescein dye through the cornea (permeability) were combined in an empirically derived formula to generate an In Vitro Irritancy Score. The In Vitro Irritancy Score for Alfalfa, ext. was determined at 5.9; therefore, no prediction of eye irritation can be made.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitising Additional information: In an in vitro KeratinoSens test (key event 2), conducted according to OECD test guideline 442D and to GLP, the skin sensitisation potential of Alfalfa, ext. was determined negative. In an in vitro Human Cell Line Activation test (key event 3), conducted according to OECD test guideline 442E and to GLP, the skin sensitisation potential of Alfalfa, ext. was determined positive. In the murine Local Lymph Node Assay (key event 4), conducted according to OECD test guideline 429 and to GLP, Alfalfa, ext. was not considered as a skin sensitizer. Based on the available in vitro and in vivo data, Alfalfa, ext. is not classified as a skin sensitizer according to criteria set out in the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Bacterial Reverse Mutation assay conducted according to OECD test guideline 471 and to GLP was performed to determine mutagenic potential of Alfalfa, ext. In the dose-range finding study, the test item was initially tested up to concentrations of 5000 µg/plate in the strains TA100 and WP2uvrA in the direct plate assay. The bacterial background lawn was not reduced at any of the concentrations tested and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants was observed. Results of this dose-range finding test were reported as part of the first mutation assay. In the first mutation experiment, the test item was tested at a concentration range of 52 to 5000 µg/plate in the strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA102. The test item did not precipitate on the plates at these dose levels. The bacterial background lawn was not reduced at any of the concentrations tested and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants was observed. In the second mutation experiment, the test item was tested at a concentration range of 52 to 5000 µg/plate in the tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and TA102 in the pre-incubation assay. The bacterial background lawn was not reduced at any of the concentrations tested and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants was observed. The test item did not induce any increase in the number of revertant (His+) colonies in any of the five Salmonella tester strains and in the number of revertant (Trp+) colonies in E. coli tester strain WP2uvrA both in the absence and presence of S9-metabolic activation. The acetone extract of alfalfa was tested in the Ames assay in two Salmonella strains, TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation (S9). It did not increase the number of revertants in either Salmonella strain. A phyto-preparation derived from alfalfa extract was tested in the Ames assay in TA98, TA100 and TA1537 strains with and without metabolic activation (S9) at concentrations up to 50’000 µg/plate. It did not increase the number of revertants in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. SOS chromotest in the Escherichia coli PQ37 test strain was performed to determine the DNA-damaging potential of the phyto-preparation derived from alfalfa extract applied at 20 different concentrations (0.0734 to 38 500 µg/ml). Under the test conditions, the phyto-preparation did not to induce the SOS functions in Escherichia coli, indicating that it has no DNA-damaging potential.

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EFSA, European Food Safety Agency

MENTHOL (CAS: 1490-04-6 / 2216-51-5 / 89-78-1 / 15356-60-2 ) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

188 -- - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/. Additional information: In a valid 2 years oral feed study in rats the NOAELs were 375 mg/kg bw/d for male rats and 667 mg/kg bw/d for male and female mice. For female rats the NOAEL is 188 mg/kg based on slightly reduced body weight at 375 mg/kg bw. For repeated dermal and inhalative toxicity no valid studies are available.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 (oral) rat 3180 mg/kg bw LD50 (dermal) rabbit >5000 mg/kg LC50 (inhalation) rat 5289 mg/m3 NO(A)EL rat: Males&females: <4225 mg/m³ Acute Toxicity: other routes: LD50 of menthols from natural sources and synthetically produced was 1000 to 2500 mg/kg bw in rats. In the reliable acute oral toxicity study demonstrated a low systemic toxicity with a LD50 higher than 2000 mg/kg bw.

In the acute inhalation study a LC50 > 5000 mg/m³ was (rat, aerosol, 4 h) was determined.

According to CLP classification criteria (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008) a classification is therefore not justified.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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According CLP: H315: Causes skin irritation. Specific concentration limits: Concentration range (%): > 25 Hazard categories: Skin Irrit. 2 Additional data:The day before the experiment was started the rabbits were weighed and an area of 10 x 10 cm on the back was clipped as closely as possible with an electric clipper. On the experimental day the rabbits were physically restrained on a test table, and the backs were treated on six different fields: Two anterior treatment sites, two centrally located test sites and two posterior treatment sites. To each of the fields about 0.5 ml of one of the test concentrations was applied and covered with gauze packs, 2.5 x 2.5 cm. The gauze packs were secured with a cross of 1 cm wide adhesive tape and fixed with Scanpor tape, 7.5 cm width, loosely wound round the trunk. Five test concentrations were used: 100%, 50%, 25%, 5%, or 1%. After an exposure time of 4 hours the tape and packs were remoced and the treated skin was cleaned with soap and lukewarm water. The skin reactions were read. With the undiluted test substance menthol was irritating to the skin (erythema sore: 3 and and edema score: 3). The undiluted compounds were irritating to the skin. Dilution of the compounds led to a pronounced decrease in the irritating properties of the compounds. No skin reaction at all were observed for D-menthol and menthol liquid at 5 % dilution and for L- and D/L-menthol at 1 % dilution.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

According CLP: H319: Causes serious eye irritation. Specific concentration limits: Concentration range (%): > 25 Hazard categories: Eye Irrit. 2 Additional data: About 0.1 ml of the test article solution or vehicle was placed in the left or right eye, respectively, of each rabbit by gently pulling the lower lid away from the eyeball to form a cup into which the test substance was dropped. The lids were then gently held together for about one second. The eyes were examined and the grade of ocular reaction was recorded 1 hour later. 24 hours later an examination was performed before and after installation of oculoguttae flouresceini. After the examination the eyes were rinsed with 20 ml of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The eyes were also examined 48 and 72 hours after the treatment, as well as on day 7. Based on the cornea score = 2.1 a classification as Cat.2, H319 is adequate. However, considering the cornea score = 1.9 of the solvent a classification is not necessary, but taken into account the hole database, a classifiaction as Eye Irrit. 2; : C>25% seems adequate.

SKIN SENSITISATION

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not considered to have sensitizing properties This is in agreement with the OECD SIDS initial assessment that concluded: All studied isomers of menthol are moderately irritating to the skin and slightly irritating to the eye. The skin sensitization potency of menthol isomers in animals and humans is low.(OECD SIDS 2003). Additional information: The sensitisation potential of L-menthol (CAS 2216-51-5) was investigated by means of the Buehler Test for sensitisation in guinea pigs. The test procedure followed the OECD guideline 406. A concentration of 25% w/v of the test substance in ethanol:DEP (1:1) was selected for induction and challenge and no sensitization potential was identified (Cutbert 1991). A LLNA with L-menthol (CAS 2216-51-5) is available as a secondary source evaluated within the OECD SIDS initial assessment on the menthols and showed also no skin sensitization potential. In addition a limited skin sensitisation study using a modified Draize procedure reported no sensitization potential for brasilian methol ( racemic, l-enthol, d-menthol) (Hopf, 1974). The OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report 2003 evaluated L, D, and racemic L/D menthols together and gives the rational for a menthol category as follows: "Category Rationale: The menthols category is comprised of the isomers L-menthol, D-menthol, the racemate and menthol (unspecified isomers). The menthols can be considered as a category because of their similarity in physico-chemical, toxicological, ecotoxicological and environmental fate properties….In summary, the available toxicity data indicate very similar toxicity profiles for all of the menthol isomers investigated." The category justification is documented in a comprehensive 15 page annex to the SIDS Assessment report (Annex 1: Menthols Category Justification). The annex is attached to the study record entry on the OECD SIDS evaluation in the chapter “Toxicokinetics) as attached background material.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Menthol was investigated in the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). Result: negative, no evidence of mutagenic activity of menthol was seen (with and without mutagenic activation). Additional, menthol was evaluated as negative in a cytogenetic assay and also in a CHO/HGPRT test. In an in-vivo micronucleus assay no indication for a mutagenic effect was found. In all relevant (key-studies) in vitro genetic toxicity assays (Ames test, cytogenetic test, CHO/HGPRT test) and the in-vivo micronucleus test, menthol was negative.

CARCINOGENICITY

Not carcinogenic A bioassay of dl-menthol for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administrating the test chemical in feed to Fisher 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. No carcinogenic effects were observed at the highest applied doses. Additional information: In male and female rats the survival rate was not affected by treatment and no carcinogenic effects of D/L-menthol were found in any organ.

In mice of either sex, no tumors occurred in dosed groups at incidences that were significantly different from those for corresponding control groups.

From the available studies a classification according to CLP classification criteria (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008) is not justified.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

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Not toxic to reproductive Additional information Development toxicity/teratogenicity studies on rats, rabbits, mice and hamsters revealed no evidence of teratogenic effects of menthol. NOEAL (rat): 218 mg/kg bw/day Fertility study:

In the EOGRTS study according OECD 443, the NOAEL for systemic toxicity in the F0 and F1 adult animals was concluded to be the intermediate dose of 419-499 mg/kg/day for males and 455-594 mg/kg/day for females, based upon the impaired body weight gain at the high dose level.

Based on the results obtained in this study it was concluded that the No-Observed-Effect-Level (NOEL) for reproductive performance of the F0 and F1 Cohort 1B animals was the intermediate dose of 419-499 mg/kg/day for males and 455-594 mg/kg/day for females due to lower litter size observed in both generations at the high dose level, a level which was associated with reduced food consumption and body weight gain in the parental animals of both generations.

The NOEL for the F1 and F2 offspring up to weaning was concluded to be the intermediate dose of 512-611 mg/kg/day due to reduced pre-weaning growth in both generations.

Developmental toxicity/teratogenicity studies:

The administration of up to 218 mg/kg (body weight) of the test material to pregnant rats for 10 consecutive days had no clearly discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls. The administration of up to 185 mg/kg (body weight) of the test material to pregnant mice for 10 consecutive days had no clearly discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls.

The administration of up to 405 mg/kg (body weight) of the test material to pregnant hamsters for 5 consecutive days had no clearly discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls.

The administration of up to 425 mg/kg (body weight) of the test material to pregnant rabbits for 13 consecutive days had no clearly discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls.

Based on the results of the EOGRTSand the developmental toxicity studies a classification according to CLP classification criteria (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008) is not justified.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

The OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report concludes on toxicokinetics, metabolism and distriburion:

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"L-, D/L- and the unspecified menthol isomer are well absorbed by the oral route of exposure and are mainly excreted as glucuronides. In rats an extensive enterohepatic circulation additionally leads to various hydroxylated degradation products. Glucuronides and degradation products are eliminated mainly via urine, minor quantities via the faeces."

IDS Initial Assessment Report 2003 evaluated L, D, and racemic L/D mentols together and gives the rational for a menthol category as follows:

"Category Rationale: The menthols category is comprised of the isomers L-menthol, D-menthol, the racemate and menthol (unspecified isomers). The menthols can be considered as a category because of their similarity in physico-chemical, toxicological, ecotoxicological and environmental fate properties.

Additional information: The category justification is documented in a comprehensive 15 page annex to the SIDS Assessment report (Annex 1: Menthols Category JustificationCategory Justification). The annex is attached to this study entry as attached background material. The main information of the Annex 1 is also copied below:

"As structural isomers, the members of the menthol category share the same molecular weight. Of particular importance to environmental effects are the values for partition coefficient (log Kow), vapour pressure and water solubility.

The enantiomeric menthols have identical physical properties (apart from their specific rotation), but the racemates differ from the optically active forms in, for example, their melting points. The slight differences are within the range of uncertainty range of laboratory tests.

The water solubility was determined for three products. Due to the similar molecular structures, no significant differences in the solubility are expected. The vapour pressure at environmental relevant temperatures was determined for L-menthol and an unspecified isomer mixture. As well as for the parameters above, similar values are expected for D-menthol and the racemate.

Investigations on toxicokinetics show that L-, D/L- and the unspecified menthol are well absorbed via the oral route. For all of the isomers, elimination is rapid and mainly occurs as glucuronic acid conjugates via urine, minor amounts via faeces. Significant differences in toxicokinetic properties of menthol isomers were not reported.

The available toxicity data indicate very similar toxicity profiles for D -, L-, D/L-menthol and the unspecified menthol isomer mixture. In mammalian species the low toxicity is manifested in LD50 values generally greater than 2000 mg/kg bw in acute studies, limited toxicity in repeated dose studie s, and no effects in teratology evaluations. Irritation to skin and eyes was slight to moderate. The low hazard potential is not unexpected, since the FDA regulates menthol as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) component and an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0-4 mg/kg bw for L- menthol and D/L-menthol was adopted in 1999 by the Joint FAO/WHO Committee.

All of the products have been tested for acute oral toxicity, skin and eye irritation in rodents, often following identical test protocols.

Data for sensitization, repeated dose toxicity, genetic toxicity, fertility, and carcinogenicity are available for D/L-menthol and mostly for L-menthol as well.

D/L-menthol is a racemic mixture of the D- and L- isomers and contains both isomers in equal proportion. Data gaps for D-menthol and the unspecified isomer mixture can therefore be filled by the respective results with the racemic mixture and the doses for each isomer might be equivalent to half of the total tested D/L -dose.

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L-menthol showed no embryotoxic or teratogenic properties at not maternally toxic dose levels (maternally toxic dose levels were not tested). No experimental data with the other menthol isomers is available with regard to developmental toxicity. Since there is no indication of a relevant difference between the isomers in their toxicokinetics and metabolism, and since this is further supported by all other available toxicological data, which do not show any evident differences in the respective toxicological profiles, there is no reason to assume that the stereoisomeric properties may affect the toxicological properties of the menthol isomers. Hence, a similar result in developmental toxicity studies would reasonably be expected from studies with D-menthol, the racemate or the unspecified menthol isomer.

Because of the low hazard potential of the chemicals in the menthols category, no further toxicity tests are recommended."

(OECD SIDS Assessment Report, Annex 1: Menthols Category JustificationCategory Justification).

The OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report concludes on toxicokinetics, metabolism and distriburion:

"L-, D/L- and the unspecified menthol isomer are well absorbed by the oral route of exposure and are mainly excreted as glucuronides. In rats an extensive enterohepatic circulation additionally leads to various hydroxylated degradation products. Glucuronides and degradation products are eliminated mainly via urine, minor quantities via the faeces."

Additional toxicological data: in vitro test: when haemolysates of infantile erythrocytes were mixed with 50, 100, 200 and 500 gamma menthol, the methaemoglobin content rose by up to 100 %, namely from 0.7 to 1.5%; these values are absolutely within physiological limits and this effect could be neutralized with vitamin C (test substance: unspecified isomer)

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

In an in vitro study with human liver samples menthol (isomer unspec.) inhibited the glucuronidation of 7 -hydroxy-4 -methylcoumarin ( 45% inhibition).

Allergic hypersensitivity was investigated in a group of 228 selected dermatologic patients by patch tests with menthol 1 % in petrolatum; incidence of pronounced sensitization: 1.3 %.

menthol racemic (8% in petrolatum) produced no irritation after a 48 h closed-patch test in human subjects

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM (CAS: 8012-95-1 / 8042-47-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1624 -- - ECHA, European Chemical Agency. Additional information:Subchronic Exposure (up to 90 days/ 13 weeks): LOAEL (subchronic, oral, CRL:CD female rats) = 20000 ppm (1624 mg/kg bw/day) –slightly increased incidence of minimal multifocal chronic inflammation in liver.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

No mortality or clinical signs of toxicity were observed LD0 (oral, rat) =5000 mg/kg bw; LD50 (oral, rat) >5000 mg/kg bw. No mortality or clinical signs of toxicity were observed. LC0 (inhalation, rat) =210 mg/m3. No mortality or clinical signs of toxicity were observed LD0 (rabbit, dermal) = 2000 mg/kg bw; LD50 (rabbit, dermal) > 2000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritant for skin additional information: Study results: No signs of skin irritation were observed Conclusions: Mineral Paraffin Oil is a liquid substance, not soluble in water, with very low vapour pressure. The data from animal studies report no skin irritation effects.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

irritant additional information: Study results: Mild, reversible within 72 hours eye irritation was observed in tested animals. Conclusions: mild, reversible ocular irritation effect was reported

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SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer additional information: Skin sensitisation: In accordance with the CLP criteria, skin sensitizer is defined as “a substance that will lead to an allergic response following skin contact”. To be classified as a skin sensitiser (Category 1) there must be evidence of chemicals’s sensitizing effects observed in substantial number of people. No data on skin sensitisation potential ofMineral Paraffin Oilin humans were located. In addition, no alerts for sensitising properties ofMineral Paraffin Oil components were identified with the applicable QSAR models. Based on the data summarized here and taking into account that there have been no reports of skin sensitization caused byMineral Paraffin Oil, it is not considered to be a skin sensitizer. Respiratory sensitisation: In accordance with the CLP criteria, respiratory sensitizer is defined as “a substance that will lead to hypersensitivity of the airways following inhalation of the substance”. Generally, a substance is classified as respiratory sensitizer if there is evidence in humans that the substance can lead to specific respiratory hypersensitivity and/or if there are positive results from an appropriate animal test. Currently, no recognized animal models for the testing of respiratory hypersensitivity are available. Therefore, evidence that a substance can induce specific respiratory hypersensitivity will normally be based on human experience. However, no hypersensitivity reactions associated with exposure toMineral Paraffin Oilwere reported in humans. Therefore,Mineral Paraffin Oilis not considered to be a respiratory sensitizer.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

Hightly refined paraffinum liquidum not mutagenic / genotoxic additional information:Screening of Mineral Paraffin Oil hydrocarbon components for mutegenicity/genotoxicity using several available QSAR models provide negative prediction results for this endpoint. Epidemiology studies provide some evidence of mutagenic effects in occupationaly exposed to mineral oil mists workers, including increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (glass workers) and mutagenic effect of urine in the Ames assay toS. typhimuriumin the presence of exogenous metabolic system (cold-rolling steel plant workers). However, because workplace exposures are of complex nature, involving many other chemicals, possibly including high concentration of PAH in mineral oil products, the clear cause-effect relationship is not possible to establish. In general, mutagenicity/genotoxicity properties reported for Mineral Oils are attributed to PAH content of these products. Thus, highly or severely refined Mineral Oils are not considered as being mutagenic/ genotoxic. The IP346 assay is used by mineral-oil producers to define if a mineral oil is highly or severely refined. The IP346 assay measures the amount of material extractable in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): mineral oils with a DMSO-extractable content < 3% are considered as highly or severely refined.

CARCINOGENICITY

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Hightly refined paraffinum liquidum not carcinogen. Additional information: Cancer Hazard * While Mineral Oil has been tested, it is not classifiable as to its potential to cause cancer. NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SENIOR SERVICES: Right to Know Program, PO Box 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, (609) 984-2202

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive Additional information: The data on toxicokinetics of Mineral Paraffin Oil confirm that long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons have only limited absorption potential after inhalation, oral and ingestion exposure routes. Thus, animal studies show that up to 95 -99% of ingested food-grade mineral oil leaves the body unchanged with the faeces, and only up to 5% being absorbed via the intestinal mucosa. The absorbed Mineral Paraffin Oil is distributed to the liver and fatty tissues. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in this fraction are not expected to undergo extensive metabolism in animals or humans. Moreover, Mineral Paraffin Oils have been used as solvent controls in a number of reproductive and developmental studies and have consistently shown no evidence of reproductive or developmental effects in rats (EU EFSA, 2009). Based on the information summarised here, reproductive or developmental toxicity is not likely to be associated with exposure to Mineral Paraffin Oils.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Discussion on bioaccumulation potential result: The data on toxicokinetics of Mineral Paraffin Oil suggest that long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons have only limited absorption potential after inhalation, oral and ingestion exposure routes. Thus, animal studies show that up to 95 -99% of ingested food-grade mineral oil leaves the body unchanged with the faeces, and only up to 5% being absorbed via the intestinal mucosa. The absorbed Mineral Paraffin Oil is distributed to the liver and fatty tissues. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in this fraction are not expected to undergo extensive metabolism in animals or humans.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA European Chemical Agency - Tsitou P, Heneweer M, Boogaard PJ. Toxicogenomics in vitro as an alternative tool for safety evaluation of petroleum substances and PAHs with regard to prenatal developmental toxicity. Toxicol in vitro 2015;29:299-307

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PHENOXYETHANOL (CAS: 122-99-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

500 -- - European Chemical Agency ECHA.EU https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15160/7/6/1 Several repeated oral dose toxicity studies were available. The benchmark dose method was used to derive a BMDL10. The most critical effect was determined to be the renal hyperplasia in male rats. Combining the subchronic and chronic studies in rats a BMDL10 of 369 mg/kg bw/day has been derived. In a 90-day repeated-dose dermal toxicity study in white rabbits toxicologically non relevant effects were observed. Therefore the highest dose tested (500 mg/kg bw/day) was designated as the NOAEL for systemic toxicity. In a 14-day inhalation study with rats pathological examinations revealed no treatment-related changes in either males or females. Morphological changes indicating irritation were found in nasal cavity, larynx and lung of male and female mid- and high-concentration animals. A NOAEC of 48.2mg/m³ was determined.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50oral (rat) 1 840 mg/kg bw LD50 dermal (rabbit) > 2 214 mg/kg bw LC50 inhalation (rat) > 1 000 mg/m³ air (nominal) Acute oral toxicity:

CLP: Cat. 4 / EU: Xn R22

Acute dermal toxicity:

CLP: not classified / EU: not classified

Acute inhalation toxicity: (testing up to 1000 mg/m3 displayed no effects)

CLP: not classified / EU: not classified

Clinical signs: Apathy, prone position, narcotic state, morphine tail, opisthotonos, secretion of the conjunctiva, anaesthesia-like state and delayed mortality were observed (no further details).

LD50 ca. 300 microliters/kg (original finding, corresponding to approx. 333 mg/kg bw)

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

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2-Phenoxyethanol is not irritating to rabbit skin A mild primary irritation was observed in one rabbit 1 hour after application, which was reversible within 24 hours (BASF AG, 1983). Although the test conditions were not in full accordance with OECD guideline 404, the results should be considered representative for the toxicological properties of 2-phenoxyethanol. 2-Phenoxyethanol was not an irritant to rabbit skin.

According to OECD 404, the skin irritation potential of 2-phenoxyethanol was determined (Sasol, 1983).The test substance was applied to the intact skin of rabbits for 4 hours under occlusive conditions. After removal of the test substance, no oedema, but very slight erythema were noted in 2 of 6 animals. All erythema were reversible within 48 hours. Under the test conditions, 2-Phenoxyethanol was not irritating to the skin.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Eye irritation: The single application of 0.1 mL unchanged test material in the eye of each of 3 rabbits clearly induced signs of irritation in all 3 animals; the signs were of maximal severity between 48 and 72 hours following application (BASF AG, 1983). Thereafter, a tendency to reversibility was observed and after 15 days, only one animal still displayed slight corneal opacity affecting less than ¼ of the corneal area of the treated eye. The test substance 2-phenoxyethanol is therefore considered an eye irritant.

Effects on eye irritation: irritating

Effect level: empty Endpoint conclusion: Adverse effect observed

Justification for classification or non-classification Skin irritation: not irritating to skin.

Eye Irritation:

EU: Xi R36

CLP: Cat. 2

SKIN SENSITISATION

Animal data

In the guinea pig maximisation test, undiluted 2-phenoxyethanol was used for the challenge after intradermal and epicutaneous induction (BASF AG, 2002). The observations at 24 h and 48 h after challenge exposition revealed no reactions in any animal. 2-Phenoxyethanol was not sensitizing to the skin of guinea pigs in the maximization test.

no adverse effect observed (not sensitising)

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

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2-Phenoxyethanol was rapidly absorbed through rat skin mounted in both the static and flow-through diffusion cell with either aqueous ethanol or MEM as receptor fluid. The stratum corneum did not appear to be a good barrier to 2-phenoxyethanol penetration. Occlusion increased the permeability coefficient of 2-phenoxyethhanol in the static cell. The permeability profile and amount absorbed were similar for human and rat skin in the flow-through system with tissue culture medium. The mass balance recovery of 2- phenoxyethanol in the unocccluded studies was low; static diffusion 68% and flow-through diffusion cell 51% at 24 hr, due to the high evaporation, as confirmed by only 7.5% remaining on the aluminium foil at 24 hr. The losses from the skin decreased proportionally throughout the experiment due to the penetration of 2-phenoxyethanol into the skin and receptor fluid.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

2 -Phenoxyethanol was tested for genotoxic potential in an adequate battery of in vitro and in vivo tests with various end points.

In vitro: 2-Phenoxyethanol was not a point mutagen in studies on bacteria at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation (BASF AG, 2002; Sasol, 1994; Nipa Laboratories, 1982). Further tests on point mutations on the HGPRT locus in eukaryotic cells yielded also negative results (BASF AG, 2002, The Dow Chemical Company, 1987). In vitro testing on chromosome-damaging effects in Chinese hamster cell cultures indicated no effects with and without metabolic activation (BASF AG, 2002; Unilever, 1985).

The available data indicate that 2 -phenoxyethanol was neither an in vitro cell mutagen nor a clastogen.

In vivo: The in vivo assays also showed no mutagenic effects with 2-phenoxyethanol treatment. No chromosome-damaging effects were observed and testing on DNA damage in vivo via the UDS test in Wistar rat also failed to show mutagenic effects. (BASF, 2002, Nipa Laboratories, 1982; BASF AG, 2002; The Dow Chemical Company, 1988)

The available data indicate that 2-phenoxyethanol was not an in vivo cell mutagen or clastogen.

Overall, 2-phenoxyethanol is unlikely to pose a genotoxic hazard to man.

The available data indicate that 2-phenoxyethanol is not genotoxic. Negative in the Ames test, negative results in mammalian chromosomal aberration and gene mutation tests.

CARCINOGENICITY

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NOAEL 249 mg/kg bw/day Two carcinogenicity (104 weeks) OECD 451 and GLP compliant studies are available. A drinking water study was conducted with F344/DuCrlCrlj rats. 50 rats per sex were exposed to nominal concentration of 0, 2500, 5000, and 10000 mg/L. Analytical concentrations in drinking water were determined with HPLC. Based on chemical intake data the mean intake of test substance across the duration of the study was estimated to be 124, 249, and 510 mg/kg/day in males and 191, 380, and 795 mg/kg/day in females. Mortality and clinical signs were investigated. Food intake, water intake and body weight were determined weekly during the first 13 weeks followed by measurements once every 4 weeks until study termination. After 104 weeks urinalysis, haematology, blood chemistry, gross pathology, organ weights and histopathology (both non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions) were examined. No neoplastic lesions were found in either sex. Additionally, a drinking water study with B6D2F1/Crlj mice was conducted. The study design and examination/observations were similar to the study in rats. However, the dose levels differed and were 0, 5000, 10000 and 20000 mg/L. Based on chemical intake data the mean intake of test substance across the duration of the study was estimated to be 468, 898, and 1701 mg/kg/day for males and 586, 1072, and 2058 mg/kg/day for females. After 104 weeks repeated dosing, no treatment related neoplastic lesions were found in either sex. Based on both rat and mice studies, there is no evidence of carcinogenic activity of the test substance in male or female rat and mice.

For DNEL derivation, the benchmark dose method was used to derive a BMDL10 on basis of repeated dose toxicity studies. BMDL10 = 369 mg/kg bw/day.

Based on the assessment of all available data classification in accordance with EU Directive 67/548/EEC (DSD) and EU Classification, Labeling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP) Regulation No. 1272/2008 is not warranted

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

In a multi-generation study, fertility was minimally decreased at a dose that caused neonatal toxicity. The NOAEL for parental and neonatal toxicity was 375 mg 2- phenoxyethanol/kg bw/day.

In prenatal developmental toxicity studies, no effects on the developing foetus were seen in rats and rabbits (BASF AG, 2006 and Dow Chemical USA, 1985 and 1987).

In rats, oral administration of 2-phenoxyethanol elicited distinct signs of maternal toxicity at a dose level of 1,000 mg/kg bw/day (BASF AG, 2006). The test compound had no influence on gestational parameters and induced no signs of developmental toxicity up to and including the highest test dose of 1,000 mg/kg bw/day. In particular, there were no indications of teratogenic effects, which were causally related to the test substance. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity is 300 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for prenatal developmental toxicity was 1,000 mg/kg bw/day.

In rabbits, dermal administration of 600 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day resulted in intravascular red blood cell haemolysis and death of some dams (Dow Chemical USA, 1985 and 1987). No treatment-related malformations occurred. Also fetuses from animals treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day which survived to day 28 did not exhibit external, visceral or skeletal alterations. The NOAEL for teratogenicity and embryotoxicity was >600 mg/kg bw/day and for maternal toxicity was 300 mg/kg bw/day.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

According to OECD 417, biokinetic data of 2-phenoxyethanol were studied in male and female rats after single oral administration (BASF AG, 2007).In rats exposed to14C-2- phenoxyethanol, the test substance was rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with the highest plasma concentrations present 1-2 hours post- dosing.

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After absorption, the radioactive material was distributed in different organs and tissues (GI tract, kidney, liver, pancreas, brain, muscle, heart, uterus, skin, bone marrow, and bone), tissue radioactivity concentrations generally declined with time parallel to plasma concentrations. In exhaled air, no relevant amounts of the administered radioactivity were detected as CO2. The excretory investigations indicated a rapid excretion and showed that recovered radioactivity was predominantly excreted via urine (urine: 92-94%; faeces: 1.9-2.9%). Furthermore the results demonstrated that there were no gender differences in the excretion pattern, irrespectively of the dose.

The bioavailability of the test substance was generally > 90% of the applied dose. The plasmakinetic data indicated that an increase of the dose resulted in a disproportional increase of the AUC-values, demonstrating a saturation of excretion with increasing dose.

In a second study according to OECD 417 (BASF AG, 2007),the investigation of the metabolism of 2-phenoxyethanol in excreta, bile and plasma samples of female rats after oral administration of14C-2-phenoxyethanol was carried out. The results of this study confirmed the biokinetic data of BASF AG(2007). Overall, the elimination of the test compound was fast with up to approximately 70% of the dose being excreted within the first 6 hours (urine and faeces).

The authors observed that 2-phenoxyethanol was nearly completely metabolised. In urine and bile, less than 0.7% of the dose had been assigned to the parent compound. The parent compound was mainly metabolised to phenoxyacetic acid (PAA) by oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl group to carboxylic acid(up to 64% of the dose). Seven further metabolites were identified with up to < 10% of the applied dose. The other metabolic changes of14C-phenoxyethanol were either ring sulfation after hydroxylation or conjugation with glucuronic acid at the side chain. In a further step, these metabolites were mainly hydroxylated at the ring and in one case the terminal hydroxyl group was oxidised to carboxylic acid. In another study, The Dow Chemical Company (1986) identified also only small amounts of the parent compound and increased amounts of the metabolite PAA in serum samples of rabbits. This finding is further supported by a publication of Lappin et al. (2002). In this study oral administration of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), a phenoxy herbicide, to the dog resulted in a significantly different pharmacokinetic profile to that observed in the rat. Excretion was much less rapid and metabolism more extensive in the dog and faecal elimination was an important route, particularly at higher doses. For the same dose levels area under the plasma curve (AUC) in dogs was up to one order of magnitude higher than in rats. These differences reflect the well-established low renal clearance of certain organic acids by dogs. Metabolic profiles from human volunteer studies, and indirect evidence from poisoning cases, suggest that in the case of MCPA (and the phenoxy herbicides in general) the rat is the more relevant model for human exposure.

BASF AG (2007) evaluated the relative rates of 2-phenoxyethanol metabolism in different species in vitro using liver S9 fractions. Since the haemolytic effects of 2- phenoxyethanol have been shown to be due to the intact parent compound (see chapter 7.9.3: BASF AG, 2007), any species differences in the overall metabolic fate of this compound could be useful in estimating interspecies variations in sensitivity to haemolysis. The results indicated that the in vitro metabolism of 2-phenoxyethanol was primarily NADPH dependent, producing PAA as the major metabolite. The following species differences in the rate of PAA formation were found (from the highest to the lowest rate): human > rat > mouse > rabbit. With the exception of the rabbit data, these results were consistent with the in vitro relative sensitivity of these species to the haemolytic effects of 2-phenoxyethanol (see section 7.9.3: BASF AG, 2007).

These data suggest that metabolism of 2-phenoxyethanol to PAA is likely a detoxification pathway that limits haemolysis. In conclusion, human blood cells appeared to be more resistant to 2-phenoxyethanol-induced haemolysis than rat or rabbit blood cells and human liver tissue appeared to more rapidly metabolise 2-phenoxyethanol than either rat or

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rabbit liver.

The dermal absorption of 2-phenoxyethanol through rat and human skin under static and flow-through conditions was investigated in in vitro studies by Roper et al. (1997). 2- Phenoxyethanol was rapidly absorbed through rat skin mounted in both the static and flow-through diffusion cell with either aqueous ethanol or modified Earle’s medium (MEM) as receptor fluid. The stratum corneum did not appear to be a good barrier to 2-phenoxyethanol penetration. Covering increased the permeability coefficient of 2-phenoxyethanol in the static cell. The permeability profile and amount absorbed were similar for human and rat skin in the flow-through system with tissue culture medium. The mass balance recovery of 2-phenoxyethanol in the uncovered studies was low; static diffusion 68% and flow-through diffusion cell 51% at 24 h, due to the high evaporation. Percutaneous absorption values were determined as follows:

Rat: static (uncovered skin, 24 h): 64 ± 4%; static (covered skin, 24 h): 98.8 ± 7.0%; flow-through (uncovered skin, 24 h): 43 ± 3.7%

Human: flow-through (uncovered skin, 6 h): 59.3 ± 7.0%

Taking into account all metabolism/biokinetic data, there is no potential for bioaccumulation of 2-phenoxyethanol.

The physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of Troutman et al (2015) was developed in order to reduce uncertainty associated with interspecies extrapolation and to derive margins of safety that can be used for risk assessment of phenoxyethanol, particularly after oral and dermal exposure. The total uncertainty factor for extrapolation of animal data to humans could be reduced from 100 to 25, i.e. if the margin of exposure is >25 the use of phenoxyethanol can be considered as safe.

References:

Lappin, G. J. et al. (2002). Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in rat and dog. Xenobitika, Vol.32, No2, 153-163

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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Human data

Skin sensitisation to 2-phenoxyethanol should be considered a very rare cause of adverse reactions in humans using cosmetics and topical antiseptics containing 2- phenoxyethanol. Extensive case histories and volunteer studies exist and these consistently report very low incidence rates of the order of 1 to 3 per 1000 individuals exposed. Such rates would certainly not justify classification for this effect.

Only 15 patients developed a positive reaction to Euxyl K400 (consisting of MDGN and 2 -Phenoxyethanol in a proportion of 1 to 4). Of these, 11 were positive to MDGN and 2 to phenoxyethanol. Sensitisation was more common in men. The agreement between sensitisation to Euxyl K400 and MDGN was good (Kp = 0.68), whereas agreement between Euxyl K400 and phenoxyethanol was poor (Kp = 0.23).

- Urine analysis: In 89 % of the samples 2-phenoxyethanol was detected (>= 0.1 mg/l, Cmax= 151 mg/l). In the rotation printing area significantly elevated 2-phenoxyethanol levels were detected compared to the delivery area.

Prick test with the body lotion gave +++ reaction (histamine ++). In an open application test the single ingredients of the body lotion for 30 minutes resulted in strong wheal reaction with pseudopods to phenoxyethanol (PE). Tests with all other ingredients were negative. The prick test with Euxyl K 400 1% petrolatum and with a dilution series of PE resulted in ++ reaction to Euxyl K 400 in a ++ reaction to Euxyl K 400 and in a + reaction to 1.0 % PE, * to 5.0 % PE, and ++ to 10 % PE. The same test in 2 control persons gave negative results. The single components of the lotion (except PE) were negative also in the patch test. A serum sample from the patient was tested for IgE antibodies against PE with experimental prototype reagents. The test could not confirm the presence of IgE against PE. Total IgE were slightly elevated at 75.10 kU/I.An immediate reaction to PE with contact urticaria reaction to the body lotion was observed (1.0 % PE). The strong +++ wheal reaction to the body lotion is not completely consistent with the results of the dilution series with PE. The reason for this difference might be the vehicle. The dilution series were performed in an aqueous solution, by which the percutaneous penetration and absorption might have been lowered.

Skin prick test with phenoxyethanol (10 %, 5.0 %, and 1.0 % in petrolatum) was positive in the patient, and negative in the two controls. IgE antibodies were negative. Total IgE was slightly elevated.

Twelve panelists had reactions of varying duration following irradiation. Five had readily visible but mild reactions (a score of 1) at 1 hour, three panelists had scores of 1 at 24 hours, and one had a score of 1 at both 1 and 72 hour. All of these reactions had subsided by the next evaluation. The final two panelists had reactions at 1, 24 and 48 hours, and at 1, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. All of these reactions were readily visible but mild. One panelist also had a mild reaction at 72 hours at the unexposed patch site. This panelist had no reactions at the irradiated site. It was concluded that phenoxyethanol was not phototoxic under the conditions of the study. Occasional incidence of slight erythema were observed at the irradiation site, but these were not considered significant since erythema was occasionally observed at both non irradiated sites and blank control patch sites.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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- Safety Data Sheets - European Chemical Agency ECHA - Cosmetic Ingredient Review CIR - Food and drug administration FDA

PROPOLIS EXTRACT (CAS: 85665-41-4) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1400 -- - oral 90 day treatment. Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol. 1998 Apr;36(4):347-63 usual daily recommendation in dietary supplements: 0.25-0.50 g/day Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements. A 5-year toxicological study (1991- 1995). Drug Saf. 1997 Nov; 17(5): 342- 56.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50(oral) rat 12600 mg/kg To investigate the safety of propolis granule, the acute toxicity of the propolis granule produced from the propolis obtained from the Nan province was investigated. After feeding the rats with the propolis granule of 500 mg/kg BW, 1,000 mg/kg BW, 2,500 mg/kg BW, and 5,000 mg/kg BW, the normal behavior and physiological appearance during the period of the experiment were observed. It was observed that one rat, which had received the propolis granule of 5,000 mg/kg BW, died immediately after feeding. From the investigation, it was seen that propolis granule at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg BW is safe for administration to Wistar rats.

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not irritant

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not irritant

SKIN SENSITISATION

not sensitizer

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic

CARCINOGENICITY

not carcinogenic

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not toxic to reproductive

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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This finding concludes that propolis granule does not present any toxicity or abnormal symptoms on acute or subchronic administration to rats. In addition, no remarkable hematological or biochemical parameters or histopathology of the liver and the kidney were observed in rats after receiving propolis. Thus, this information on the toxicity of propolis granule can be used for application as pharmaceutical evidence for consumption of supplementary diet prepared from propolis as possessing no possibility of any toxic effects.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- msds - Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol. 1998 Apr;36(4):347-63 - Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements. A 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf. 1997 Nov; 17(5): 342-56. - Evaluation of the Stability of Propolis Granule and Toxicity Study in Wistar Rats, Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2018; 45(1) : 162-176

PROPYLENE GLYCOL (CAS: 57-55-6) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

5300 -- https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/pprtv/documents/PropyleneGlycol.pdf

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

NON-TOXIC LD50 20800 mg/kg RAT ORAL AND CUTANEOUS LC50 FISH > 5500 mg/l INHALATION TOXICITY: 31704 mg/m3 DDVELOPMENTAL NOAEL MATERNAL: 52 mg/kg NOAEL FETAL: 10000 mg/kg DERMAL TOXICITY: NOEL: 246720 mg/m2

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

NOT IRRITANT

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

NON CORROSIVE

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SKIN SENSITISATION

NOT SENSITIZING

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

Following the application of 1200 microlitres/cm2, the % absorbed was 0.14%. It was also recorded that the stratum corneum was damaged by continuous exposure to propylene glycol.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

Not genotoxic / mutagenic

CARCINOGENICITY

Not carcirogenic

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

NEGATIVE

NOAEL: 10100 mg/kg

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Propylene glycol is rapidly absorbed following oral administration. About 10% of the substance is distributed in the tissues, mostly in the liver and kidneys. The main route of excretion is urine.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

Not phototoxic or photoallergenic

DATA ON MAN

No data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency.

RETINYL PALMITATE (CAS: 79-81-2) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

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7,71 -- - ECHA, https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13687/7/6/1

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 2 000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

not skin irritant Additional information: In the key study for skin irritation according to the OECD guideline 404 (deviation from current guideline: occlusive application, observation period), retinyl acetate (860 mg/g test substance or 86% in the test substance) induced mean scores for erythema of 2.3 and edema of 1.0 (24, 48 and 72 hours, 6 animals) in Vienna White rabbits (BASF 82/202-205). Erythema were found to be not fully reversible in 5/6 animals until the end of the observation period (8 days), whereas edema fully reversed within 8 days. Scaling was observed in 6/6 animals at the end of the study. Althought the present key study on retinyl palmitate does not meet the criteria for classification as a skin irritant according to directive 67/548/EEC, the supportive study and the findings from structurally similar substances, i.e retinyl acetate and retinyl propionate, provide evidence for dermal irritative potential of this substance group, warranting a respective classification. However, the dermal irritative potential of retinyl palmitate appears to be lower than for retinyl acetate and retinyl propionate on the basis of the present data.

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

not eye irritant Additional information: The key study for eye irritation was performed according to GLP and OECD guideline 405, using New Zealand White Rabbits and undiluted test substance (approx. 95% retinyl palmitate; DSM 221016). For eye irritation the mean irritation score (24 and 48 and 72 hrs) for conjuctival redness was 0.3, in 1/3 animals. No effects on corneal opacity, iris lesion or chemosis of the conjuctivae were noted. No adverse effects on the eye was noted after administration of the test substance when diluted (30%). The test substance was not an eye irritant under the conditions of the study.

SKIN SENSITISATION

not skin irritant Additional information: A reliable skin sensitisation GLP guideline (OECD 406) study (GPMT) was performed in guinea pigs: 4/20 animals after 24 hours, 2/20 animals after 48 hours showed dermal reaction after challenge. No skin reactions were noted at challenge in control groups and at re-challenge in treatment/control groups.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

A higher recovery was found, i.e 106.2% (Gel, 24h), when charcoal filter paper was placed on top of the protective patch around the edges of the dosing area for 1h after test substance application, indicating evaporation of retinol from the dosing site.

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

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not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: In the key study for bacterial mutagenicity similar to OECD TG 471, no mutagenic effects were noted in Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98, TA 100)

CARCINOGENICITY

not classified as carcirogenic Additional information: No key study addressing carcinogenicity according to current standard protocols are available for retinyl palmitate. However, retinol and respective ester have been reported in literature and reviewed in the context of their putative potential to exert cancer preventive activity (IARC 1998). A limited evidence for cancer preventive activity has been noted in animal studies on the basis of consistent inhibitory effects in rat mammary cancer models and equivocal effects in mouse mammary cancer models. A limited number of animal studies showed increased tumor incidences, i.e. mammary adenocarcinomas, benign/malignant phaeochromocytomas after long term maintenance with retinyl palmitiate and/or retinyl acetate. On the basis of human studies, evidences suggest a lack of cancer preventive activity for cancers at the aero-digestive tract, lung, breast, colorectal, bladder, prostate and stomach. However, according to observational epidemiological studies, no consistent evidence for a relation between dietary retinol and increased cancer rates was shown. On the basis of all available information on genotoxicity of retinyl palmitate and relevant studies on its respective structural and metabolic analoges retinol and retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate is defined to be non-genotoxic in a weight of evidence. Taken together, no indication is given for further testing retinyl palmitate in a carcinogenicity study.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

not classified as reproductive toxic Additional information: Developmental studies with retinyl palmitate was performed, in cynomolgus monkeys (Hendrickx 2000): NOAEL developmental = 4.1 mg/kg bw/d NOAEL maternal = 11 mg/kg bw/d.

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

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Basic toxicokinetics: Vitamin A is a micronutrient essential for most mammalian species and is one of three fat soluble Vitamins. The term “Vitamin A” is used as a generic descriptor for compounds that exhibit the biological properties of retinol or other closely related naturally occurring derivatives. Vitamin A occurs in nature primarily as retinyl ester and retinol. It is an essential factor for the growth and maintenance of higher organisms. It is required for visual function, epithelial cell differentiation and reproduction. Dietary Vitamin A, which is mostly in the form of retinyl esters, is absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine by mechanisms similar to those for lipid absorption. The esters undergo hydrolysis to release retinol, which is incorporated into mixed micelles and absorbed by enterocytes, where it is bound to an intra-cellular protein called CRBPII (cellular retinol binding protein II). It is then re-esterified to form retinyl esters. The esters are incorporated into chylomicrons and are hydrolyzed in the general circulation. Chylomicron remnants are taken up by tissues, particularly the liver. Remnants are degraded within the hepatocytes, and the released retinol is transferred to stellate cells for storage after re- esterification. In the present study on basic toxicokinetics, the exposure to retinyl palmitate and its main metabolites in plasma was examined within the framework of prenatal developmental toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys (Hendrickx 2000). Retinyl palmitate was administered daily to female monkeys by nasogastric intubation at dose levels of approx. 4.1, 11, 22, 44 mg/kg (7500, 20000, 40000, 80000 IU/kg) during early pregnancy (i. e. between gestational days 16 and 27). Control monkeys were administered the vehicle (physiological saline or distilled water). Retinol, retinyl esters and the metabolites were determined using a reversed-phase HPLC assay.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

Direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other Single oral application of 10000 IU or 30000 IU retinyl palmitate, corresponding to the maximum allowed daily dose and of Vitamin A during pregnancy (and its 3 fold increased dose, respectively) produced significant increases in plasma retinyl esters and RAs. In contrast, no siginficant changes in REL, retinyl esters and RAs levels were observed after daily dermal application for 21 days of the same doses.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/

RHUS GLABRA EXTRACT (CAS: 90106-33-5) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

5000 -- - NIH, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8229005/

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ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) > 5000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

no data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Formula Code -

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - NIH, National Libraty of Medicine

RIBES NIGRUM SEED OIL (CAS: 68606-81-5 / 97676-19-2) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

10000 -- - EMA, https://www.fitoterapia.net/archivos/201712/wc500240199.pdf?1 Additional information: Feeding mice with a daily dose of 3 g/kg of dried leaves during 6 months did not reveal any toxicity (Hänsel et al., 1994).

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) 49 g/kg

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

No data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

No data

SKIN SENSITISATION

No data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

No data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

No data

CARCINOGENICITY

No data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

No data

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Formula Code -

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

No data

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

No data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA European Chemical Agency - EMA, European Medical Agency

SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE (CAS: 9007-28-7 / 9082-07-9) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

1000 -- - FDA, https://www.fda.gov/files/food/published/GRAS-Notice-000666---Chondroitin-sodium-sulfate.pdf

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

LD50 oral (rat) >10000 mg/kg bw

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

irritant

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

irritant

SKIN SENSITISATION

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not skin sensitizer Additional information: As part of the above described subchronic toxicity study, additional investigations were performed to determine potential allergenicity, if any, of chondroitin sulfate sodium (Masiello and Oberto, 2013). For this, immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgE in serum from rats treated repeatedly with chondroitin sulfate sodium for 13 weeks by the oral route (dose levels: control, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day) were measured. No significant differences between pre-test and Week 13 data, nor between control and treated groups data were observed, with the exception oflgG in females dosed with 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In these animals, IgG from Week 13 samples were significantly lower at statistical analysis than controls at 13 weeks. In general the direction of this finding is not considered a concern. In addition, most of the IgG from pre-test phase samples were similar to those recorded during Week 13, therefore the decrease of IgG was considered irrelevant. IgG values in females dosed with 1000 mg/kg bw/day after 13 weeks of treatment in fact, were no significantly different from pre-dose values in the same group of animals and their values are considered to be normal values in the population of rats. The investigators concluded that no inflammation or immunological processes occurred following chondroitin sulfate sodium administration. The findings from this study corroborate the safety of chondroitin sulfate sodium.

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not genotoxic / mutagenic Additional information: In three separate studies, the mutagenic effects of non-animal chondroitin sulfate sodium, the subject of this GRAS assessment, were investigated (Miraglia et al., 2016). These methods included a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) using Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli WP2 strains, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration study in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (CHO), and a mutation in mouse lymphoma cell assay (Fluctuation Method). The results of these experiments indicate that chondroitin sulfate sodium is unlikely to be genotoxic. These studies support the safety of chondroitin sulfate sodium. In Ames test: Chondroitin sulfate sodium was assayed in the toxicity test at a maximum concentration of 5000 !lg/plate and at four lower concentrations spaced at approximately half-log intervals: 1580, 500, 158 and 50.0 !lg/plate. No toxicity was observed with any tester strain at any dose level, in the absence or presence of S9 metabolism. Chondroitin sulfate sodium did not induce two-fold increases in the number of revertant colonies in the plate incorporation or pre-incubation assay, at any dose level, in any tester strain, in the absence or presence of S9 metabolism. It is concluded that chondroitin sulfate sodium does not induce reverse mutation in S. typhimurium or E. coli in the absence or presence ofS9 metabolism (Miraglia et al., 2016; Bisini and Oberto, 2011).

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

In a study in rats and dogs, Conte et al. (1995) investigated biochemical and pharmacokinetics aspects of chondroitin sulfate following oral treatment. Chondroitin sulfate was found to be partially absorbed from the gut, both as intact chondroitin sulfate and as lower molecular weight fractions of depolymerised material. In another study with radio- labelled chondroitin sulfate, Palmeri et al. (1991) reported that following ingestion, chondroitin is found in the plasma and in tissues such as the liver, kidneys and cartilage. Partially depolymerised chondroitin sulfate was found to be excreted in the urine (Conte et al., 1991). In a study in six subjects, Baici et al. (1992) reported that oral consumption of 2 g of chondroitin sulfate (64% chondroitin sulfate A and 32% chondroitin sulfate C) by 18 subjects did not produce measurable changes in the total serum concentration of glycosaminoglycans, suggesting that chondroitin sulfate is not absorbed. The possibility that low molecular weight, desulfated oligomers and monomers may be produced and absorbed could not be ruled out. Baici et al. (1992) described the results of studies conducted by other investigators including Palmieri et al. (1990), Conte et al. (1991), and others. Palmeieri et al (1990) reported that over 70% of the radioactivity administered orally to rats and dogs is absorbed. Conte et al. (1991) reported that the absolute bioavailability of the glycosaminoglycan was 13.2% of the administered dose of chondroitin sulfate. In another study described by Biaci et al. (1992), it was reported that following administration of 35S04-chondroitin sulfate orally to rats only a small portion of the radioactivity was absorbed. The remaining radioactivity was excreted in the feces. When 35S04¬ chondroitin sulfate was administered orally to rats pretreated with antibiotics to depress the bacterial flora, almost all the radioactivity was found in the feces. It was concluded that sulfatases present in the intestinal bacterial flora were responsible for sulfate splitting from the chondroitin sulfate chain, and that no intact chondroitin sulfate can be absorbed through the intestinal wall. Palmieri et al. (1990) dosed Wistar rats and dogs orally with 16 mg/kg bw of a mixture of tritiated chondroitin sulfate A and C (MW 14,000 D). More than 70% of the radioactivity was absorbed. Plasma levels showed a rapid increase after oral administration, followed by a large plateau with a maximum at the 14th and 28th h in the rat and in the dog, respectively. Radioactivity was found in tissues, and urine was the main route of excretion. However, the known lability of tritium coupled with the use of a chromatographic gel size that could not distinguish compounds in the molecular weight range of concern raise doubts that the measured radioactivity can be equated to chondroitin sulfate. However, as summarized in a review article by Bali et al. (200 1 ), other studies support that chondroitin sulfate is absorbed in the intestinal tract. In general, oral administration of 2 or 3 g of chondroitin sulfate to humans produced an increase in the concentration of chondroitin sulfates in the blood after 3-6 hours.

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

no data

DATA ON MAN

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

Specific Human Bioavailability Study In summary, the results of this comparative pharmacokinetic study showed that the bioavailability of chondroitin sulfate, ~Di-4S and ~Di-OS in extent of absorption (AUC) was significantly higher after the test formulation as compared to the reference formulation. The difference in rate of absorption (Cmax) was less marked, while no significant difference in tmax was noted between the formulations. The test formulation, administered in single dose, is able to yield an increase in plasma chondroitin sulfate and deriving disaccharides whose bioavailability is higher than that of the reference formulation (higher extent of absorption). The safety and tolerability of a single dose of both products was excellent. The safety assessment during this study showed 5 adverse events that occurred to 4 subjects (16.7%). These adverse events included cases of headache, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, Presyncope, and neck pain. All the adverse events occurred after administration of the reference formulation, while no adverse event was reported after administration of the test formulation (chondroitin sulfate sodium). The reported events were not judged to be related to the intake of the chondroitin sulfate on the basis of the physician evaluation. No serious adverse events occurred during the study and no subject discontinued the study due to adverse events or other safety concerns. Similarly, no clinically meaningful effect on vital signs, body weight or laboratory parameters were observed. The results of this study suggest that microbial derived chondroitin sulfate sodium behaves similar to that of animal derived chrondroitin sulfate. These findings also indicate the safety studies of animal derived chrondroitin sulfate are applicable to microbial derived chondroitin sulfate sodium. Human Observations In a number of clinical studies, the effects of chondroitin sulfate alone or in combination with glucosamine on osteoarthritis and certain other health endpoints has been extensively .investigated. These studies did not reveal adverse effects. While these studies were not specifically designed to assess toxicity, the absence of adverse effects provides support for the safety. In these studies, use levels of chondroitin sulfate primarily ranged from 800 to 1200 mg/day.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- MSDS - TOXNET database on toxicology - CIR Cosmetic Ingredients Review - ECHA https://echa.europa.eu/ - EMA, European medical agency - FDA, Food and Drug Administration

SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT (CAS: 84696-05-9) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

100 -- - R I S K P R O F I L E Symphytum officinale extracts, Date of reporting 11.03.2013 - EMA, European Medical Agency. The therapeutic application of comfrey is overshadowed by the well-recognised toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Barnes et al., 2007). There are no studies on single or repeated dose toxicity with Symphytum preparations available, neither for PA-containing preparations nor for PA-reduced preparations. It is often reported that acute/chronic ingestion of the (PA-containing) plant material is toxic due to its pyrrolizidine alkaloids content.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

no data

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

Not classified accroding CLP regulation 1272/2008

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

Not classified accroding CLP regulation 1272/2008

SKIN SENSITISATION

No data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

Low percutaneous absorption according EMA, European Medical Agency, due this properties percutaneous preparations with SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE ROOT EXTRACT are safe for use. According worst case scenario dermal absorption Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids up to 4,9%. Usually this data much less than 0,02 - 0,4%

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

not mutagenic / genotoxic Additional information: Comfrey root liquid extract (liquid extract from fresh Symphytum officinale root; extraction solvent: ethanol 60% (V/V), DER 1:2, pyrrolizidine alkaloid content <1 ppm) was investigated for its ability to induce gene mutations in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 102, TA 1535 and TA 1537 with and without metabolic activation using the mammalian microsomal fraction S9 mix (liver microsomal fraction derived from male Wistar rats) and plated on selective medium according to the direct plate incorporation and the pre-incubation method. Reference mutagens (4-NOPD, 2-AA, NaN3, MMS) were used to check the validity of the experiments. Comfrey root fluid extract showed no biologically relevant increases in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains in 6 different concentrations (0.0306- 5 µl/plate), neither in the presence nor in the absence of metabolic activation. The reference mutagens induced a distinct increase of revertant colonies indicating the validity of the experiments. In conclusion, the comfrey root fluid extract was not mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Benedek et al., 2010). According CoA, max. contain of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids <0,2%

CARCINOGENICITY

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The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

No data Additional information: Due to the availability of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Genotoxic/Carcinogenic Activities Can Also Be Found. According CoA, max. contain of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids <0,2%

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

no data Additional information: Due to the availability of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Genotoxic/Carcinogenic Activities Can Also Be Found. According CoA, max. contain of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids <0,2%

TOXICOKINETIC (ADME studies)

Data on absorption of pyrrolizidine alkalaoids are limited and different values are found. The absorption of pyrrolizidine alkaloids through skin in the form of free base may amount to 5% compared to after oral intake (Council of Europe 2008). In an animal study, topical application of an extract resulted in very low absorption of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and 0.1- 0.4% was recovered in the urine over the next 24 hours (Sigma-Aldrich). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are metabolised in the liver and converted to necines and other metabolites. Depending on the structure of the original pyrrolizidine alkaloids, this may eventually lead to end product s which can cause alkylation of DNA (Council of Europe 2008). Absorption In ex vivo experiments, permeation of rosmarinic acid across excised rat skin was about 8 times higher from alcoholic solution than from water, indicating that ethanol may act as a sorption promoter. The flux from water or alcoholic solution was 4.4 or 10 µg/cm2 /h, and the lag time (tlag) was 7.8 or 3.7 h, respectively. Upon topical administration of rosmarinic acid in form of a W/O (water in oil) ointment (25 mg/kg, 50 cm2 ), the absolute bioavailability was 60% (Ritschel et al., 1989). For available pharmacokinetic data concerning pyrrolizidine alkaloids it is referred to the “Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing toxic, unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs)” (EMA/HMPC/893108/2011). Rats suckled by mothers fed lasiocarpine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in comfrey, developed liver damage (Cupp, 2000). After oral administration of tritiated senecionine and seneciphylline to lactating rats, radioactivity was excreted into the milk with concentrations 50% less compared to the blood concentrations. After 6 h 83% of the radioactive necine bases remaining in the blood were not dialyzables, indicating a tight (possibly covalent) binding to macromolecules, such as albumin. Six hours after administration of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids the highest concentrations were detected in the liver and lungs of the rats (De Smet et al., 1992). A study performed with lactating mice, using the same pyrrolizidine alkaloids but 14C-labeled and injected via the intraperitoneal route, showed that 66- 75% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine, 14-18% in the faeces, 1.14% in the milk of the animals, and 0.2-0.5% was expired as CO2. The highest concentrations of radioactivity were found in the liver (De Smet et al., 1992)

PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY

No data

DATA ON MAN

no data

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

- R I S K P R O F I L E Symphytum officinale extracts, Date of reporting 11.03.2013 - EMA, European Medical Agency. - ECHA, European Chemical Agecy

TAMUS COMMUNIS EXTRACT (CAS: 84961-63-7) NOAEL or SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY (90 days) or SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY (28 days) + DATA SOURCE

2500 -- - WHO, https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1024/0300-9831.71.3.149 additional information: Various studies have demonstrated that the nutrient and non-nutrient substances present in vegetables and fruit (V&F) are most likely to be responsible for the beneficial effect of the increased V&F consumption. Urged by scientific evidence, current dietary guidelines strongly recommend the consumption of V&F in substantial amounts. In a recent paper (Brit. J. Nutr. 2000; 84, 549-556) V&F availability in 10 European countries was compared with the WHO recommendations (minimum combined V&F intake of about 400 g/day/person), as well as with guidelines of a minimum daily intake of three portions of vegetables (approx. 250 g/person) and two portions of fruit (approx. 150 g/person). All countries, excluding Greece, had a vegetable intake below the recommended minimum. Moreover, in all countries, the percentages of low vegetable consumers were significantly higher than those of low fruit consumers, suggesting that there is considerable room for improvement in the intake of vegetables, an important source of antioxidants. Wild edible greens are among the vegetables commonly consumed in Greece. These greens have a high flavonoid content, which in several cases substantially exceeds the respective values in foods and beverages, such as onions, black tea and red wine (Food Chemistry 2000; 70, 319-323). The high flavonoid content of edible wild greens requires consideration of their role in contemporary diet, as a possible mean for increasing vegetable consumption.

ACUTE TOXICITY (Oral, dermal, inhalation, ..)

no data

SKIN IRRITATION AND CORROSIVITY

no data

MUCOSAE IRRITATION AND CORROSION (eye irritation)

no data

SKIN SENSITISATION

no data

DERMAL/PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

no data

MUTAGENESIS / GENOTOXICITY

no data

Pag. 112 di 122

The dossier is property of VITATEKA OÜ, elaborated on behalf of VITATEKA OÜ, MÕISA TEE 5, KOSTIVERE ALEVIK, JÕELÄHTME VALD, ESTONIA - 74204 - (HR) - EE, all right reserved. None of the parts may be reproduced, printed, memorized or transmitted with any system and any form without a written permission. Transgressors will be punished according to law.

The elaboration of this document is reserved exclusively to NewChem OÜ

RELEVANT ENDPOINTS FOR THE INGREDIENTS TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Commercial Name CONCENTRATED CREAM BALM MUMIJO 12 HERBS

Formula Code -

CARCINOGENICITY

no data

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY