Recommendation
Position
Status of implementation
Assessment/comments on level of implementation
Theme: Ratification of & accession to international instruments
137.1 Continue the significant rate of accession to the main international conventions and additional protocols (Morocco);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia has ratified the most important international human rights instruments. The Government is consistently reviewing its international obligations in the field of human rights and considering ratification of these human rights treaties to which Estonia is not yet a party. This is a constant process.
137.13 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Rwanda);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
Ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention has reached its final stage at the national level and is waiting for adoption of the relevant law.
137.14 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Belgium);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.13
137.15 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Côte d’Ivoire);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.13
137.16 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Greece);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.13
137.17 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Italy);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.13
137.18 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Kazakhstan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.13
137.19 Take all necessary measures to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Maldives);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.13
137.20 Consider ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Argentina);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.13
137.22 Continue the national consultation and preparation for accession to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Romania);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.13
137.23 Continue efforts to eliminate violence against women and domestic violence and ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Austria);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.13 and 137.207
137.45 Continue efforts to ratify the Convention against Discrimination in Education (Republic of Korea);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Not implemented yet
Estonia supports fully the objectives of the Convention and is currently implementing the recommendation accompanying the convention. National process of ratification has been initiated waiting for adoption of the relevant law by the Estonian Parliament
137.46 Ratify the Convention against Discrimination in Education (Rwanda);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.45
Theme: Constitutional & legislative framework
137.101 Adopt the necessary implementation legislation for the Registered Partnership Act to ensure its full implementation (Netherlands);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Implementing acts for the Registered Partnership Act have been adopted on 6.07.2023 and will enter into force from 01.01.2024.
137.155 Explicitly prohibit corporal punishment and gender-based violence in education in national legislation (Jordan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Child protection law already prohibits any form of violence against children, including corporal punishment. The Violence Prevention Agreement for the years 2021-2025, approved by government in 2021, covers the prevention and combating of various forms of interpersonal violence, and devotes a special chapter for children.
Please see also the replay to recommendation 137.65
Theme: National Human Rights Institution (NHRI)
137.49 Continue measures to strengthen the national human rights institution (Nepal);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Chancellor of Justice fulfils the functions of the national human rights institution in accordance with Paris Principles and has the “A” status accreditation. Adequate resources to fulfil its functions are provided.
137.50 Further strengthen the independence of the national human rights institution with the aim of ensuring its highest accreditation status (Ukraine);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.49
137.51 Continue implementing the recommendation of the Human Rights Committee of 2019 to ensure that its national human rights institution is fully in line with the Paris Principles, in particular by further strengthening the independence of the Chancellor of Justice and providing the institution with sufficient resources (Uruguay);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.49
137.52 Continue efforts to further strengthen the national human rights institution and provide it with all requisite resources (Pakistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.49
137.53 Ensure that the national institution for human rights complies with the Paris Principles and maintains its full independence (Egypt);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.49
137.54 Strengthen the efforts to bring the national human rights institution into accordance with the Paris Principles (Kazakhstan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.49
137.55 Step up efforts to ensure that the national human rights institution of Estonia is fully in line with the Paris Principles, in particular by further strengthening the independence of the Chancellor of Justice (Luxembourg);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.49
137.56 Maintain the efforts aimed at ensuring complete freedom of action in the Consultative Committee on Human Rights, in line with the Paris Principles (Morocco);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.49
137.57 Continue making practical steps aimed at the development of the institutional and human rights infrastructure to better implement its human rights obligations (Turkmenistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.49
Theme: Equality & non-discrimination
137.65 Reinforce efforts on the legislative front against discrimination on the basis of ethnic origin, race or language, particularly in the areas of education and employment, and continue promoting social inclusion and cultural diversity (Republic of Korea);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Partially implemented
Discrimination on all grounds is prohibited by the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia. In 2022, the Estonian Media Freedom Act was amended. Upon provision of media services it is prohibited to incite hatred, violence or discrimination on the grounds of any group identity, including nationality, sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic characteristics, language, religion, political beliefs, belonging to a national minority, financial status, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation, where it poses a threat to the life, health or property of the person.’ The regulation also touches the video-sharing platforms.
A draft law is being prepared to merge the Gender Equality Act and the Equal Treatment Act and to strengthen the protection of rights presently provided by both acts, including by widening the scope of protection presently provided on grounds of nationality (ethnic origin), race, colour, religion or other beliefs, age, disability or sexual orientation in the Equal Treatment Act.
137.86 Take concrete measures to prevent and combat hate crimes, including by improving public awareness and training for law enforcement agencies (Republic of Korea);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
In June 2023 the Government submitted a new bill to the Parliament that would align the crime of hate speech and hate crimes with the requirements of EU law.
The Ministry of the Interior, the Police and Border Guard Board and the Estonian Academy of Security Science provide additional trainings for law enforcement, local governments, and public authorities.
137.88 Make the necessary amendments to the Equal Treatment Act in order to ensure equal protection against discrimination and intolerance (Bahrain);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.65
137.89 Implement urgently the recommendations of the treaty bodies to amend the Equal Treatment Act to ensure that all forms of discrimination are prohibited, and provide victims with effective remedies (Belarus);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
New Victim Support Act was adopted in 2022 which provides the organisational and legal grounds for state support for victims, and the conditions and organisation of financing and oversight thereof.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.65, 137.94 and 137.208
137.90 Amend the Equal Treatment Act to ensure that it prohibits all direct, indirect and intersectional forms of discrimination (North Macedonia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.94
137.91 Amend the Equal Treatment Act and provide equal protection against discrimination on all the grounds prohibited under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in all spheres of life (Czechia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.94
137.92 Amend the Equal Treatment Act to ensure that it prohibits discrimination, including on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, and also in areas not related to working life (Denmark);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.94
Gender-related discrimination is already prohibited in all areas of public life under the Gender Equality Act.
137.93 Amend the Equal Treatment Act to include the explicit prohibition of discrimination based on religion and belief, age, disability or sexual orientation (Germany);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.94
137.94 Amend the Equal Treatment Act so that discrimination is prohibited on all grounds in all spheres of society (Iceland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Discrimination on all grounds is prohibited comprehensively by the Equal Treatment Act.
137.95 Consider strengthening the Equal Treatment Act in order to include the prohibition of discrimination based on religion, age, disability or sexual orientation, in all areas of society (Peru);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.94
137.96 Amend the Equal Treatment Act to ensure that it provides equal protection against discrimination on all the grounds and effective remedies for victims of discrimination (Montenegro);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65, 137.89 and 137.94
137.97 Amend the anti-discrimination law to provide equal protection on all grounds of discrimination, by extending the Equal Treatment Act to fields other than employment (Sweden);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.65
137.98 Strengthen efforts to protect lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons from hate speech, and address discrimination, including by amending the Equal Treatment Act to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and intersex status in all areas of public life (Australia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65, 137.86 and 137.92
In addition, the 2021-2025 Strategy on Prevention of Violence and the Violence Prevention Agreement, which was adopted in July 2021, contains tailored measures for the reduction of hate crimes and covers hate crime victims specifically.
137.99 Promote the revision of the Equal Treatment Law, so that discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression and sexual characteristics is prohibited in all areas of society (Uruguay);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.92
137.100 Amend the Equal Treatment Act to provide a clear basis for protection against discrimination based on disability (Greece);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.65
137.102 Continue working on the regulation of same-sex unions, by adopting the provisions that allow the full application of the Registered Partnership Act approved in 2014 (Spain);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.101
137.103 Ensure the equal rights of same sex-couples in line with the Registered Partnership Act of 2016 by amending secondary laws or the Family Law Act (Sweden);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.101
137.104 Pass legislation to bring the Registered Partnership Act into force and ensure its full implementation (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.101
137.105 Improve the development of rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons, including by adopting implementation provisions for the Registered Partnership Act, to ensure full implementation of the Act (Austria);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65, 137.92 and 137.101
137.106 Adopt implementing provisions for the Registered Partnership Act to ensure its full implementation (Belgium);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.101
137.107 Ensure full implementation of the Registered Partnership Act by adopting all necessary provisions (Czechia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.101
137.108 Accept all implementation provisions for the Registered Partnership Act, the adoption of which was an important step forward but which is still lacking the bill of implementation (Finland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.101
137.109 Implement fully the Registered Partnership Act through the implementation of provisions regarding cohabitation laws, in order to fully recognize the rights of same-sex families (Ireland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.101
137.110 Establish a comprehensive strategy to address the growing tendency in racism, xenophobia and Islamophobia (Turkey);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia has integrated measures to combat racism and racial discrimination as part of its broader national action plans and strategies. The most relevant plans: the Welfare Development Plan 2023-2030 focuses on general equality policies and the management of the field; the Culture Development Plan 2021-2030, aims at empowering cultural diversity and ensuring equal access to culture; the Cohesive Estonia Development Plan 2021-2030 aims to enhance understanding between communities of different nationalities; the Internal Security Development Plan, addressing state security, violence, and terrorism prevention, migration, and asylum policy; and the Education Strategy 2021-2035, focusing on the development of a shared space of culture and values.
In 2021, the Government has adopted a concept for measures against antisemitism, which applies The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance working definition of antisemitism.
137.112 Enact legislation that guarantees equal protection against discrimination based on all prohibited grounds enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in all spheres (Argentina);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65, 137.86 and 137.94
137.114 Reinforce measures against discrimination, xenophobia and racism, including through legal reforms and concrete actions (Brazil);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.110
137.115 Address intolerance and racism through concerted public awareness and education programmes that foster social cohesion and promote diversity and inclusion, with consideration of new arrivals in society (Canada);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.110
137.117 Increase the efforts to eradicate all forms of violence and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity (Chile);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.92, 137.65 and 137.94
137.119 Ensure the full and horizontal implementation of measures against intolerance, by enacting relevant legislation (Cyprus);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.110
137.120 Adopt and implement a comprehensive national strategy against all forms of discrimination based on racial, ethnic, national and religious stereotypes (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.110, 137.65 and 137.04
137.122 Prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, colour or religion in all spheres of life through effective implementation of anti-discrimination legislation, policies and strategies (Pakistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65, 137.94 and 137.110
137.123 Launch a public debate on issues concerning ethnic and cultural diversity aimed at promoting tolerance towards different cultures, religions and sexual orientations within Estonian society (Netherlands);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Government has launched a range of initiatives aimed at promoting awareness, understanding and tolerance towards different cultures, religions and sexual orientations within the society.
In 2021, the Government approved the Cohesive Estonia Development Plan 2021–2030 that sets goals for integration for the next ten years. One of the most important goals is to enhance understanding and contacts between communities of different cultures. Promoting social contacts that support cohesion is one of the six course of actions in the field of integration and adaptation. The state and local governments regularly support cultural diversity and encourage the cooperation of minority national cultures and Estonian cultural organisations.
Since 2000, the Ministry of Culture has organised theme years that highlight cultural diversity and focus on different spheres of culture. The year 2024 has been declared the year of cultural diversity which aim is to recognise and value the diverse cultures of people living in Estonia, as well as Estonia’s own unique cultural spaces and communities.
137.124 Pursue the policy of eradicating inequalities between men and women by taking measures to increase the participation of women in political and public life, particularly in decision-making positions (Djibouti);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Strategy and policy measures to promote gender equality are outlined in the Welfare Development Plan 2023-2030. The strategy aims to enhance economic equality, boost participation in decision-making, transform societal attitudes, and strengthen institutional capacities to promote gender equality. The strategy „Estonia 2035“ sets five long-term goals that are based on the base principles. The base principles are monitored by 9 indicators, one being the gender equality index. In addition, a sub-goal of the Welfare Development Plan 2023-2030 addresses promoting gender equality and equal treatment including with a purpose that in Estonia equal opportunities for self-fulfilment and participation in society were guaranteed for minority groups.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.226
137.125 Adopt the necessary measures to eliminate gender stereotypes and the pay gap, as well as to promote the participation of women in public and political life, including those belonging to national minorities (Ecuador);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
Additionally, the strategy aims to narrow the gender pay gap to just 5% by the year 2035.
137.126 Formulate a national strategy to combat the various manifestations of racism, xenophobia and Islamophobia (Egypt);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.110
137.128 Develop incentives to combat discriminatory stereotypes, gender segregation and structural obstacles that may deter women and girls from enrolling in traditionally male-dominated fields of study (Panama);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.123 and 137.124
137.129 Complete the implementation of its rolling Gender Equality Programmes (Greece);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.133 Change the regulation of gender recognition by separating the processes of medical and legal gender recognition and ensure that legal gender recognition is based on self-determination (Iceland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
The Ministry of Social Affairs has already initiated the process of reviewing the regulation for medical procedures of gender transition.
137.134 Continue its efforts to promote gender equality, including by educating the society on gender stereotypes (Latvia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.136 Redouble efforts to combat gender stereotypes and segregation in the labour market and in education (Peru);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.145 Take effective measures to combat discrimination on all grounds, in particular on religion and linguistic basis (Islamic Republic of Iran);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.65
137.146 Intensify efforts to address the wage gap between men and women in the labour market (Iraq);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.124 and 137.125
137.260 Continue the progress made in integrating national and ethnic minorities and in enhancing community cohesion (Tunisia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.123 and 137.124
137.261 Continue efforts to eliminate discrimination against minorities in all sectors, particularly in employment and participation in decision-making positions (Indonesia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.65
137.262 Exert more efforts to integrate ethnic minorities, especially with the start of work on the national plan for developing a cohesive society for the period 2021–2030 (Lebanon);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Government continuously take measures, including language training, to make it easier for ethnic minorities to integrate into our society. Estonian education system offers equal learning opportunities for every individual. The Government supports financially cultural associations and schools for pupils belonging to national minorities, as well as non-curriculum teaching of the Estonian language to young people whose language of instruction is different from Estonian. The Government also provides financial support to media publications in Estonia to produce information in different languages.
137.263 Continue efforts to promote the rights of persons with disabilities and increase their integration in the society through taking all necessary measures to facilitate their access to public, health and educational facilities (Sudan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
Equal treatment, including improving accessibility is one of the sub-goals of the Welfare Development Plan 2023–2030. Access to public institutions, healthcare institutions and educational institutions is regulated by the ministerial regulation "Requirements for buildings arising from the special needs of people with disabilities", adopted on the basis of the Building Code. All construction projects for public, health and educational facilities include an accessibility requirement.
The Ministry of Climate is preparing a new draft regulation that, in addition to public buildings, specifies the accessibility requirements for residential buildings as well. According to the work plan of the government, the deadline for the completion of the new regulation is December 2024.
Continuous financial support is provided to civil society organizations promoting the rights of persons with disabilities.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.65
137.264 Address the challenges related to non-compliance with accessibility requirements (Ethiopia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Since 2019, the Consumer Protection and Technical Regulatory Authority has been handling the national supervision of accessibility requirements for buildings. Greater attention is paid to educational institutions (schools, kindergartens, university buildings), health care institutions (including family medicine centres), buildings of state institutions, local government institutions, larger shopping centres, etc. A lot of attention is also focused on historical buildings and architectural heritage in order to find a balance between the preservation of architectural heritage and the fulfilment of accessibility requirements. Instructional materials for owners of old or historic buildings are being prepared. The biggest challenges for all objects are stairs, ramps, elevators, as well as toilets and washrooms, which must also be accessible to disabled people.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.263
137.265 Ensure inclusive education and accessibility of health-care services and facilities for persons with disabilities (Israel);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Consumer Protection and Technical Regulatory Authority has checked the accessibility of almost all schools, kindergartens and family medicine centres in recent years. The awareness of builders, architects and local government in creating an accessible environment has improved.
Theme: Business & Human Rights
137.140 Ensure its policies, legislation, regulations and enforcement measures effectively serve to prevent and address the heightened risk of business involvement in abuses in conflict situations, which includes situations of foreign occupation (State of Palestine);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Partially implemented
The Government follows up the issue as part of the implementation of the UN’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights on a regular basis. The forthcoming EU due diligence Directive is intended to align with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) and (it contains also provisions for companies that are active in conflict affected areas. As an EU and a UN member state, Estonia fulfils its international legal obligations to implement sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council and restrictive measures imposed by the European Council.
137.148 Strengthen efforts to further promote business and human rights, including through the development of initiatives for implementing the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (Japan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia is ranked 6th in the 2023 Index of Economic freedom. Estonian business models and economic policies are guided by human rights standards. Estonia follows the OECD Guidelines for multinational enterprises which is consistent with the UN’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
Theme: Human rights & climate change
137.141 Continue to pursue effective climate actions at national and international levels to combat climate change in keeping with human rights imperatives (Bangladesh);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
Estonia is committed to meet the goals set in the Paris Agreement and our climate policy is fully aligned with that of the EU. The Government has set the strategic goal to achieve climate neutrality in Estonia by 2050. Currently a Climate Law is drafted with specific climate targets for at least a decade’s accuracy (2030, 2040 and 2050). As Climate law is a social agreement, it is particularly important that all stakeholders are involved in the process of drawing up the Climate Law, so that the end result is inclusive of all members of society.
Climate change was an important topic during Estonia's membership of the UN Security Council. It is also among Estonia's priorities when coordinating the Nordic-Baltic and Baltic cooperation formats, and participating in EU initiatives. In 2021, Estonia introduced a global environmental data initiative at the UN Climate Change Conference. At COP28, Estonia has joined several initiatives in moving towards green transition.
In 2020, the Government appointed the first Ambassador at Large for Climate and Energy Policy and in 2021, the Government endorsed the action plan for climate diplomacy.
137.143 Ensure that women, children, persons with disabilities, minority groups and local communities are meaningfully engaged in the development and implementation of climate change and disaster risk reduction frameworks (Fiji);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Partially implemented
The Government promotes civil society through the Cohesive Estonia Development Plan 2021-2030 adopted in 2021. The Development Plan includes a program for civil society called Community-based Estonia. The program was developed in cooperation with civil society actors. Program activities focus on supporting the development of civil society to promote an informed and active population, able and caring communities, capable and sustainable CSOs and social enterprises, and transparent and inclusive policy making. Specific activities aimed at various local communities and its inhabitants are planned and executed to increase civil protection and disaster management preparedness.
In addition to national Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change 2030, many local governments have their climate and energy action plans. The public and relevant stakeholders, including Youth Environment Council, are involved in drawing up and implementing different strategies and projects on climate change. Development cooperation projects of environmental protection, including climate change, are carried out. Recently, young activists had sued the municipality that gave the building permit to an Estonian state energy firm for the construction of shale oil plant, saying it violated climate agreements, and the court annulled the building permit as the environmental impact of the facility had not been properly assessed, the project did not account for its impact on a nature reserve with rare species. It shows very clearly that young Estonians are environmentally conscious and knowledgeable about climate.
Theme: Prohibition of torture & ill-treatment (including cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment)
137.152 Cease torture and cruel or inhuman treatment in the places of detention, including sexual violations (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
In Estonian prisons, the use of force and restraint measures is strictly regulated and monitored. Legal provisions precisely specify the restraint measures allowed in prisons, as well as the circumstances under which they may be used, how long they may be applied to a detainee, and the documentation procedures that must be followed. Over time, the regulation of restraint measures have been specified. The restraint measures include handcuffs, legcuffs, bindings, restraint-jackets, restraint chairs and beds. and restraint measures are used as a last measure. All prison officers have undergone appropriate training and are aware of the principles of using force and restraint measures. The Chancellor of Justice supervises the conditions and treatment of detainees.
Theme: Conditions of detention
137.151 Take measures against the abusive use of means of restraint in prisons (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.152
Theme: Human trafficking & contemporary forms of slavery
137.139 Adopt effective measures to prevent and investigate cases of trafficking in human beings (Russian Federation);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.168
137.162 Intensify capacity-building for law enforcement officials and other duty bearers to improve identification, referral and handling of cases of trafficking in persons, especially women and girls (Philippines);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
At national level Estonia has adopted effective measures to prevent and investigate trafficking in human beings crimes, paying particular attention to victims. The investigation is carried out by specialised police forces under the supervision of a specialised prosecutor. Financial investigations are systematically carried out in human trafficking cases, including monitoring bank accounts. Several actions have been undertaken to investigate trafficking in human being crimes committed online. Victims of trafficking in human beings are provided support services under new Victim Support Act which is addressing assistance and support services to trafficking victims in Subchapter 7 of the Act “Human Trafficking Victims Service”. The Government has has in 2021 adopted The Violence Prevention Agreement. This plan covers the prevention and combating of various forms of interpersonal violence, violence against children, also anti-trafficking measures in special chapter (7) of the plan.
Estonia is committed in combating trafficking in human beings also at international level and engages actively in international cooperation and participates on the networks of the European Commission, Council of Europe, Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) as well as of the OSCE and UN as well has been and is partner in international anti-trafficking projects.
A lot of the anti-trafficking training and capacity building measures are in the future years (2023-2029) done with the support of the Internal Security Fund namely for investigative authorities and as well to wider stake holders active in anti-trafficking activities. Several projects in a row have been done together with The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI), the latest one Enhanced Law Enforcement Cooperation and Training on Trafficking in Human Beings (ELECT) covered law enforcement cooperation.
137.163 Continue to reinforce measures to prevent and combat human trafficking with a view to improving specialized assistance to child victims (Poland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.168
137.164 Continue to adopt measures against trafficking in human beings and to increase its engagement in regional and international cooperation in this field (Romania);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.162
137.165 Take additional measures to combat trafficking in human beings and provide specialized assistance to victims of trafficking, especially children (Saudi Arabia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.168
137.166 Ensure that all cases of trafficking in persons are effectively investigated and that those responsible are properly prosecuted and punished (Senegal);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.162
137.167 Address deficiencies in the legislative and executive frameworks aiming at identifying and protecting victims of human trafficking, especially child victims (Syrian Arab Republic);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.168
137.168 Plan to tackle potential resurgence of modern slavery routes transiting Estonia as external borders reopen, and ensure a victim-focused response (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
Estonia is preparing the National Referral Mechanism for victims of trafficking to improve the coordinated approach to trafficking in human beings cases. Services for victims are provided by the State. In addition, activities to assist victims by the regional anti-trafficking civil society organisations (CSOs) are funded by the State. The Victim Support Act foresees all the service provision rules and conditions for trafficking in human beings victims and contains specific provisions concerning child victims. The Victim Support Act makes Victim-focused response even more visible for all the service providers and officials who come to contact with the victim of trafficking in human beings. Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.162
137.169 Increase efforts to investigate and prosecute human traffickers under the anti-trafficking provisions of the penal code and, if convicted, punish traffickers with appropriate prison sentences commensurate with the severity of the crime (United States of America);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Section 133, 133¹, and 175 of the penal code explicitly criminalizes human trafficking. Section 133 (trafficking in human beings) prescribed penalties of between one and seven years’ imprisonment for crimes involving an adult victim, and three to 15 years’ imprisonment for those involving a child victim. Section 133¹ (support to human trafficking) prescribed penalties of up to five years’ imprisonment for crimes involving an adult victim and between two and 10 years’ imprisonment for those involving a child victim. Section 175 (human trafficking in order to take advantage of minors) prescribed penalties of two to 10 years’ imprisonment.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.162
137.170 Continue its efforts to combat trafficking in human beings, including women and children for the purpose of sexual exploitation and forced labour (Uzbekistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.168
137.171 Consider adopting a dedicated national action plan against human trafficking (Albania);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.168
137.172 Adopt further measures in combating human trafficking and protecting the rights of victims, as well as the rights of migrants (Nigeria);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.168 and 137.162
In addition, before Estonian Police and Border Guard Board starts procedures about immigration-related offences, person’s status will be evaluated, including identification (evaluation) of victims of human trafficking. If the person is identified as victim of trafficking in human beings, the procedures will be cancelled. The rights will be introduced to all presumed victims in a language they understand.
In Estonia, victim support organisations offer additional services, such as legal aid and psychological counselling.
137.173 Ensure that cases of trafficking are effectively investigated and the perpetrators adequately punished (Azerbaijan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.169
137.174 Improve the legal and policy framework to ensure that cases of the trafficking of women and girls for purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labour are effectively investigated and the perpetrators prosecuted and adequately punished (Brazil);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.169
137.175 Starting from the root cause, take strong measures to eliminate human trafficking, especially the trafficking of minors (China);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.162
137.176 Eliminate the trafficking of women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation and forced labour, and ensure that cases of trafficking are thoroughly investigated and perpetrators are prosecuted accordingly (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.169
137.177 Continue efforts undertaken to combat trafficking in human beings, particularly the sexual exploitation of children and women, by strengthening the fight against traffickers (Djibouti);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.162
137.178 Intensify actions to combat human trafficking, protect the victims and bring those responsible to justice (Ecuador);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162, 137.168 and 137.169
137.179 Continue measures aimed at preventing human trafficking and assisting its victims (Georgia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.168
137.180 Ensure that cases of trafficking in persons are effectively investigated, that perpetrators are prosecuted and duly punished, and that the gender approach of assistance services for victims of trafficking and of witness protection programmes is strengthened (Panama);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.168
In addition, the new Victim Support Act makes the victim-centred approach mandatory for all the service providers and other officials who come to contact with the victim of trafficking in human beings. Gender approach is one of the aspects of victim-friendly treatment of victims of trafficking in human beings.
137.181 Intensify its measures to prevent trafficking in women and girls for purposes of sexual exploitations and forced labour (Islamic Republic of Iran);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.162
137.182 Investigate cases of trafficking in women and girls for purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labour (Iraq);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.162
137.183 Ensure that trafficking in persons offences are properly investigated and prosecuted, and provide training, resources and tools to migration officers, security forces, prosecutors and judges (Israel);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162, 137.168 and 137.169
In addition, regular training are being provided, and new courses prepared for target groups.
137.184 Ensure that cases of human trafficking are effectively investigated and the perpetrators prosecuted and adequately punished (Jordan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.169
137.185 Continue the efforts to combat trafficking in persons and sexual exploitation, and to extend protection to victims (Lebanon);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.162 and 137.168
Theme: Rights related to marriage & family
137.186 Promote special policies for supporting the family as the fundamental and natural unit of society (Egypt);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The family plays a central part in Estonian society and legislation promotes family life. The parental benefit system is one of the most generous in the world, both in terms of the length of the period covered by the benefit and the amount of the benefit. Policies supporting families are laid down in the „Welfare Development Plan 2023-2030“. A universal family support scheme is in use in Estonia - every child is valuable and has the right to state support. The right to receive family allowances comes with both the birth of a child and coming into the family in another way - for example, child care, adoption or guardianship of a child.
Theme: Right to social security
137.187 Ensure successful implementation of the newly launched pension reform (Ukraine);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The pension reform that entered into force in 2021 brought a lot of freedom and opportunities to everyone and it will help people maintain their current standard of living and monthly income when they retire. The reform that ties pension age to the life expectancy will take effect in 2027.
Theme: Human rights & poverty
137.144 Initiate effective measures in order to eliminate the high rate of poverty among unemployed persons, families with many children, women and persons with disabilities (Islamic Republic of Iran);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia has developed the new Welfare Development Plan 2023–2030 that gives vision and sets concrete targets to reduce relative poverty and social exclusion. The plan has 5 sub-goals regarding children and families, labour market and working life, older people, social care and gender equality and equal treatment. The Government has set a goal to reduce absolute poverty rate to 2.2%, to reduce relative poverty and social exclusion rates to 21% and to increase Gender Equality Index (EIGE) to 67,5. Already in 2018, to better help persons in need and at the same time motivate them to accept employment, the subsistence benefit system was made more flexible. The subsistence benefit is financial aid for a person or a family in need to ensure the essential resources for everyday life (food, clothing, housing costs, etc.) paid by local governments in case all other measures aimed at alleviating poverty have proven inadequate. People and families whose net monthly income is below the established subsistence level after deducting housing costs are eligible to receive income support. From 1 June 2022, the subsistence level for a person living alone or for the first family member of the family or for each minor child were increased; from May 2022, local municipal government has the duty to provide support services (incl. debt counselling services) to the recipient of subsistence benefit; from May 2022, the amounts withheld in enforcement proceedings are been taken into account when paying subsistence benefit; from July 1, 2022, people who have fallen into a difficult economic situation are able to apply, along with an application for subsistence benefit, also for compensation of payments aimed at repaying a home loan (incl. the loan interest and the mandatory home insurance Premium). The loan repayments are taken into account for a period of up to six months during a calendar year.
In the fall of 2023, the Ministry of Social Affairs started to develop a comprehensive cross-government strategies and action plan to further reduce poverty and inequality in Estonia.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.186
137.147 Develop national action plans that focus on poverty reduction, through adequate social assistance targeting the most disadvantaged people with a human rights approach and focusing on the Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 10 (Paraguay);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.144
Theme: Right to health
137.188 Implement human rights-based mental health policies in line with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and provide community-based mental health services, which also address high suicide rates (Portugal);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
Government is committed to improving the welfare and lives of disabled people which are integral aspects of a rights-based approach.
In 2021, the Government adopted a policy document Mental Health Green Paper. In 2022, Mental Health Action Plan for 2023-2026 was drafted which is largely based on the Green Paper on Mental Health and sets clear objectives and actions. Action Plan covers all policy areas – promotion, prevention, community-based support, development and provision of mental health services, crisis preparedness. In addition, Ministry of Social Affairs has established a cross-ministerial taskforce for addressing children and youth mental health. Taskforce will draft recommendations for the Government by June 2024 on improving mental health policies and actions for children and youth.
In 2021, the Ministry of Social Affairs launched two subsidy schemes to foster non-clinical mental health support on local municipality level. The first scheme is community psychologist`s salary and supervision subsidy and second one for other kind of non-clinical mental health service provision. Activities to reduce mental-health related stigma and the discrimination are also planned in the Mental Health Action Plan.
137.189 Develop and implement a public health development plan to maintain and improve people’s health, prolong life expectancy, and reduce premature illnesses and mortality as well as health inequality among different groups of the population (Turkmenistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
In 2021, Estonian Government approved National Health Development Plan 2020 – 2030 that gives vision and targets to move in health system. The main objectives of the plan are the increase in the number of healthy life years and the increase in the average life expectancy of Estonian people as well as to reduce health inequalities (between gender, regions and levels of education).
137.190 Adopt a national mental health policy and tackle the root causes of the high prevalence of mental health problems (Côte d’Ivoire);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.188
137.191 Establish plans with budgetary allocations to guarantee access to primary health care and eliminate existing accessibility barriers (Cuba);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonian Health Insurance Fond operates the national, mandatory health insurance scheme, and covers approx. 95% of the population.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.189
137.192 Further develop mental health policies, especially for children and youth (Cyprus);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.188.
137.193 Recognize further the role of health and essential workers in defending human rights during the COVID-19 pandemic, and continue its work at the national and international levels in providing a safe and enabling environment for such workers (Indonesia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
During the COVID-19 pandemic, additional fees were applied to healthcare works to acknowledge their input in fighting against the spread of the disease.
137.194 Support social services and provide health care, especially to the most vulnerable people in society, within the framework of the national strategic plans (Libya);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
In 2022 Health insurance Law was expanded in dental care – additional groups – persons receiving subsistence benefits and registered unemployed persons – get higher dental care benefit and co-payment in lower.
In 2020 cancer screening programmes were expanded to uninsured person.
137.218 Take further measures to ensure that rural, older and marginalized women benefit from adequate medical services (Timor-Leste);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The high level of digitisation in Estonia provides many health tools and services online, accessible. These include national electronic health records, national image archiving, ePrescriptions, eReferrals, eAmbulance and eConsultations. A data exchange system allows linkages between various eServices in both the public and private sectors. Estonia has a centralised nationwide family physicians system. The Estonian Health Insurance Fund spending to improve family doctor and related care, particularly in rural areas as grown in recent years. Health care development projects resulting from local and regional strategies have been implemented in various regions across Estonia, which indirectly also improve access to health care for elderly and women living in rural areas. Activities that monitor the performance of specific aspects of the health care system are currently in place.
Please see also reply to recommendation no 137.194.
Theme: Right to education
137.197 Ensure equal access of children studying in Russian schools to education and employment (Russian Federation);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The law prohibits discrimination in employment and occupation and access to employment opportunities is based solely on the ability to do the work.
Please see also reply to recommendation 137.198
137.198 Seek to ensure that children belonging to linguistic and ethnic minorities and children with disabilities have adequate access to education, and to encourage the inclusion of non-Estonian-speaking children in kindergartens (Serbia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia ensures equal access to quality education for all children, including in preschool education. Availability of pre-primary education is one of the cornerstones of equal education system in Estonia. Also, all persons staying in Estonia and beneficiaries of international protection or persons applying for international protection have the right to acquire education and access to education is independent of a person's linguistic, cultural and racial background and religious beliefs. In addition, children with special educational needs are targeted by the corresponding support measures provided by the state. Estonia has paid great attention to the provision of free language courses, which allows the provision of Estonian language courses to all citizens of undetermined citizenship or third countries, regardless of whether they take the citizenship examination or not.
137.199 Continue its efforts in creating an enabling environment and providing equal access to all educational majors for female students (State of Palestine);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Please see reply to the recommendation 137.198
In addition, education and research statistics and research conducted on the subject in Estonia indicate that there are more women than men among higher education graduates: women represented 63.6% of all higher education graduates, including slightly more women among PhD graduates than men.
137.200 Continue improving its vocational education and training programmes (Timor-Leste);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
In 2020, an Action Plan for Vocational Education 2022-2030 was adopted, which aims to promote vocational education programmes in Estonia. The development of Estonian vocational education and training is based on the documents, policies and development plans of the European Union and on the Estonian Education Development Plan 2021-2035 and its Operational Program Education and Youth 2021-2024.
137.201 Implement actions aimed at ensuring that boys and girls with special needs do not drop out of school before acquiring a basic education (Cuba);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia has been one of the most successful countries in Europe in reducing early school leaving. Elementary school drop-outs at the third stage of school and school drop-outs in upper secondary schools have remained stable in recent years, but drop-outs are still higher among boys. In order to support the implementation of the principles of inclusive education and reduce drop-out, Estonia has launched a study counselling system: the Ministry of Education offers a study-counselling programme, i.e. support measures for students with special educational needs, and the Ministry of Interior offers the career services, including advice and information.
137.202 Guarantee equal access to education, including to children with disabilities and children belonging to linguistic and ethnic minorities (Ecuador);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see reply to recommendation 137.198
137.203 Take the necessary measures to ensure access to quality education for children and pupils based on equality and non-discrimination (Libya);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see reply to recommendation 137.198
137.204 Strengthen measures to combat school dropouts (Luxembourg);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.200 and 137.202
137.205 Ensure children belonging to linguistic and ethnic minorities and children with disabilities are provided with adequate access to education (Malaysia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.202
137.206 Consider implementing programmes to reduce the school dropout rate and to guarantee equal access to education for children of linguistic and ethnic minorities (Peru);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.201, 137.202 and 137.203
Theme: Human rights education, trainings & awareness raising
137.59 Continue its awareness-raising and training activities on human rights for the general public to raise the legal awareness across the country (Turkmenistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
There are several programmes and awareness-raising campaign that focus on the promotion of human rights and its values, i.e campaign to raise awareness about domestic violence and different form of violence against women, equal treatment, equal opportunities through inclusion and participation, prevention of discrimination, anti-bulling etc – all handled on the national level systematically and on a long-term basis.
It is important to bear in mind that the human rights are taught horizontally through majority of the subjects and applied systematically throughout the school culture and school environment in Estonia.
137.209 Allocate adequate resources for the training of law enforcement and other relevant public officers, in the context of the four-year Gender Equality Programmes (2019–2022, 2020–2023) and the memorandum on the Domestic Violence Action Plan (2019–2023), to ensure their full and effective implementation (Singapore);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.211
Theme: Discrimination against women
137.118 Promote gender equality and effectively protect the rights of vulnerable groups including women, children and persons with disabilities (China);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.217 Ensure equal rights and opportunities for women in formal employment, eliminate occupational segregation and achieve substantive equality in the labour market (State of Palestine);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.219 Continue efforts taken to protect the rights of women and promote gender equality (Tunisia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
Theme: Participation of women in political & public life
137.161 Increase the representation of women in political decision-making positions at the municipal level (Lithuania);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
Theme: Violence against women
137.207 Take further measures to eliminate violence against women, particularly domestic violence, including by conducting investigations of reported cases, adequately punishing perpetrators, as well as providing survivors with protection and legal, financial and psychological support (Portugal);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Partially implemented
Estonia confirms that the importance of prevention of various forms of violence has been addressed in several national strategies and action plans. The Government has given priority to combating domestic violence. Protection of children is under special attention. GREVIO report recommendations have been taken into account while creating a new intimate partner violence action plan for 2024-2027. Survivors of domestic violence are entitled to wide range of services according to the Victim Support Act, provided and funded by the State institution Social Insurance Board.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.89
137.208 Take additional legal measures necessary to reduce crimes of violence against women and strengthen the provision of legal aid for the victims (Saudi Arabia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.89 and 137.207
In addition, victims of violence against women are entitled to free legal support via national victim support system, by the Women’s Support Centre Service.
Changes have been made into the Law Enforcement Act (§ 44 – prohibition on stay). A law enforcement officer may apply a prohibition on stay for up to 12 hours and a prohibition on stay below the threshold of the current law in a situation of threat i.e. the possibility to apply it also to protect the health, including mental health of the victim.
137.211 Ensure the effective investigation and prosecution of violence against women, by continuing to pursue training for law enforcement and judicial officials, and strengthen mechanisms to provide legal assistance to victims (Guyana);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented
Combating acts of violence against women is of high importance to the Government, acts of violence against women are effectively investigated and prosecuted.
Several different trainings have been offered to law enforcement and judicial officials. Also, with the Intimate partner violence action plan for 2024-2027 following activities will be done: a) Training for the police staff in order to review work procedures for the new Victim Support Act; b) Upgrading the curricula of the Police and Border Guard College on the subject of domestic violence (including domestic violence in digital format); c) Creation and implementation of regular in-service training on violence in line with the results of the GREVIO and the survey on attitudes towards violence (including domestic violence in digital format); d) Development/revision of systematic training to equip law enforcement agencies with the necessary skills to deal with all victims of violence (including victims of sexual violence), while applying a victim-centred and gender-sensitive approach.
This framework is designed to provide an instrument to collect information regarding the fair and effective investigation and prosecution.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.89, 137.207 and 137.208
137.212 Take effective measures to combat domestic violence and violence against women (Islamic Republic of Iran);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Prevention Council was created with the aim to establish a common basis for the development of cross-sectoral prevention, together with an action plan to steer cooperation between the different sectors, to formulate drug, criminal and child protection policies and to set strategic objectives. This also includes domestic violence. There are several national action plans to combat domestic violence and violence against women: National Action Plan for Prevention of Domestic Violence 2019-2023, new one will be made for 2024-2027; Government Agreement on Violence Prevention 2021-2025; Intimate partner violence action plan for 2024-2027). All the victims receive free services as stated in Victim Support Act which entered into force in April 2023, provided and financed by the State.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.207
137.213 Continue the information campaigns to combat domestic violence and all forms of violence against women (Mexico);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Estonia is continuously organising information and awareness-raising campaigns to combat violence against women and domestic violence.
The Action Plan for Preventing Intimate Partner Violence for 2024-2027 includes the promotion of awareness raising, and a cross-sectoral communication plan to continue with systematic campaigns.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.207
137.214 Adopt a comprehensive national strategy for gender equality and to combat violence against women (Argentina);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.124 and 137.212
137.215 Ensure that acts of violence against women are effectively investigated and prosecuted (Burkina Faso);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.207 and 137.211
137.216 Take effective measures to encourage reporting of violence against women to law enforcement authorities and to ensure the safety of women who come forward (Denmark);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Government has recently taken measures to reinforce the work in this area. National Victim Support System is training workers, both in NGO and State sector. They encourage reporting to law enforcement authorities, and continue providing support for all victims, whether they report or not.
Estonia is currently starting a project called: A new generation of 112: a modern, accessible emergency service for all. With this project we will improve ways for domestic abuse victims to reach out to the police via 112.
137.221 Increase efforts to combat sexual violence and to address barriers to reporting domestic violence, including full implementation of the Istanbul Convention (Australia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia will continue increasing efforts to combat sexual violence and also addressing barriers to reporting domestic violence. Istanbul Convention is being implemented (ratified in 2017) and the first report of GREVIO is being carefully analysed and used to develop the whole system in Estonia. Following the GREVIO report many of the recommendations made specifically to Estonia have been implemented to the new Intimate partner violence action plan for 2024-2027.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.207 and 137.216
137.224 Extend the recent efforts to address violence and discrimination against women to cover the rights and interests of girls, including through upward revision of the legal age for sexual consent (Canada);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia has amended the Penal Code regarding the legal age for sexual consent, which is now 16 years of age. The amendments entered into force 01.11.2022.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.207 and 137.212
137.227 Intensify further efforts at preventing and addressing domestic violence (Georgia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.212
137.230 Continue the efforts to eradicate gender-based violence and to promote gender equality, including by taking measures to reduce the gender pay gap (Italy);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.124 and 137.227
137.238 Continue measures for combating discriminatory practices against women and girls, including gender-based violence (India);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.212
137.239 Continue its efforts to combat all forms of discrimination against women and girls, address the phenomenon of domestic violence, and empower women and integrate them into economic life (Libya);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.212, 137.124 and 137.227
Theme: Children: definition; general principles; protection
137.34 Ensure that all State policies and programmes are compliant with the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Azerbaijan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Child Protection Act covers the areas of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
From 2023, the programme for children and families is incorporated in the new Estonian Welfare Development Plan 2023-2030. This document focuses on five strategic objectives including well-being of children and families and is in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
In addition, the Family Law Act amendment repealed the provision that allowed extension of the active legal capacity of a person who has attained at least 15 years of age for the contraction of marriage. As of 01.11.2022 age for marriage in any case must be at least 18 years.
137.195 Continue to support the provision of long-term caregivers for children (Mauritius);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
In 2020 amendments of Social Welfare Act came into force to promote family based care and the support for foster families was doubled. Since 2020 an emergency foster family service has been piloted to provide short-term care, and a special care family service has been piloted for children with high care needs. In 2023 an intention to develop legislative changes will be completed, proposing additional changes to promote family-based foster care.
137.241 Take further steps to ensure enhancing the child protection system with special emphasis on tackling violence against children (Romania);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
In order to better cope with the challenges of reducing violence, a special network of civil servants and non-governmental organisations was created for each area of development plan: violence against children; violence committed by minors; domestic violence, including violence against women; and trafficking in human beings, including prostitution. Close cooperation between government agencies and third sector entities has proven itself to be a successful way of dealing with domestic violence and gender-based violence.
In 2020-2022 the Ministry of Social Affairs carried out and commissioned several analyses and studies on the quality and processes of child protection work to evaluate the implementation of the Child Protection Act, its impact on children and families, and the need for legislative changes. Based on this work the proposal for draft law was presented to partners in June 2023.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.212
137.242 Continue to strengthen its efforts to combat violence against children, including by conducting awareness-raising activities in the community and schools, and providing effective reporting channels for such abuses (Singapore);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
As of 2023 the Ministry of Education and Research has planned activities through school curriculums which will help and raise the knowledge among children about violence and healthy relationships.
In 2022 the Child Protection Act was amended to provide a clear legal basis for the children’s house services (Child Protection Act, §291).
Child Helpline services have further developed. In addition to phone and chat counselling, e-counselling is now available, also in sign language.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.241
137.244 Continue improving the coordination of all activities related to the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child at cross-sectoral, national, regional and local levels (Slovakia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
A very good cooperation with Police and Border Guard Board, the Social Insurance Board and the relevant partners is already in place and an open line of communication is maintained.
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.241, 137.243 and 137.258
137.245 Increase determination to remove the physical obstacles that children with disabilities encounter in schools and health services, and prevent children with mental disabilities from ending up in reformatories together with juvenile offenders and children with behavioural problems (Spain);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.263
In Estonia, it is possible to place a child in a special school only with the consent of the parent. Only children whose parents and psychologists and doctors have approved the respective decision will go to special schools.
137.247 Amend the Law on the Granting of International Protection to Foreigners in order to prohibit the detention of children for immigration-related purposes and explore alternative care options under the competent national childcare authorities in line with the international human rights standards (Uruguay);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia is guided by the EU legal framework when accepting applicants for international protection. Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection does not lay down a prohibition on the detention of asylum-seeking children. Estonian domestic law is in line with EU international protection legislation and with our obligations deriving from international human rights law. The use of detention is a measure of last resort and subject to judicial review. The decision to detain a minor is made on a case-by-case basis and by taking into consideration individual factors, the principles of necessity and proportionality are observed as well as whether an alternative measure is applicable.
137.248 Ensure appropriate support, inclusive quality education and social protection systems for all children with disabilities, with particular attention to their needs during the COVID-19 pandemic (Bulgaria);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonian education system offers equal learning opportunities for every individual. Several juridical acts guarantee education for learners with special needs. Allowance for a child with disability increased considerably in the beginning of 2020. Another increase is planned in the beginning of 2025.
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the main principle in education for children with special educational needs was to remain in contact learning form. Another principle had been to keep all vital services for children and other people with special needs open and available.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.265
137.249 Redouble efforts to prevent teenage suicides (Côte d’Ivoire );
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Partially implemented
Estonia is currently in the process to develop a suicide prevention strategy that should be finalized by September 2024. The strategy sets out the government’s ambitions over the next years and will determine the implementation, activities and stakeholders responsibilities to prevent suicide and promote the mental wellbeing of Estonian youth. Within a recent survey named “Handling of an external patient in primary healthcare (including school and occupational health), emergency medical services, and emergency medicine departments (SUIPA), management of youth with suicidal behaviour has also been described. It should enable in perspective consistency in management of suicidal youth, and eventually improvement.
Estonia is implementing evidence-based suicide prevention programme Youth Aware of Mental Health in the secondary schools and is already implementing anti-bullying interventions and programmes.
137.250 Strengthen efforts to prevent adolescent suicides (Poland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the replay to the recommendation 137.249
137.252 Consider amending national laws to eliminate child marriage (Egypt);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.34
137.253 Continue to take progressive steps towards the complete abolition and elimination of child marriages, including by reviewing any possible ambiguity or uncertainty in law or policy (Fiji);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.34
137.254 Strengthen preventive measures against bullying and mental and physical violence at schools as well as to improve capacity and ability of schools to deal with the problem of bullying, teasing and harassment, which are major obstacles to the well-being of children, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex youth (Finland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia is currently implementing anti-bullying programme KiVa in schools and the programme Good Behaviour Game which enhances the socio-emotional skills of pupils and reduces bullying. The training programme for teachers to support children’s socioemotional skills is under development.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.203 and 137.242
137.256 Develop a comprehensive policy on children that addresses all areas covered by the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Islamic Republic of Iran);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.34
137.257 Enhance measures to prevent all forms of bullying and harassment in schools (Japan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.242
137.258 Protect children’s rights in Estonia, create awareness in a child-friendly manner about the individual complaint mechanism that is available for children to exercise their right of complaint (Maldives);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.34.
The Child Protection Act includes the right of child staying in child care institution to submit opinions and complaints.
The child helpline service was launched in 2009. It offers round-the-clock, free counselling by phone and internet to help and support children and families. This number 116 111 is intended for all matters concerning children, young people, and adults to ask for advice, get help and for reporting a child in need of assistance. Child Helpline is available 24/7 throughout Estonia in case of child-related concerns. Calling 116 111 is free for the caller. The service is provided in accordance with the Republic of Estonia Child Protection Act Article 27 (2) to a child in need of assistance must be immediately notified of to the local government or to child helpline service 116 111.
Theme: Children: protection against exploitation
137.243 Strengthen measures to address the sexual abuse and exploitation of children, including through improving detection mechanisms and enhancing support services for victims (Philippines);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Priorities for the fight against crime were agreed between ministers of Justice and Interior, including the fight against sexual offences against minors, in particular online and cross-border. In addition, to knowledge-raising and prevention material, a dedicated website also provides contacts with competent bodies and organisations providing assistance and advice on this topic.
Estonia has increased its ability to identify and process child sexual abuse/child sexual exploitation offences by creating specialised investigative groups into police prefectures. On July 1st 2023, a fourth Child Investigation Group was created in the Estonian Police and Border Guard Board (PBGB), with the main focus on detecting and investigating sexual offences committed against children, both physically (so-called contact offences) and online. Previously, these specialised investigation groups existed in three of the four prefectures (regional units).
There are 13 web-constables (Estonian, English and Russian speaking) in PBGB for today. Web constables are interacting with their face on social media, not with an anonymized avatar. To present actively in community groups they need to handle large scale of questions. Not only with CSEA issues and among others topics included also internet safety, incl. cyber bulling. They can be assisted in removing the image and communicating with online platforms.
In cases of child in a danger requiring urgent response of the Police, it is necessary to dial emergency number 112.
Estonia has joined a number of international initiatives to combat the child sexual abuse and exploitation, mainly participates in international police framework (particularly in the activities of EUROPOL and INTERPOL), modernises legislation and contributes to national cross-sectoral cooperation.
The authorities have published guidelines for police officers on dealing with cases involving children. If the material depicts a child who is being subjected to violence, it is necessary to identify that child and to explain his or her need for assistance. the amendments of Article 38 of Code of Criminal Procedure entered into force 01.04.2023: (1) The proceedings authority is obligated to assess whether any circumstances are present that amount to a reasonable cause to believe that the individual victim requires special treatment and protection – including victim support services – in the proceedings.
The focus of a Violence Prevention Agreement is on violence against children. Agreement covers the prevention and combating of various forms of interpersonal violence. Includes also prevention against sexual violence.
Cooperation within PBGB and with partners based on child or victim centric approach: a) Hotline, a free online service of the Estonian Union for Child Welfare, enables Internet users to provide information about material being distributed online which depicts illegal content – the sexual abuse or exploitation of minors and child trafficking. The aim of hotline is to quickly identify and limit the availability and stop the dissemination of illegal content. In order to impede the distribution of material depicting the sexual exploitation of minors, the Estonian Union for Child Welfare works closely with other national organisations, including law enforcement authorities, Internet service providers and non-profit organisations, and such international networks as INSAFE and INHOPE; b) After piloting the model in 2017 its development was prioritised and by the end of 2022 there were four children’s houses in different regions of Estonia, operated by a state agency – the Social Insurance Board (SIB). In 2022 the Child Protection Act was also amended to provide a clear legal basis for the children’s house services. The Barnahus (Children’s House) model is a child-friendly and multi-disciplinary service that provide help to sexually abused children or children suspected of being sexually abused. Regulation No. 51 of the Minister of Social Affairs, adopted in May 2022, providing detailed rules for the functioning of children’s houses (Barnahus). Further measures to assist sexually abused children and sexually abused children entered into force in 08.05.2022; c) Sexual violence crisis centres provide 24/7 assistance to people who have experienced sexual violence. It is a comprehensive service in health care institutions. It is not relevant whether victim of sexual violence have already contacted the police, are still planning to, or refuse to inform them; d) A mental health e-counseling portal for young people in Estonia for psychological help and counselling (anonymous, low threshold help); e) please see also the reply to recommendation 137.258
137.246 Establish the necessary arrangements to address the weakness in investigation and accountability mechanisms related to crimes of sexual exploitation of children (Syrian Arab Republic);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Ministry of Justice completed analysis of the prevention of repeated sexual offenses against children in 2020. In 2022, by the Ministry of Justice published an analysis of procedural practice in sexual offences. It examined registered crimes, crimes terminated by the police or prosecutor’s office, and crimes brought to court.
Please see also the replay to the recommendations 137.224 and 137.255
137.251 Expand legal measures to criminalize all sexual exploitation of boys and girls (Cuba);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia has comprehensively criminalized all sexual exploitation of boys and girls. Estonia has ratified the Lanzarote Convention (Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse in 2017.
Please see also the replay to the recommendation 137.246
137.255 Continue to take all necessary measures to combat child trafficking and sexual exploitation of children (Indonesia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
On 19 March 2019, the Estonian Parliament adopted amendments to the Penal Code in view of expanding the criminalisation of trafficking in human beings and the criminalisation of trafficking in children. The Estonian Police and Border Guard Board and partner authorities are working on to reduce the risk to avoid that children are being sexually abused and trafficked.
Estonia is a member on Schengen Information System (SIS) and via national Sirene Bureau police officers can put alerts for third-country nationals (within the meaning of the Schengen Borders Code) who are not entitled to enter into or stay in the Schengen Area.
The Code of Criminal Procedure provides that within the framework of mutual assistance in criminal proceedings, the competent judicial authority may forward to a foreign state and, in the criminal offences listed in Article 491(2) of the CCP, information obtained spontaneously by procedural acts to Eurojust, which may serve as a reason for initiating criminal proceedings in a foreign state or facilitate the clarification of the facts of a criminal offence commenced in criminal proceedings initiated.
The Child Protection Act establishes restrictions on persons who are not allowed to work with children for those who have been punished or who have been subjected to coercive treatment for trafficking in human beings, crimes against sexual self-determination or crimes related to prostitution and child pornography. The employer must ensure that the person sought to be employed has not been punished or subjected to coercive treatment for the aforementioned crimes. According to the Act, regular inspections must be carried out at least once a year as of 1 January 2023.
Theme: Rights related to name, identity & nationality
137.271 Continue the progress made in implementing national plans for integration and address issues related to stateless persons (Tunisia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Government promotes integration of migrants and addresses issues related to stateless persons and persons with undetermined citizenship through the Cohesive Estonia Development Plan 2021-2030 adopted on November 18th 2021 in cooperation with three ministries – Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Internal Security Development Plan 2030.
The authorities have implemented various legislative changes and systemic measures to increase the interest and facilitate the process of persons with undetermined citizenship in applying for Estonian citizenship.
Theme: Cooperation with human rights mechanisms & requests for technical assistance
137.159 Continue mobilizing the international community to uphold and protect human rights in the digital sphere (Poland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia has been ranked the 2nd in terms of the Global Internet Freedom index. We aim to work on enhancing human rights in the digital sphere also as the chair of the Freedom Online Coalition starting from 2025.
Theme: Cooperation & Follow up with Special Procedures
137.47 Ensure regular visits to the country of the Human Rights Council special thematic procedures and, as a matter of priority, arrange for the visit of the Special Rapporteur on minority issues (Belarus);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The Government of Estonia has issued a standing invitation to all UN special procedures mandate holders and has always respond favourably to the requests of the Special Rapporteur for visits.
Theme: International criminal & humanitarian law (including crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide)
137.63 Continue promotion of worldwide remembrance for victims of crimes against human rights by the Nazi and Soviet Communist totalitarian regimes (Ukraine);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia is committed to honouring the victims of Nazi and Soviet crimes and has signed a joint appeal to the leaders of EU institutions, in which they stress that Russia’s war in Ukraine makes it necessary for the EU to pay closer attention to condemning the crimes of all totalitarian regimes of the twentieth century and commemorating the victims of those regimes. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine must lead to full accountability. Estonia calls for accountability of Russian leadership for the crime of aggression and establishment of a special international tribunal that should enjoy the broadest cross-regional support and legitimacy. Ensuring accountability for the crime of aggression committed against Ukraine would signal that waging blatantly unlawful and colonizing wars will not go unpunished—whether in Ukraine or elsewhere.
Theme: Rule of law & impunity
137.149 Ensure that all allegations of torture and ill-treatment in detention units are promptly, thoroughly, efficiently, independently and impartially investigated, perpetrators prosecuted and, if convicted, punished with sanctions proportionate to the nature and gravity of the crime, and that victims and, where appropriate, their families receive full compensation, including rehabilitation (Serbia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Estonia ensures prompt, competent, impartial and thorough investigation in the case of information on torture or ill-treatment, including in all detention facilities.
The Police and Border Guard Board shall ensure prompt and competent impartial investigation of allegations of torture or ill-treatment. The penalty is imposed by the court. A court may also award compensation to a victim of ill-treatment or torture. In addition, victim care, rehabilitation, psychological counselling and other assistance will be provided. The victim support service is easily accessible to people and fully guaranteed by the state.
According to the Victim Support Act, victims of violent crime have the right to receive compensation if they fell victims of a crime which was committed directly against the life or health of a person and which resulted in the death of or serious damage to the health of a victim. In case of death, dependants are also entitled to compensation.
137.150 Take all pertinent measures in the area of criminal law to ensure that reports of torture and ill-treatment are thoroughly investigated by an effective, independent and impartial body (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Please see the replay to recommendation 137.149
137.153 Ensure that independent and impartial bodies investigate all allegations of torture and abuse (Egypt);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.149
137.154 Strengthen investigative measures on all allegations of torture and ill-treatment, and prosecute perpetrators and provide victims with full reparation and compensation (Islamic Republic of Iran);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.149
Theme: Economic, social & cultural rights - general measures of implementation
137.60 Pursue ongoing efforts in order to strengthen economic, social and cultural rights (Turkmenistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Over the last years, the Government has stepped up its efforts to secure stronger legal protection for economic, social and cultural rights, and to raise awareness of what these rights include.
Theme: Labour rights and right to work
137.113 Consider further measures in addressing the gender segregation in the labour market by creating an enabling environment and creating more opportunities for female students, in fields such as science, technology and engineering, and through measures that would help reduce family burden on women (Bhutan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.127 Continue efforts to tackle the gender pay gap, as a complex problem to be addressed from multiple angles and at multiple levels (Fiji);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.228 Strengthen existing machinery for the advancement of women by providing adequate human, technical and financial resources at the central and municipal levels and enhance efforts to enforce the right to equal pay (Guyana);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.229 Continue to implement measures to bridge the gender pay gap and discrimination at work (India);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.231 Continue its efforts to reduce the gender pay gap (Latvia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.232 Design and implement concrete measures for the reduction of the gender pay gap (Lithuania);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.233 Establish measures to reduce the pay gap between men and women (Mauritius);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.234 Continue measures to promoting gender equality and closing the gender pay gap (Nepal);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.235 Study the root causes and take effective steps towards elimination of the gender pay gap (Austria);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.236 Combat gender segregation and the gender pay gap in the labour market (Bahrain);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.237 Intensify its efforts to tackle the root causes of and close the gender pay gap (Belgium);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
Theme: Advancement of women
137.135 Adopt a comprehensive national strategy for gender equality and strengthen its mechanisms for the advancement of women (Luxembourg);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.222 Adopt a comprehensive national strategy aiming at the advancement of women’s status at all levels (Bahrain);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.223 Strengthen the efforts, with the meaningful participation of all stakeholders concerned, to mainstream the rights of women and girls with disabilities into all disability-related legislation and policies (Bulgaria);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.124
137.226 Step up efforts to increase women’s participation in Parliament and other decision-making positions (Ethiopia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
In the process of being implemented.
As of March 2023, 30% of seats in parliament are held by women. Five of the members of the Government, or 35% of the ministers, are women. In Estonia, women hold over 40% of executive positions.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.124
Theme: Children: juvenile justice
137.158 Continue to develop its juvenile justice system in conformity with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Fiji);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
The foundations for juvenile justice are based on the rights of a child. The ‘Youth-friendly legal system’ project is being implemented from October 2019 to April 2024.The aim of the ‘Youth-friendly legal system’ project is to prevent juvenile offences and to provide the necessary support and assistance to juvenile offenders to enable them to continue their law-abiding lives and avoid going to prison.
Theme: Migrants
137.268 Continue the efforts already made to provide migrants and other vulnerable groups with better access to health, education and other social services (Niger);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
By law, the subject for international protection has the right to get state pension, family benefits, labour market benefits, social benefits and health benefits on equal terms with permanent residents.
Emergency medical services are free of charge for all people in Estonia, including migrants. Estonia provides access to specialised health care services (primary care etc) to refugees who have applied for temporary protection, free of charge and based on the same principles as for the general population of Estonia who are covered with health insurance. For example, all childhood vaccinations and vaccinations aimed at risk groups (e.g., flu) are also provided to migrants by the state according to Estonia’s national immunisation calendar.
Any child who has refugee status or a temporary residence permit will automatically be entitled to access education.
Theme: Refugees & asylum seekers
137.270 Improve living conditions in reception centres for asylum seekers (Iraq);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Supported
Implemented
Applicants and beneficiaries of international protection are provided with all guarantees established with the European Union asylum acquis. Living conditions in reception centres meet the Estonian standard of living. Assessment and needs based developments of living conditions and services is a continuous and ongoing process.
Refugees who stay in Estonia for a longer period are encouraged to find their own housing on the rental market. To settle down independently, refugees can apply for a rent subsidy from municipalities to cover the costs of long-term living space (for example rent, broker’s fee, security deposit, furnishing costs). The subsidy is paid only once according to actual costs, but no more than six times subsistence level, which is currently EUR 200.
Recommendation
Position
Full list of themes
Assessment/comments on level of implementation
Theme: Ratification of & accession to international instruments
137.2 Ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189) of the International Labour Organization, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Currently there are no plans to access to the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. The rights of irregular migrant workers covered by the ICRMW are adequately protected by other international human rights instruments and by the national legislation.
Currently there are no plans to access to the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189). Estonia has ratified the core ILO conventions on workers’ rights
Possible accession to the Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights needs further analyses.
Possible accession to the Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance is under consideration.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.12 and 137.29
137.3 Step up efforts in ratifying international human rights treaties and optional protocols, including the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, Optional Protocol to Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure (Czechia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Currently there are no developments to report regarding possible accession to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. There are mechanisms of communications procedure in place and covered by different EU regulations. Increasing awareness of human rights among children remains an important task for the authorities.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.2 and 137.13
137.4 Consider ratifying the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Philippines);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.5 Ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Rwanda);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.6 Ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Indonesia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.7 Ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families to advance on the Sustainable Development Goal targets 5.4, 8, 10 and 16 (Paraguay);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.8 Sign and ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Egypt);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.9 Consider ratifying the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Senegal);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.10 Consider ratifying the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Bangladesh);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.11 Accede to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Burkina Faso);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.12 Consider ratifying the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189) of the International Labour Organization (Philippines);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2
137.21 Step up efforts to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure (Albania);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the replay to the recommendations 137.3 and 137.13
137.24 Accede to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women as well as to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Germany);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the replay to the recommendations 137.3 and 137.13
137.25 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Lithuania);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.2 and 137.13
137.26 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Azerbaijan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.2 and 137.13
137.27 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on Cluster Munitions (Panama);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the replay to the recommendations 137.3, 137.13 and 137.48
137.28 Ratify the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Paraguay);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.2, 137.13, 137.34 and 137.258.
137.29 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Portugal);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Possible accession to the Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights needs further analyses.
137.30 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (France);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.29
137.31 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Mongolia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.29
137.32 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure and strengthen and increase awareness among children about the individual complaint mechanism (Slovakia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.3 and 137.258
137.33 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as well as the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure (Luxembourg);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3 and 137.32
137.35 Ratify the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (France);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3
137.36 Ratify the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Italy);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3
137.37 Ratify the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Japan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3
137.38 Take necessary steps to ratify the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Slovakia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3
137.39 Accede to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Senegal);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3
137.40 Constructively finalize consideration of the possible accession to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Ukraine);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3
137.41 Consider signing and ratifying the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Argentina);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3
137.42 Redouble the efforts towards the ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Chile);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.3
137.43 Ratify the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, as previously recommended in the second universal periodic review cycle (Spain);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Estonia maintains, for the time being, our current position not to accede these instruments. Estonian citizenship policy is fully in accord with international law, including the UN 1954 and 1961 Conventions and accession to these Conventions will not provide additional benefits to persons with undetermined citizenship compared to their present status. The provisions of these conventions are less comprehensive than the rights currently enjoyed by residents of Estonia with undetermined citizenship.
137.44 Ratify the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (Australia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.43
137.48 Consider acceding to the Convention on Cluster Munitions (Malta);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
The Government has always supported progress in the area of strengthening international law and mine action. While fully supporting the humanitarian goals of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Estonia is not yet in position to sign and ratify the instrument.
Theme: Cooperation & Follow up with Treaty Bodies
137.61 Ensure an open, merit-based process when selecting national candidates for United Nations treaty body elections (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
When nominating national candidates for UN Treaty Bodies’ elections, Estonia closely follows principles of openness, transparency, impartiality and proven record of expertise in the relevant field. The selection process is open and merit-based.
Theme: Constitutional & legislative framework
137.132 Add gender identity to the prohibited grounds in articles 151 and 152 of the Criminal Code (Iceland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.66
137.156 Amend the electoral law to ensure that disenfranchisement of persons in prison can only be imposed subject to an individual assessment (Sweden);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
There is no political consensus.
Theme: Equality & non-discrimination
137.66 Improve laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of religion and ethnicity and criminalize hate speech and incitement to religious and ethnic hatred (Saudi Arabia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.86
137.67 Adjust its criminal legal framework to include comprehensive protection against hate speech and crimes (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
Hate crimes, inc. hate speech and incitement to religious and ethnic hatred are criminalized in Estonia
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.68 Scale up efforts in combating discrimination and hate crimes (Nigeria);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.86
137.69 Effectively combat incitement to hatred and ensure that all hate crimes and incidents of hate speech are thoroughly investigated and perpetrators prosecuted (Azerbaijan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
The Estonian Police and Border Guard Board is responsible for investigation of hate crimes.
In accordance with the Estonian Penal Code activities which publicly incite to hatred, violence or discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, colour, sex, language, origin, religion, sexual orientation, political opinion, or financial or social status if this results in danger to the life, health or property of a person are punishable by a fine of up to three hundred fine units or by detention.
137.70 Take effective steps to prohibit any form of discrimination and hate crimes against anyone on the ground of religion or belief, ethnicity and disability (Bangladesh);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.66
137.71 Enact legislation on hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and uniformly and consistently apply enforcement of anti-discrimination legislation across all grounds (Canada);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
The Estonian Gender Equality Act has the purpose to ensure equal treatment of men and women as provided for in the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia and to promote equality of men and women as a fundamental human right and for the public good in all areas of social life. One of the main goals of the Act is to prohibit discrimination on the grounds of sex in the private and public sectors.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.86 and 137.122
137.72 Adopt a legal framework that offers comprehensive protection against hate speech and incitement to hatred (Chile);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.86 and 137.71
137.73 Take effective legislative and administrative measures to combat racial discrimination, xenophobia and hate crimes against ethnic minorities (China);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.86
137.74 Amend laws to define hate crime and prohibit it in line with international law, particularly articles 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Pakistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.75 Take all measures to combat discrimination and hate speech targeting people on the basis of their ethnicity, religion or sexual orientation, and incorporate these provisions into the penal code (France);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.65 and 137.86
137.76 Take effective administrative and legislative measures to combat hate speech online and offline (Germany);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.77 Criminalize hate speech and adopt provisions of the Penal Code to make hate motivation an aggravating circumstance when committing a crime, and effectively combat incitement to hatred (Israel);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.78 Align article 151 of the Criminal Code in order for the legal framework to provide comprehensive protection against hate speech and hate crimes (Jordan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.77 and 137.86
137.79 Ensure comprehensive protection against hate speech and hate crimes and enforce deterrence through stricter punishment (Malaysia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.80 Enact legislation that criminalizes hate speech, including on the grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (Malta);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.81 Take further measures towards development and implementation of comprehensive protection against hate speech and hate crimes (Slovakia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.82 Criminalize hate speech and adopt provisions of the Penal Code that would make hate motivation an aggravating circumstance when committing a crime (Slovenia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.83 Adopt a clear and specific legal framework to prevent and combat hate crimes in order to ensure the conducting of comprehensive, prompt and impartial investigations and ensuring accountability of the perpetrators (Syrian Arab Republic);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.84 Prohibit all aspects of support, including financial support, to any activity that includes incitement to or the carrying out of violent acts linked to hate motives (Syrian Arab Republic);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.85 Extend anti-discrimination legislation to include discrimination in the areas of housing, health care, social welfare, education, and provision of goods and services on all prohibited grounds; fully implement existing legislation; and clearly define hate crimes in legislation (United States of America);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
Estonia has adequate and robust safeguards in place that prohibit discrimination and promotes equal opportunity in housing, health care, social welfare, education, and provision of goods and services.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.65 and 137.86
137.87 Adopt amendments to the Criminal Code that recognize the hate motive as an aggravating circumstance in the commission of crimes as well as combat effectively cases of incitement to hatred (Russian Federation);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.111 Improve its legislation in order to ensure that crimes of incitement to hatred, violence and discrimination are punished more severely, in line with international standards (Uzbekistan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.86
137.121 Stop systemic discrimination due to the language barrier, particularly in areas of employment, housing, education, health care and access to services indispensable for ensuring adequate standard of living and enjoying cultural rights (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
Learning and having a good command of the state language are crucial for ensuring integration in any society as well as access to basic rights such as education and employment
The state and several local governments allow educators to improve their Estonian language skills free of charge. The state supports employers if employers wish to offer their employees free Estonian language in-service training. The state shall compensate for the cost of language training to all persons who pass the Estonian language proficiency examination.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.85
137.130 Increase government funding for gender equality and equal treatment programmes (Guyana);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
Resources for gender equality are foreseen in the budget of the Ministry of Social Affairs.
137.131 Adopt marriage equality legislation, extending full marriage rights to same-sex couples (Iceland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.101
137.137 Continue the legislative initiatives to combat public incitement to racial discrimination (Mexico);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.65
137.259 End discrimination against national minorities for their use of their mother tongue, as well as in employment, and take effective measures to prosecute such cases in court (Russian Federation);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the recommendations 137.85 and 137.121
Theme: Racial discrimination
137.138 Harmonize the national legislation with the Framework Decision on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law of the European Union (Mexico);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendation 137.65
Theme: Right to education
137.196 Stop the practice of “punitive actions” of language inspections that target mainly teachers of Russian schools and kindergartens (Russian Federation);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
Equal access to education is one of the key components of Estonia’s education system – equality is seen both in geographical and socio-economical aspects. According to PISA estimates, Estonia’s approach to education is characterised by its inclusivity and fairness, ensuring equal access to quality education regardless of background. The country’s vocational training, higher education, and adult education systems are noted for their quality, flexibility, and alignment with modern industry needs.
It is well known that language-based segregation causes division in society, which leads to perceived inequality. Therefore, the Government has approved a detailed action plan to transition to Estonian-language education. The action plan describes the necessary activities, deadlines and resources until 2030. Transitioning all schools and preschools in Estonia to Estonian-language education is in the interest of the children and young people. The state offers its varied support to all parties in order to ensure a smooth transition
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.121
Theme: Violence against women
137.116 Amend the Penal Code so that the definition of rape encompasses any non-consensual sexual act (Chile);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
It is essential that all offences against a person’s sexual self-determination are criminalized. Estonia is currently analysing the system of offences regarding rape as defined and prohibited in the Criminal Code.
137.210 Enact a special law on violence against women and girls, as well as amend the Penal Code to criminalize sexual harassment and broaden the definition of “rape” (Spain);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
The law prohibits sexual harassment.
Please see also the reply to recommendations 137.207 and 137.212
137.220 Increase efforts to promote gender equality and combat gender-based violence, including domestic violence, by amending the law to ensure the definition of rape includes any non-consensual sexual acts (United States of America);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.207 and 137.212
137.225 Take effective measures to end domestic and gender-based violence and amend the Penal Code to review the definition of rape (Czechia);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.207 and 137.212
137.240 Intensify efforts in tackling domestic violence, also by adopting a specific law on domestic violence (Montenegro);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Please see the reply to recommendations 137.207 and 137.212
Theme: Rights related to name, identity & nationality
137.266 Simplify the process of naturalization of “non-citizens” in order to ensure their full range of human rights, including guaranteeing them electoral rights (Russian Federation);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Estonian Government has encouraged persons of undetermined citizenship to apply for Estonian citizenship. Several legislative changes have been adopted over the years to facilitate the naturalisation procedures, especially for children and elderly. The article 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia provides for that the rights, freedoms and duties of everyone and each person are equal for Estonian citizens and for citizens of foreign states and stateless persons in Estonia. So, persons with undetermined citizenship enjoy all the same rights as all other third country nationals do in Estonia – free healthcare, free education, social support, right to work, they have identity documents, they can travel, own real estate etc. Also, persons with undetermined citizenship, who have long term residence permits, can vote in local government elections.
137.272 Redouble efforts to prevent and reduce the cases of statelessness, including through a statelessness determination procedure that guarantees the systematic identification of stateless persons and their protection, and facilitates the naturalization of persons with “undetermined citizenship”, giving priority to the right to a nationality of all children living in the country, in line with the recommendations of the Human Rights Committee of 2019 (Uruguay);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
On 28 January 2020 the Estonian Parliament has adopted amendments to the Citizenship Act, which provide easy access to citizenship for children, if at least one of their parents is effectively stateless. The decrease of the number of persons with undetermined citizenship in Estonia continues to be the focus of our naturalisation policy.
137.273 Accelerate the acquisition of Estonian citizenship by removing the remaining obstacles, such as incorporating a legal definition of a stateless person into domestic law (Ireland);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
All foreigners residing in Estonia, including the ones with undetermined citizenship, are able to acquire Estonian citizenship through naturalisation on an equal basis. Estonian Government has encouraged persons of undetermined citizenship to apply for Estonian citizenship. Being stateless in Estonia does not affect access to fundamental rights. The fundamental rights and freedoms listed in the Constitution are guaranteed in Estonia to all Estonian citizens as well as the foreign nationals and stateless persons in Estonia.
137.274 Continue the efforts to reduce and prevent statelessness, including by considering acceding to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (Italy).
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
The Government provides information and encourages third-country nationals to consider applying for Estonian citizenship. The Government reimburses the costs of the Estonian language course as well as a course on the Constitutional order and Citizenship Act.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.43
Theme: National Mechanisms for Reporting & Follow-up (NMRF)
137.58 Establish a standing national mechanism for implementation, reporting and follow-up on human rights recommendations, bearing in mind the possibility of receiving cooperation to do so within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals 16 and 17 (Paraguay);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
There is national procedure for submitting human rights reports, their follow up and implementation of recommendations. No need for a separate mechanism.
Theme: International criminal & humanitarian law (including crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide)
137.62 End the practice of annual “commemorative events” in honour of former Waffen-SS legionnaires and Nazi accomplices (Russian Federation);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented.
In Estonia, like in other European countries, there is European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism and also referred to as the Europe-wide Day of Remembrance for the victims of all totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, specifically Stalinist, communist, Nazi and fascist regimes. On 29.04.2022, The Riigikogu banned using and exhibition of symbols that are connected with an act of aggression. The Act introduced amendments to the Penal Code (§ 151-1), providing that it is not allowed to publicly exhibit symbols connected with the commission of an act of aggression, genocide, a crime against humanity or a war crime in a way that expresses support to or justifies such activities.
137.64 Prohibit in law the holding of events that glorify the Nazis and their accomplices, and introduce criminal liability for this (Belarus);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Incitement of hatred is criminalised according to the Penal Code.
Please see also the reply to recommendation 137.62
Theme: Right to participate in public affairs & right to vote
137.157 Respect the right to vote for all inmates (Canada);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
There is no political consensus to change the law.
137.160 Ensure equal representation of titular and non-titular communities in local self-government bodies (Russian Federation);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Persons with undetermined citizenship, who have long term residence permits, can vote in local government elections.
Theme: Economic, social & cultural rights - general measures of implementation
137.142 Continue to increase official development assistance to achieve the internationally agreed target of 0.7 per cent of its Gross National Income in order to realize economic, social and cultural rights (Bangladesh);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented.
In accordance with the Council of European Union´s 2017 conclusion, Estonia has committed to achieving the ODA target of 0.33% of GNI by 2030, demonstrating its dedication to progressively increase its commitment to international development cooperation and humanitarian aid.
Theme: Refugees & asylum seekers
137.267 Consider participating in resettlement and relocation programmes for asylum seekers, and put the necessary measures to end punishment for their irregular border crossing (Sudan);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
Estonia is continuously fully respecting all the obligations stemming from international treaties, including those embedded in the 1951 Geneva Convention and its 1967 New York Protocol to protect applicants and beneficiaries of international protection. All applicants for international protection are guaranteed access to the procedure of international protection and provided with guarantees established in the European Union asylum acquis.
137.269 Continue applying measures to protect asylum seekers by participating in refugees’ resettlement and relocation programmes (Cyprus);
Source of Position: A/HRC/48/7/Add.1
Noted
Implemented
Estonia continues to fully respect all the obligations stemming from international treaties and the European Union asylum acquis.